penalogist

[Lat. pæna =punishment; Gr logos a discourse, and English suff. -ist.] One who studies the various kinds of punishments as awarded to criminals, with a view to their reformation. (Stormonth.) pěn-al-tỹ, *pen-al-tie, subst. [Fr. pénalité.] [PENALITY.] 1. The punishment or suffering in person or property attached by law or judicial decision to the commi ion of a crime, offense, or trespa ; penal "Death is the penalty imposed." retribution. Milton: P. L. , vii. 545. 2. The suffering to which a person subjects himself by covenant or agreement in case of non-fulfillment of stipulations; forfeiture, fine. "The penalty and forfeiture of my bond." Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice , iv. 1. pine, plt, sire, sir, marine; gō, pot, IMG:content-0830.png:[blocks in formation] of these gods is extremely doubtful. According to ancient tradition they were first worshiped in Samothrace, thence brought to Troy, and Virgil ( Æn . i. 58) makes Æneas the means of their intro- duction into Italy. As was the case with the Lares, their name was a synonym for home ( Horace : Carm . iii. 27, 49; cf. Carm . Sec ., 39). "Thus the Penates , as simple gods of food, are probably much more ancient than deities like Jupiter, Neptune, Apollo, and Minerva, whose wide and varied attributes represent a power of abstraction and generalization in the minds of their worshipers such as is not po e ed by very primitive men." -Encyc . Brit , (ed. 9th), xviii. 489. "The author's penchant toward disguises." - North : Examen , p. 329. pench-es, s . pl . [PENCH.) Tripe. ( Scotch .) pen-chûte, s . [Eng. pen , and Fr. chute =a fall.] materia" in the acts of the penitent-contrition, A trough conducting the water from the race to confe ion, and satisfaction. The minister of the sacrament is a priest with ordinary or delegated power to absolve, and the subjects those who have received baptism. It is not of obligation to confe venial sins, but mortal sins committed after bap- tism must be confe ed. Roman theologians rely on the words of Jesus (John xx. 23) as proving the divine institution of the sacrament of penance. The dispositions and acts nece ary on the part of the penitent are a hearty sorrow for sin, because it is an offense against God, joined with a firm pur pose of amendment, the confe ion of sins to a priest approved by the bishop, and the performance of the penance imposed by him. I. Ordinary Language : 1. Literally : pěn-craft, s . [Eng. pen (2), s., and craft .] 1. Penmanship, skill in writing; chirography. 2. Authorship; the art of composing or writing. pěnd (1), s . [Etym. doubtful, but probably from PEN (1), v.] An arched or covered entrance or pa age through a block of buildings into an open lane or close. pěnd (2), s . penock. d, as in round, v. (q. v.).] To pen, to confine. "Hidden or pended within the limits and precinctes of Grece." Udall: Apophthegmes, p. 244. B. As substantive: I. Ordinary Language : "Some hang upon the pendants of her ear." Pope : Rape of the Lock , ii. 137. 2. The part of a watch by which it is suspended. 3. A suspended chandelier. *4. A pendulum. "To make the same pendant go twice as fast as it did make the line at which it hangs double in IMG:content-0831.png:[blocks in formation] 2. Optics : A system of rays diverging from or converging to a point. If the point is taken at an infinite distance, the rays may be regarded as par points, . Used especially in setting up masts IMG:content-0832.png:[blocks in formation] Bot .: The genus Stylos ant hes. pencil-stone, s . [PYROPHYLLITE.] pěn-çil, *pen-sil, v . t . [PENCIL, 8.] To paint, wheels connecting to the spring-arbor; a keyle to draw; to write or mark with a pencil. "He has pencill'd off IMG:content-0833.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-0834.png:[blocks in formation] pendent elite 2. Jutting over; overhanging, projecting. "A pendent rock."- Shakesp .: Ant . & Cleop ., iv. 14. B. As subst.: The same as PENDANT, B. II., 3 (2). pěn-den-tě-li-tě, phr . [Lat.] Pending the suit or action; while the suit or action is pending. pěn-den-tive, s. [Fr. pendent if, from pendre (Lat. pendeo )=to hang.] Architecture : 1. The portion of a groined ceiling supported and bounded by the apex of the longitudinal and transverse vaults. In Gothic ceilings of this kind the ribs of the vaults descend from the apex to the impost of each pendentive, where they become united. ( Weale .) 2. The filling-in of the spandrels between the arches of a vault, or of those under a dome.