TYPEWRITERS

were invented about 1866, the first UKASE important one being the Remington, invented by C. L. Sholes of Milwaukee, U.S.A. In some kinds, e.g. the Remington, Hammond, English, etc., there is not a key for every character, unusual characters ULRICI, having special knobs but in others, e.g. the Yost, Smith Premier, and Cal i graph,; there is a separate key for every character that the machine can write. The important points are—(1) Bringing the type into position, the Remington, Yost, Cal i graph, etc., having it at the end of bars arranged circularly, and the ULTRAMONTANISM, Hammond, etc., having it on a wheel (2) inking it, by pad, as in the Yost, or by ribbon, as; in the Smith Premier; (3) impre ing it; and (4) spacing the lines and letters. machines constructed from time to time to the order of various people, or for presentation. Perhaps the most elaborate typewriter ever produced was that made for the Czarina of Ru ia, by the Remington people. All parts of the machine ordinarily black were enamelled blue, and those portions of the frame- ULYSSES work usually outlined in gold were inlaid with mother of-pearl. The keys were of African ivory, and the bright parts of solid gold. A similar machine was presented on her wedding-day to the Duche of York; and another was recently made to order for the Khedive of Egypt. The Queen also po e es $n extremely elaborate typewriter. It is a • bar-lock,’ ivory-keyed, gold-plated throughout, and very beautifully engraved. An extraordinarily curious machine was that made by the Hammond f Company for LI Hung Chang. * It was fitted with twenty sets of characters—eighteen hundred in all—each of which, as no dies were vailable, had to be engraved by hand. A jtropot of this remarkable machine, its introduction into Pekin was promptly followed by the appearance in London of an enterprising Celestial bent upon forming a company for placing typewriters on the Chinese ma ket. According to this gentleman, it is quite po ib e to write the Chinese language, or at all events a sort of modified phonographic version of it, with as few as 250 characters. The machines he proposed to manufacture, and for which |he a erted there would be a ready sale in the Flowery Kingdom, were to have been about five times the width of an ordinary typewriter, and the sale price was to have been one you sand pounds apiece. The English capitalists, however, tailed to 'bite,' and China still does its writing in the old-fashioned way. can only rise in hot, damp, still air, and therefore are not found outside the tropics but as they always work from the Equator owing; to the motion of the earth, they are most destructive about latitude 20°. and Si DON. The Phoenicians almost always built their cities either on some rocky island near to the coast or on some headland joined to the mainland only by a long and narrow isthmus. This secured safe anchorage for their ve els, and a barrier against the barbarous inhabitants of the mainland. Thus, the word Tyre means * a rock,’ and the place was a rocky island; the word Sidon means ‘ a fishery,’ and the place was an island close to the shore. The same characteristic features are found in the great Phoenician colonies, e.g. Cadiz and Carthagena. The old town of Tyre was destroyed by the Moslems about 1100 A.D., and a similar fate befell Sidon about a cen.ury later. The sites of both are still inhabited, but nei. her is any longer of the least importance in commerce. U was first visited by Speke and Grant in i860, but under King Mtesa and his succe or, Mwanga, the Christians were persecuted, Mwanga putting Bishop Hannington to death. Johann, the German poet, was born in 1787. He practised law in Stuttgart, and in 1819 was elected a member of the Wurtemberg A embly. He was Profe or of German Literature at Tiibingen, living latterly in studious retirement there. His European fame rests on his lyrics and ballads, though he wrote dramas, etc. is a Pru ian edict or order, legislative for administrative, emanating from the Government. Ukases have the force of law till annulled by subsequent decisions. HERMANN, the German philosopher, was bom in 1806. In 1834 he became Profe or of Philosophy at Halle University. His chief works are "A History of Greek Poetry," "Shakespeare’s Dramatic Art,” " The Fundamental Principle of Philosophy,” " God and Nature,” " Body and Soul," etc. the views of that party in the Romish Church who place an absolute authority, in matters of faith and discipline, in the' Pope’s hands, as ^opposed to the party who place the national churches (e.g. the Gallican) in partial independence of the Roman curia, making the Pope subordinate to the statutes of an Oecumenical Council. According to Ultramontanism, the Pope is to be considered the source of all jurisdiction in the Church. The Vatican Council of X870 established the views of Ultramontanism as virtually dogmas of the Church. (in Greek ODYSSEUS), King of Ithaca, was one of the heroes of the Trojan War. In returning home, after the siege of Troy, he visited North Africa, Sicily, and the island yEa?a, and after adventures there pa ed the coast of the Sirens and the dangers of Scylla and Charybdis, and, having stayed seven years with the nymph Calypso, arrived at Ithaca to find his substance wasted by suitors for*his