SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

is the name given to the effort to administer industrial and other organizat ions according to definite laws deduced by scientific methods. It seeks to eliminate wasted energy, to increase output, and - to improve the quality of the product. At the same time, it makes every effort to discover, and utilize to the full, the special talents of the individual worker, thereby obtaining both maximum efficiency and greater contentment. Many methods are adopted in gaining these One of the commonest is to anaends. any operation, not only by the hulyze beings involved, but by the mam an chinery. Each movement is examined separately and then considered in its to all the other movements relation up the whole operation. All making unnece ary movements are then elimthe operation thereby being inated, quicker and simpler. The advomade of scientific management also lay cates stre on the nece ity for considerable every worker the opportun ity giving for develop i that every Man may be allotted in order the task which he can do better than any other. They also recommend a greater distribution of responsibility, high pay in case of succe and low pay in case of failure. The management of a large organization should be divided among a group of men forming the executive staff, each in charge of a department, and all being of equal authority. A distinction is made between administration and management. Those in charge of the administration decide upon the policy of the organization, those in charge of the management attend to the practical details of carrying the policy into effect. Many attempts at scientific management have met with considerable succe , and even in the older and more conservative firms, the ideas underlying the suggested systems have been largely adopted. Christians martyred in N. Africa in persecution of 180 A.D.; contemporary account of their martyrdom is preserved. group of several islands and numerous clusters of rocks lying 27 miles S.W. of Land’s End, Cornwall, England; largest is St. Mary’s, next in importance being Trescoe and St. Martin’s; of granitic formation; mild climate. Pop. 2,500 (1576-1649), a German scholar. He attacked Scaliger and James I. of England (in Jcclesiasticus cuctoritatt Jacobi reg is oppos it us, 1611) and tried to bring about a Huropean war by wrote Grammatic a philosophic a, 1628.