Arabian literature, Rome

It is often used in a re England, situated on the Mersey, at the terminus pire and also for the medieval monarchy of the seljuk Rum (rum). An island of the Inner He brides, Scotland, belonging to the county of Argyll, situated south of Skye and west of the mainland, and intersected by lat. 57° N. Length, 8 miles. Also Room . Turks in Asia Minor, which its center at Iconium. Rumania, or Roumania (rö-ma'ni-ä), sometimes Romania (rō-ma'ni-ä). [F. Roumanie , G. Rumänien, NL. Rumania , Romania , from Rumanian Ruman , Roman (nasal a ) , Rumanian, a Rumanian, from L. Roman us (Rumanian Roman ), Roman.] A kingdom of southeastern Europe. Capital, Bukharest. It is bounded by Austria-Hungary on the north, Ru ia on the northeast, the Black Sea on the east, Bulgaria on the south, and Servia and Austria Hungary on the west. The Danube forms a great part of its southern boundary, and the Car path i ans (Transylvanian Alps) form the boundary with Austria-Hungary. It is composed of the former principalities of Wall a chia in the south and west, and Moldavia in the northeast, besides the Dobrudja in the east. The surface rises with a gradual slope from the Danube plain to the Car path i ans. The chief occupation is agriculture. The leading exports are wheat and maize. The government is a hereditary constitutional monarchy, administered by a king, a senate of 120 members elected for 8 years, and a chamber of 183 deputies elected for 4 years. The leading nationality is Rumanian; the population includes also about 400,000 Jews, besides Gipsies, Slavs, etc. The leading religion is the Greek Church; there are also many Roman Catholics, (For early history, see Moldavia and Wall a chia .) The two principalities were united in 1859 under Alexander John I. Cuza, and a legislative union was established in 1861. In 1866 Cuza was deposed, Charles of Hohenzollern-Sig mar in gen elected, and a new constitution established. Rumania a isted Ru ia in the war with Turkey 1877-78: its troops distinguished themselves especially before Plevna in 1877. At the end of this war it was recognized as in dependent of Turkey, and ceded its portion of Be arabia to Ru ia, receiving the Dobrudja as compensation. Prince Charles a umed the title of king in 1881. Area, about 51,000 square miles. Population (1892), estimated, 5,500,000. Rumburg (röm'börg). A manufacturing town in Bohemia, situated near the frontier of Saxony, 61 miles north of Prague. Population (1890), commune, 10.178. Rumelia, or Roumelia (rö-mēʻli-ä). [F. Rou mélie , Turk. Rumili .] A geographical term of varying signification. It is used to denote (a) the European po e ions of Turkey; (b) the Balkan Penin sula, south of the Balkans, extending westward from the Black Sea to the Adriatic (or to Albania) and southward to Greece; (c) the southeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula (the ancient Thrace). Rumelia, Eastern. See Eastern Rumelia . Rumford, Count. See Thompson , Benjamin . Rumiantzeff (rö-me-än'tsef), Count Nikolai. Born 1754: died Jan. 15, 1826. A Ru ian states Liverpool. Population (1891), 20,050. Rundi (rön'de), or Warundi (wä-rön'de). A Bantu tribe, partly in the Kongo State and partly in German East Africa, at the north end of Lake Tanganyika, in the valley of the Ruzizi. Their country is called Urundi. Runeberg (rö'ne-bera), Johann Ludvig. Born at Jacobstad, Finland, Feb. 5, 1804: died at Borgå, May 6, 1877. A Swedish poet, the greatest name in Swedish literature. His father was a merchant attending captain school at in Wasa, extremely Runeberg poor circumstances. went, in 1822, to After the University of Abo, where he supported himself by giving private instruction. After the burning of Åbo in 1827, he was for three years tutor in Sarijarvi, in the interior of Finland, where he wrote a number of his most important works. His first volume appeared in 1830. Among others it contains the long poem "Svartsjukans Nätter" ("Nights of Jealousy"), and a number of lyrics. This same year he was appointed docent in Latin literature at the university, which had been transferred from Åbo to Helsingfors. In 1832 appeared his first great work, the epic "Elgskyttarne" ("The Elk-Hunters"), written in hexameters. A second volume of lyrics appeared in 1833. In 1836 appeared the idyl "Hanna." In the meantime he had founded the journal "Helsingfors Morgan blad," which he edited with great succe , and to which he contributed much valuable criticism. In 1837 he gave up this and his university position to accept the post of lector at the gymnasium in Borgå, where he subsequently lived, and where he died. In 1841 appeared another idyl, "Julqvällen" ("Christmas Eve"), like the "Elk-Hunters" and "Hanna," in hexameters. This same year was published, further, the epic "Nadonchda." In 1843 appeared a third volume of lyrics; in 1844 the romantic cycle "Kung Fjalar" ("King Fjalar"). In 1848 was published the first part of the greatest of his works, the series of narrative poems with the title "Fanrick Ståls Sagner" ("Ensign Stål's Stories"), whose motive is the war of 1808. A second part appeared in 1860. In 1844 he had been made profe or at Borgå, where, in 1847, he was elected rector. His last works were dramatic. "Kan ej" ("Can't"), a rimed comedy, was published in 1862; "Kungarne på Salamis" ("The Kings at Salamis") in 1863. In 1853 he had collected and published his prose writings under the title "Smarre Berrattelser" ("Minor Writings"). His collected works ("Samlade Skrifter") were published at Stockholm in 1876 in 2 vols.; his posthumous works ("Efterlemlade Skrifter") at Stockholm 1878 1879 in 3 vols. Runjeet Singh (run-jet' singh). Born at Guga ran wall a, Nov. 2, 1780: died at Lahore, June 27, 1839. Maharaja of the Panjab. He organized his army with the aid of French officers, and subjugated the Sikhs in his neighborhood. In 1809 those between the Sutlej and the Jumna appealed to the British. An agreement, however, was concluded between Runjeet Singh and the army sent against him, and the Sutlej was made the limit of his dominion. He attacked the Afghans, con quered Kashmir in 1819 and Peshawar in 1829, and left his empire at his death on a firm footing. He was known as the King of Lahore. Pru ian pastor: one of the founders of the German "Free Congregations." He founded that of Königsberg in 1846. Rüppell (rüp'pel), Wilhelm Peter Eduard Simon. Born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Nov. 20, 1794: died at Frankfort, Dec. 11, 1884. A Ruppin (röp-pen'). A former countship, situ- ated in the present province of Brandenburg, Pru ia, northwest of Berlin and southeast of Priegnitz. Ruprecht (röʻprecht). Born 1352: died 1410. King of Germany. He succeeded as elector of the Rusalki (rö-säl'ki), or Ru alkas (-kaz). In Slavic folk-lore, water-nymphs with green hair, who entice unwary people into the water and kill them. Ruscuk, or Ruscsuk. See Rustchuk . Rush (rush), Benjamin. Born near Philadel- phi a, Dec. 24, 1745: died in Philadelphia, April 19, 1813. A noted American physician. He was educated at Princeton and Edinburgh; and became pro- fe or of chemistry at the Medical School of Philadelphia, and later profe or of clinical practice and physic. He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence as member of Congre from Pennsylvania, and was a surgeon in the army 1777-78. In 1799 he was appointed treasurer of the United States mint. He wrote "Medical German traveler naturalist. He traveled in Nubia, Kordofan, Sennaar, and Arabia 1822-27; and in Aby in i a 1833-34. He wrote accounts of his travels, and works on natural history. 151° 24' W. of the Mind" (1812), etc. Rush, Friar Rush, Friar. A mythical personage who originated in German folk-lore (Bruder Rausch); a fiendish-looking creature who was really a devil and kept monks and friars from leading a re ligious life: he was also a household sprite. A number of tales and plays were written about him in England, notably "The Historie of Frier Rush, etc.," the under-title of which runs, "A pleasant History, How a Devil (named Rush) came to a religious house to seek a service" (1620): this was com in ended to the reading of "young people." Chettle also wrote a play called "Friar Rush, or the Proud Woman of Antwerp." Friar Rush was probably at one time a good-natured imp like Robin Good Fellow, but under the influence of Christian superstition he became the typical emi ary from Satan, who played tricks among men calculated to set them by the ears, and who sought by various devices, al. ways amusing, to fit them for residence in his master's dominions. Tucker man , Hist. of Prose Fiction, p. 54. Rush, James. Born at Philadelphia, March 1, 1786: died at Philadelphia, May 26, 1869. An American physician and author, son of Benjamin Rush. He wrote "Philosophy of the Human Voice" (1827), etc. Rush, Richard. Born at Philadelphia, Aug. 29, 1780: died there, July 30, 1859. An American statesman, diplomatist, and jurist: son of Benjamin Rush. He was United States attorney-general 1814-17; acting secretary of state in 1817; United States minister to Great Britain 1817-25, where he negotiated the fisheries treaty of 1818, and treaties on the boundaries; secretary of the treasury 1825-29; unsucce ful candidate for Vice-President in 1828; commi ioner to obtain the Smithsonian legacy 1836-38; and United States minister to France 1847-51. He wrote "Codification of the Laws of the United States" (1815), "Narrative of a Residence at the Court of London" (1833-45: new edition as "The Court of London," 1873), "Washington in Domestic Life" (1857), "Occasional Productions, etc." (1860), etc. Rusk (rusk), Jeremiah McLain. Born in Morgan County, Ohio, June 17, 1830: died at Viroqua, Wis., Nov. 21, 1893. An American politician. He served in the Civil War, attaining the rank of brevet brig a dier-general of volunteers; was a Republican member of Congre from Wisconsin 1871-77; was governor of Wisconsin 1882-89; and was secretary of agriculture 1889-93. Rusk, Thomas Jefferson. Born at Camden, S. C., Aug. 8, 1802: committed suicide at Nacogdoches, Texas, July 29, 1856. An American politician. He played a prominent part in the Texan war of independence 1835-36, and in the agitation which led to the annexation of Texas to the United States in 1845. He was a United States senator from Texas 1846-56. Ruskin (rus'kin), John. Born at London, Feb. 8,1819. An eminent English art critic and writer. He entered Christ College, Oxford, in 1833; gained the Newdigate prize by a poem entitled "Salsette and Elephant a" in 1839; and graduated in 1842. He studied painting under Copley, Fielding, and Harding. In 1843 he published a volume entitled "Modern Painters," which aimed to prove the superiority of modern landscape-painters, and especially of Turner, over the old masters. This work created a sensation by the brilliancy of its style and the startling originality of its views, and established the author's repиtation as an art critic. It has since been enlarged, by the addition of several volumes, into discursive art. After the appearance of the first volume of realisdeon Painters," Ruskin spent some years abroad, chiefly devoted to the study of art in Italy. His father, a wealthy wine merchant, died in 1864, leaving him an ample fortune. He was appointed profe or at the Cambridge School of Art in 1858, and Rede lecturer at Cambridge in 1867; and held the Slade profe orship of fine art at Oxford 1869-79 and 18831885. He has since lived in retirement on his estate at Brant wood, on Coniston Lake, in the Lake Country. He has written a number of works of a socialistic tendency on political economy, and in 1871 established the St. George's Gild, an industrial society based on his peculiar views in reference to capital and labor. Among his works are "The Seven Lamps of Architecture" (1849), "Poems" (1850), "The Stones of Venice" (1851-53), "Pre-Raphae lit ism (1851), "The Elements of Drawing" (1857), "Unto this Last" (1862), "Sesame and Lilies" (1864), "The Ethics of the Dust" (1865), "The Crown of Wild Olive" (1866), "The Queen of the Air" (1869), "Lectures on Art, "delivered before the University of Oxford (1870), "Fors Claviger a: Letters to the Workmen and Labourers of Great Britain" (1871-84), "Munera Pulver is: Six E ays on the Elements of Politi cal Economy" (1872), "Aratra Pentelici: Six Letters on the Elements of Sculpture" (1870), "The Relations between Michael Angelo and Tintoret," a lecture on sculpture delivered at Oxford (1870–71), “The Eagle's Nest: Ten Lectures on the Relation of Natural Science to Art" (1872), "The Sepulchral Monuments of Italy, etc.” (1872), "Love's Meinie: Lectures on Greek and English Birds" (1873), "Ariadne Flor ent in a: Six Lectures on Wood and Metal Engraving" (1872), "Val d'Arno: Ten Lectures on the Tuscan Art directly Antecedent to the Florentine Year of Victories" (1873), "Frondes Agrestes: Readings in Modern Painters, etc." (1880), "Proser pin a: Studies of Wayside Flowers, etc." (1875-79), "Deucalion: Collected Studies of the Lapse of Waves and Life of Stones" (1875-78), "Mornings in Florence" (1875-77), "St. Mark's Rest: the History of Venice, etc." (1877-79), "The Laws of Fésole, etc." (1877-79), "Elements of English Prosody" (1880), "Notes on Samuel Prout and William Hunt" (1880), "Arrows of the Chace" (1880), "The Lord's Prayer and the Church: Letters to the Clergy, with Replies" (1881), "Our Fathers Have Told Us" (1881), "The Art of England" (1883), "Coæli Enarrant: Studies of Cloud Form and of its Visible Causes, etc." (1884), "The Pleasures of England" (1884), "The Storm-Cloud of the Nineteenth Century" (1884), "On the Old Road: a Collection of Miscellaneous E ays, Pamphlets, and Articles, published 1834-85" (1885), "Hortus Inclusus: Me ages from the Wood to the Garden, etc." IMG:content-0853.png:[blocks in formation]