Lapsarians Supra-Lapsarians.

Pertaining to tural researches was his sece ion from the Church of Rome and adhesion to the Protestant party in the twenty- fifth year of his age. The persecution against the Protestants in France forced him to retire to Basle, in Switzerland; and here, in 1535, he published his famous Institutes of the Christian Religion . The year following, he was chosen Profe or of Divinity and one of the pastors of the church at Geneva. The strict discipline which he sought to introduce gave rise to ill feelings on the part of the citizens. He was banished from Geneva, and withdrew to Strasburg, where he filled the same posts as in the former city. He was deputed to a ist when diets were held by order of the Emperor Charles Calvin, or to his tenets in theology; as, a Calvin is tic V. at Worms and at Ratisbon, for the purpose of com- posing, if po ible, the religious differences which were rending the Roman Church. Bucer accompanied him, and he conferred with Melancthon and other leaders of the Reformers. The people of Geneva now besought him to return. Complying with their request, he arrived there September 13, 1541, and straightway established a form of ecclesiastical discipline, and a consistorial ju- risdiction with power of inflicting all kinds of canonical punishments, which seemed, to many, a yoke quite as hard to endure as that imposed by Rome. Calvin's in- flexible character bore down, however, all opposition; and so sternly and rigorously did he carry out his own rules that he condemned to the stake and caused to be burnt his once intimate friend, Michael Servetus, for writing against the doctrine of the Trinity. Great as were Calvin's services to the cause of the Reformation, this was an act which will forever affix a stigma to his name. Calvin's life was one of unremitting labor. As preacher, spiritual magistrate, and theological writer, he knew no rest. He maintained an active correspond- ence with the churches in England, France, Germany, and Poland, and i ued volume after volume from the pre , not of ephemeral matter, but of the weightiest import, and which feed numberle spiritual lamps of the present day. His works, which fill nine folio, or some sixty octavo volumes, are a complete library of theological literature. As commentator, more especially, Calvin excels. He is surpa ed by others in knowledge of the original languages of Scripture, but in develop- ing its meaning he has few equals. "His works," writes a competent authority, " present specimens of exegesis that deserve to be ranked among the best extant, be- cause they are occupied with the spiritual e ence of the Bible-with the theology of the inspired writer." Calvin died on the 27th of May, 1504. Cal'vinize, v . α. To convert to the doctrines of Cal- vinism. Calvish, ( käv'ish ,) a. Resembling a calf. Cal'vity, n. [Fr. calvitie , from Lat. calvus , bald.] Ab- sence of hair, particularly at the top or hind part of the head. Cal'vy, in Mi ouri , a post-office of Franklin co. Calx, ( kalks ,) n.; pl . CALXES or CALCES, ( kalk's ez or kal'- sez.) [Lat. calx , calcis ; allied to Gr. chaliz .] (Chem.) A term formerly applied to the product of the oxidation of a metal, when heated in the air, and now limited to lime prepared by calcination. - See LIME. Calvin, in Michigan , a flourishing township of Ca county. Calyb'io, n. ( Bot . ) The name adopted by some car- polo gists for such a one-celled, inferior, one or few seeded fruit, enclosed in a capsule, as the acorn of the oak, the mast of beech, . Calycanthaceæ, ( kal - e - kan - thai'se -e,) n. pl. (Bot.) An order of plants, alliance Rosales . - DIAG. Flowers consisting of numerous imbricated scales, and convolute cotyledons. This order consists of but two genera, Calycanthus and Chi mon an thus , which agree in having: 1st, an imbricated calyx and corolla that pa insensibly into each other, and combine at their bases into a thick fleshy tube; 2d, a small number of perigynous stamens, whose anthers are adnate, and are tipped by a projection of the connective; 3d, several one-seeded nuts enclosed in the tube of the calyx; and 4th, a convolute embryo, des- titute of albumen. Their wood is remark- able for the glandular nature of the woody tubes; and for having, in addition to the usual structure of exogens, four imperfect axes with concentric circles, lying at equal dis- tances in the bark near the circumference, on which they produce externally four ele- vated lines or wheels. The nature of these Fig . 482.-C. FLORID US. (Carolina Allspice.) additional axes constitutes a problem which no one has yet been able to solve. - The species are natives of Japan and N. America. The flowers, and in some spe- cies the bark and leaves, have a peculiar aromatic fra- grance. The bark of C. florid us , the Carolina allspice or sweet-scented shrub, is sometimes used as a substitute for cinnamon-bark. The flowers are of a chocolate color. Calycan'thus, n. ( Bot .) See CALYCANTHACEAE. Calyceraceæ, ( kal - e-se-raise-e,) n. pl. ( Bot .) A small order of plants, alliance Campana les , differing from As- teraceæ in nothing but their seeds having albumen, and being pendulous, and in their antlers being only half syngenesious. Calycifloʻræ, n. pl . ( Bot .) An artificial division of polypetalous dicotyledonous plants, proposed by Ju ieu and adopted by Profe or De Candolle. It is character- ized by the stamens adhering more or le to the side of the calyx; or, in the language of the French school of botanists, being perigynous. Calyc'iform, n. [Gr. calyz , a cup, and form a , form.] Having the form of a calyx. Calycʻinal, Calycine, a . Pertaining to, or situated on, a calyx. Cal'ycle, n . [Lat. calyculus , dim. of calyx.) ( Bot .) A row of small leaflets often found at the base of the in- volucre of compound flowers. An outer calyx. Calycled, ( kal'i -kld,) a. ( Bot .) Calyculate; supplied with bracts resembling a calyx. Calyc'ulate, Calyculated, a . an outer acce ory calyx, or set of bractlets resembling a calyx, as in Dianthus, (c, Fig. 484.) Cal'ydon, ( Anc . Geog .) a city of Ætolia, celebrated as the place where the wild boar was hunted by all the princes of the age. This boar-hunt, under the name of Calydonian chase, has been much celebrated by the poets. - See MELEAGER. Calyme'ne, n. [Gr. kekalymnene , concealed.] ( Pal .) A name devised to expre the obscure nature of a ge- nus of Trilobites (fo il crustaceans), distinguished from all other Trilobites by the faculty the species po e of rolling the body up into the form of a ball, in the same manner as the recent genera, Armadillo , Glomeris, ., viz., by approximating the two extremes of the trunk at the under part. Cal'yon, n. Flint or pebble stone, used in building walls, . Calyp'so. ( Myth .) The daughter of Ocean us and Tethys, or of Nereus, or, according to Homer, of Atlas, reigned in the solitary wooded isle of Ogygia, far apart from all gods and men. Uly es being thrown upon her island by shipwreck, she treated him kindly, and Calyptorrhynchus, n. (Zool.) A genus of birds of the Psittacida or Parrot family, found in Australia. The plumage is generally black, occasionally ornament- ed with large spots of a clear red, orange, or sulphur color, forming wide bands on the tail. The beak is short and considerably elevated. Calyp'tra, Calyp'ter, n. [Gr. and Lat. calyptra , a covering.] ( Bot .) The hood or veil of the spore case of a mo , or a body like it. Calyptræ'idæ, n . [Gr. kalyptra , a head-dre .] The Bonnet-Limpet, order Gasteropo- da proper. This family contains mollusks having a patelliform shell, to the concavity of which adheres either a smaller conical shell, like a cup in a saucer, or a semicircular testaceous proce , forming the commencement of a columella. There are 160 liv- ing, and 100 fo il species. The CALYPTREA EQUESTRIS. family, originally formed by La- (Philippines.) marck, is composed of the genera Calyptræa, Crepidula , Pileopsis , Me top tom a , Platyceras , Hipponyz, and Phorus . Calyp'trate, a. ( Bot . ) Furnished with a calyptra, or something like it. IMG:content-0030.png:[graphic] calyx may either consist of a number of separate sepals, as in the poppy, buttercup, and wall-flower, or these parts may be more or le united, as in the fuchsia, melon, and tobac- co. In the former case, the calyx is termed polysepalous or polyphyllous ; in the latter, monosepalous or monophyllous , or, more correctly, gamosepal- ous or gamophyllous . Sepals are generally of a more or le oval, elliptical, or oblong form, with the extremity either blunt or acute. In their direction they are erect , or pointed up- wards; connivent , or turned in- wards; divergent or patulous , spreading outwards; or if their apices are turned downwards, reflexed. When of the usual green color, they are said to be foliaceous or herbaceous ; but when colored, as in the fuchsia and tropæolum, petaloid . Whatever be its color, the external envelope must be considered as the calyx. In describing a polysepalous calyx, the number of parts is indicated by the prefix of a Greek numeral; thus a tri sepalous calyx has three sepals, a pent asepalous calyx, five; and so on. When the sepals are of equal size and like form, and arranged in a symmetrical manner, the calyx is said to be regular ; when they are of different sizes and forms, it is irregular . In a monosepalous or gamosepalous calyx, the parts adhere in various ways. Thus the union may only take place near the base, as in the pimpernel, when the calyx is said to be partite ; or it may extend to about the middle, as in the centaury, when it is cleft or fi ured ; or the joining may leave but a small portion of each sepal free, as in the lychnis, so as to form a toothed calyx or the union may be com- plete, as in the chrysanthemum, in which case the calyx is termed entire. The number of partitions, fi ures, or teeth, is also indicated by Latin numerals, as in the terms quinque- partite (five-parted), quinque - fid (five- cleft), and quinque - dentate (five-toothed). In a mono- sepalous calyx the part formed by the union of the sepals is sometimes called the tube , the free portion limb , and the orifice of the tube the throat . The tube of the calyx sometimes adheres, more or le , to the ovary, as in the iris, gooseberry, currant, and in all plants of the Composite order. When such adhesion takes place, the calyx is said to be adherent or superior , because it appears to arise from the summit of the ovary. When there is no such adhesion, the ovary being quite distinct, as in the wall-flower and buttercup, the calyx is described as free, non-adherent, or inferior. Many other terms which are sometimes applied to the calyx are explained under the heads LEAF, COROLLA, and FLOWER. (Anat.) [Written also caliz . One of the small cuplike membranous canals, which surround the papillæ of the kidney, and open into its pelvis, whither they convey the urine. Their number varies from 6 to 12 in each kidney.