BELGIAN

explosives. Grisounite. As above. Grisoutine or Grisou Dynamite. It isa mixture of ammonium nitrate and blasting gelatine, It is the only explosive except Grisounite allowed in the more dangerous French mines. Naphtha lite (Grisou): pota ium chlorate 80 per cent, aryl hydroearbons, 12 per cent nitro compounds not trinitro-bodies, parafn, fatty oils, flour and other organic substances. May contain alkali chlorides and up to 4 per cent blasting gelatine. German. Albit (Wetter): a chlorate explosive replacing nitrates; scarce during the war. Astral it (Wetter): ammonium nitrate explosive containing some blasting gelatine. Many varieties. which may also contain rape-oil and potato-meal. Has been used in trench howitzers. Carbon it. Numerous compositions come under this name and are made in different countries Consists chiefly of nitroglycerine and metallic nitrates. Arctic carbonite, a low-freezing mixture, contains 15:5 per cent nitroglycerine, 10°5 per cent nitro hydrocarbon, 42 per cent pota ium nitrate, 31-7 per cent woodmeal, and 0-3 per cent calcium carbonate. Chioratzit: pota ium chloride or perchlorate, aryl nitro-bedies, resins, and carbohydrates. For coal-mines add cooling agents. Detonit; ammonium nitrate, charcoal, meal, 4 per cent blasting gelatine, neutral salts. Donarit; ammonium nitrate 80 per cent, trinitrotoluene 12 per cent, rye-flour 4 per cent, nitroglycerine 4 per cent. The standard in Germany for sensitivene of ammonium nitrate explosives. See under EXPLOSIVES Dorfit: ammonium nitrate, trinitrotoluene, flour, salt, alkali nitrate. Dynamit: nitroglycerine 75 per cent, Kieselguhr 25 per cent. Geblingerit: ammonium nitrate, trinitrotoluene, flour. Perm on it: a perchlorate explosive. Tremonit: contains gelatinized dinitro glycerine, pea-flour, and salt. Some Biasting Explosives Ammonal: ammonium nitrate 89 to 90 per cent, aluminium 4 to 18 per cent, charcoal 2 to 6 per cent. The more violent mixtures contain some trinitrotoluene in addition. Has been used in grenades and by Austrians in trenehhowitzer bombs. Not suitable in underground workings owing to poisonous gases evolved. Astral it: a mixture of ammonium nitrate and blasting gelatins. May contain wood-meal, tri nitro tolu ens, paraftin-oil. Has been used for projectiles. Carbo dynamite: nitrogtycerine absorbed in cork charcoal instead of guhr. Gelienite: nitroglycerine 56 to 63 per cent, nitrocotton 4 per cent, wood-meal 7 per cent, pota ium nitrate 27 per cent, calcium carbonate 0:2 per cent. Oxyliquit: liquid oxygen absorbed in a porous combt ustible material, Used in construction of Simplon Tunnel. Very cheap; safe after misfire because oxygen evaporates off. Perdit: German mining, demolition, and rifle grenade explosive. Ammonium nitrate 76 per cent, pota ium perchlorate 6 per cent, wood-meal 2 per cent, dinitroteluene 16 per cent. Rendaroeck: a brand of American dynamite. Sprengel Explosives: one er both of the substances to be liquid, and mixing to oceur shortly before firing. Nitric acid, alkali chloride, nitrogen peroxide on nitrobenzene, nitro naphthalene, carbon bisulphide, petrol, picric acid. Panclastite, Prométhée, Rack-aRock, are examples of this cla . Tonite: gun-cotton and barium nitrate. Some High Explosives Alumtol: ammonium nitrate, trinitrotoluene, aluminium powder. pase for trench mortar rs, bombs, c Amatol: a mixture of ammonium nitrate and trinitrotoluene, used for shell-filling. Called by Germans Fill pulver. The Germans did not develop this explosive as much as the Entente Powers, who effected great economy of trinitrotoluene. 364 EXPLOSIVES 361 Blastine: ammonium perchlorate, sodium nitrate, dinitrctoluene, paraffin-wax. It evolves hydrochloric acid gas. Blasting Gelatine contains $3 per cent nitroglycerine and 7 per cent nitrocctton. It is the most powerful explosive in common use. Cresylite is a French explosive, and contains picric acid and nitrated cresol. Fumyl is a smoke-producing explosive, and contains trinitrotojuene and amimonium chloride. it was used to open poison-gas shelis. Gran at filling (Shell Filling): a term used by the Germans. Gran at filling C/84 is picric acid. Gran at tilling C/02 is trinitrotoluene. Other substances were used by them for shell fillmg, such as tri nitro anisole, dinitrobenzene, hex a nitro diphenylamine, and hex a nitro phenyl sulphide. Lyddite: a term for picric acid, formerly used in shells. T.N.T. is trinitrotoluene or trotyl. Yeoxolis a mixture of tri nitro tolu ens and tri nitro xylene. Trip las tite is a plastic high explosive containing 70 per cent pitrotoluenes, 8 per cent nitrocotton, 22 per cent lead nitrate. Used for shell filling. Somes Misceliznsous Explosives Anilite: Sprengel type. French liguid explosive used in aerial bombs. Centra lite: not an explosive but a stabilizer and regulator. It is diniethyldiphenyhirea. Collodion Cotton: low nitralion nitrocotton, soluble in a mixture of ether and alcohol. It di olves in nitroglycerine and liquid nitrcbody, preventing their exudation. Gelatine Dynaroite: a mixture of blasting gélatine with pota ium nitrate and wood-meal. also contain calcium and mag erected carbonate and mineral jelly. Gelignite is similar to Gelatine Dynamite, but contains le Blasting Gelatine. Halakive: contains pota ium chlo- | rate, ammonium nitrate, trinitrotoluene or other nitro-body; |} may contain nitre-cotton, sodium | nitrate, and wood-rsneal. Pyro collodion: highly _ nitrated, soluble gun-cotton. Adopted by the United States. White Gunpowder: a mixture of asec sen chlorate, pota ium evrocyanide, and sugar. Very Tt may } EXPLOSIVES Propellants for Shot-guns Amberite: insoluble nitre cotton 18.6 per cent, nitrates 28 per ceut, soluble nitrocotton 46 per cent, vaseline 6 per cent. Du Pont Smokele Powder: nitroglycerine 10 per cent, ammonium nitrate 67-5 per cent, wood-pulp 8 per cent, salt 15 per cent (for coal-mines). Soluble nitrocotton 46 per cent, metallic nitrates 2-2 per cent (for shot-guns). H.C. Powder: insoluble nitrocotton 44 per cent to 48 per cent (impire Powder), soluble nitre cotton 30 per cent to 34 per cent, metallic nitrates 14 per cent to 9 per cent, vaseline 6 per cent to 7 per cent, camphor 4-6 per cent. Ideal Powder: made by Nobels. Neonite. Similar to the above compositions, but containing 73 per cent of insoluble nitrocotton, 9 per cent soluble nitrocotton. It 13 also made for rifled small arms especially for rim-fire es. New Explosive Company Smokele Powder. Similar to above. Rifieite: insoluble nitrocotton i-7 per cent, soluble nitrocotton 82-5 per cent, nitro-body 4-8 per cent. The nitrocellulose is made from curcuma. Ruby Powder: a cheap non-solvent powder, 46 per cent insoluble nitrocotton, 4 per cent soluble nitrocotton. Smokele Diamond and Stoumarkel Smokele are similar to above. Propel i ants for Hifled Fire-arms amide Powder: ammonium nitrate, pota ium nitrate, charcoal. Hes also been used in Gerinan artillery. Ammon pulver: ammonium nitrate and charcoal. Has been used by Austrian artillery, and lately reintroduced by the Germans. Ballistite: equal parts of nitroglycerine and soluble nitro-cotton with some mineral] jelly. Cordite: the principal smokele powder of the Brit.sh Empire. Indurite: gun-cotton and nitrobenzene. Abandoned by U.S. navy.: Neonite: a gelatinized powder. Contains nitrocellulose insoluble and soluble, nictallic nitrates, and vaseline. Noddite: a strip eporting-rifte powder containing nitro-glycerine, nitrocellulose, mineral jelly. Rettweil Smokele Powder: a gelatined powder containing carnphor and diphenylamine. sensitive, and only used in the See also GRENADE; SHELL; TORPEDO; laboratory. Z* FIREWORKS; ROCKETS. 365 EXPONENT EXPO’NENT. In algebra a* denotes three a’s nuultiplied together; a’ means that n of the letter a are to be multiplied. These numbers or letters placed immediately above and to the right of another number or letter are called exponents, and indicate the power to which the number or letter is raised. Wxponents can be fractional or negative, in which case new interpretations can be found. On the a umption that ax a*=a” +” for all values of m and 7, an is interpreted as the nth root of a, a—" as the reciprocal of a”. EXPONENTIAL THEOREM. iG at=N, x is said to be the logarithm of N to the base a. There are two bases of logarithms in common use, the base 10 and the Napierian base e. The exponential theorem states that the value of e« is given, by the infinite series x aE an; 1+etiog! Tog * 1.23.0 e Putting x equal to 1, e=1+1+ Tears he ot POX pre ed to any number of decimal places by working out the value of the terms on the right-hand side. It is an incommensurable number which to five decimal places is equal to 2°71828. See LOGARITHM. EXPORTS. See FOREIGN TRADE.