philosophresst (filos of res)

[ She is a philosophre , augur, and can turn ill to good as well as you. Chapman , Cæsar and Pompey, v. 1. philosophy (fi-los'ō-fi), n .; pl. philosophies (-fiz). [ philosophie , filosofie , philosophie , filosofie , F. philosophic = Sp. filos ofía = Pg. phi losophia = It. filos of i a = D. filozofie = G. philo sophie =Dan. Sw. filos of i , philosophia , Gr. φιλοσοφία , love of knowledge and wisdom, φι λόσοφος , a philosopher, one who speculates on the nature of things, existence, freedom, and truth; in eccl. writers applied to one who leads a life of contemplation and self-denial; lit. 'one who loves wisdom' (a term first used, according to the tradition, by Pythagoras, who preferred to call himself φιλόσοφος, one who loves wisdom, instead of σοφός, a sage); in later use (Hesychius) in the sense 'loving a handicraft or art'; 4446 science of the most fundamental matters. This is identified by different schools-( a ) with the account of the elementary factors operative in the universe; the science of principles, or the matter, form, causes, and ends of things in general; ( b ) with the science of the absolute; metaphysics; (c) with the science of science; the theory of cognition; logic. In Greek, philosophy originally signified culture; but from Aristotle down it had two meanings-(a) speculative knowledge, and (b) the study of the highest things, metaphysics. Chrysippus defined it as the science of things divine and human. In the middle ages philosophy was understood to embrace all the speculative sciences: hence the faculty and degree of arts in German universities are called the faculty and degree in philosophy. In philosophy , the contemplations of man do either penetrate unto God or are circumferred to nature, or are reflected or reverted upon himself. Out of which several inquiries there do arise three knowledges, divine philoso phy , natural philosophy , and human philosophy , or human ity. Bacon , Advancement of Learning, ii. Philosophy has been defined: - The science of things di. vine and human, and the causes in which they are contained; - The science of effects by their causes; - The science of sufficient reasons; - The science of things po ible, inasmuch as they are po ible; - The science of things, evidently deduced from first principles; - The science of truths, sensible and abstract; - The application of reason to its legitimate objects; - The science of the relations of all knowledge to the nece ary ends of human reason; The science of the original form of the ego or mental self; - The science of science; -; - The science of the absolute; - The science of the absolute indifference of the ideal and real. Sir W. Hamilton, Metaphysics, iii. either based on concepts All knowledge of reason is or on the construction of concepts; the former being called philosophical, the later mathematical. The system of all philosophical knowledge is called philosophy. It must be taken objectively, if we understand by it the type of criticising all philosophical attempts, which is to serve for the criticism of every subjective philosophy, however various and changeable the systems may be. In this manner philosophy is a mere idea of a po ible science which exists nowhere in the concrete, but which we may try to approach on different paths. So far the concept of philosophy only scholastic. But there is universal, or, if we may say so, a cosmical concept (conceptus cosmic us) of philosophy, which always formed the real foundation of that name. In this sense philosophy is the science of the relations of all knowledge to the e ential aims of hu man reason. Kant , Critique of Pure Reason (tr. by Müller), II. 719. Philosophy is an all-comprehensive Synthesis of the doctrines and methods of science; a coherent body of theorems concerning the Cosmos, and concerning Man in his relations to the Cosmos of which he is a part. J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I. 9. That philosophy only means psychology and morals, or in the last resort metaphysics, is an idea slowly developed through the eighteenth century, owing to the victorious advances of science. Edinburgh Rev. , CLXV. 95. 2. A special branch of knowledge of high speculative interest. (a) Any such science, as alchemy (in Chaucer). Voydeth your man and lat him be the route, And shet the dore, whyls we ben aboute Our privetee, that no man us espye Whyls that we werke in this philosophye. Chaucer , Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 128. Philydraceæ per i mental philosophy. See experimental. - First philosophy, the science of the principles of being; on tology; metaphysics. Inductive, mechanical, moral, natural, Newton i an, etc., philosophy. See the adjectives. Italic school of philosophy. Same as Pythagorean school of philosophy. - Objective philosophy. Same as transcendental philosophy. Philosophies of the absolute. See absolute. - Philosophy of identity, the philosophy of Schelling and Hegel, as maintaining the absolute identity of identity and non-identity. - Pneumatict, positive, symbolical, etc., philosophy. See the adjectives. Practical philosophy, philosophy having action as its ultimate end; the laws of the faculties connected with desire and volition. - Pythagorean school of philosophy. See Pythagorean. - Theoretical, speculative, or contemplative philosophy, that philosophy which has no other aim than knowledge. - Transcendental philosophy. (a) The critical philosophy of Kant. (b) The philosophy of Hegel. Also called objective philosophy. philostorgyt (fil'ō-stôr-ji), n. [