Trinidad

Paria, Gulf of. An arm of the Caribbean Sea, between Venezuela and Trinidad. Pariahs (pā'ri-az). [Lit. 'drummers' (the Pariahs being the hereditary drum-beaters).] The members of a low caste of Hindus in southern India. They are lower than the regular castes of the Brahmani cal system, by whom they are shunned as unclean, yet superior to some other castes in the Tamil country, where they constitute a considerable part of the population. The Pariahs are commonly employed as laborers by the agricultural cla , or as servants to Europe ans, Parian Chronicle, The. See Chronicle of Paros . Parias (pä-rē-äs'), or Pariagotos (pä-rē-ä-gō'tōs). Indians who formerly occupied the peninsula of Paria in northeastern Venezuela. They were among the first of the continental tribes seen by Columbus: later many of them were enslaved. The remnants were gathered into mi ions, and are now merged in the country population of the coast. They were of Carib stock. Also written Pariacotoes , etc. Parieu (pä-ryė'), Marie Louis Pierre Félix Esquirou de. Born at Aurillac, France, April 13, 1815: died April 9, 1893. A French political economist and politician. He was minister of instruction 1849-51. Parima (pä-rē'mä or pä-re-mä'). A mythical lake long supposed to exist in the northern part of South America. At first it was a ociated with the story of El Dorado (which see); later, when the search for the gilded king had proved fruitle , geographers clung to the lake. Maps of the 18th century, and even some later ones, represented it as a large body of water in Guiana. Schomburgk's explorations proved that the only lakes in this region were small areas of flooded gra -land. The haine been retained for mountains and a river of the same region. Parima, Sierra or Serra de. Mountains of southern Venezuela, on the confines of Brazil, between the upper Orinoco and its branch the Ventuario. Their true nature is little understood, and they are perhaps edges of a high plateau, though some points are said to exceed 8,000 feet in altitude. The Orinoco takes its rise on the southwestern side. The name is sometimes extended to all the highland region on the frontiers of Venezuela and Brazil and in British Guiana, thus including the Pacaraima Sierra (which see). Often written Parime . Parini (pä-rē'nē), Giuseppe. Born at Bosio, near Milan, May 22, 1729: died at Milan, Aug. 15, 1799. An Italian poet. He published the satirical poems "Il mattino" ("Morning," 1763), "Il mezzogiorno" ("Noon," 1765), "Il vespro" ("Evening"), "La notte" ("Night"), etc. Paris (par'is). [Gr. Πάρις.] 1. In Greek legend, the second son of Priam, king of Troy, and Hecuba: also called Alexander. Before his birth Hecuba dreamt that she had given birth to a firebrand which caused a conflagration of the city. The dream was interpreted to mean that she would give birth to a son who would bring disaster on Troy. Paris was accordingly exposed on Mount Ida, but was for a time nourished by a shebear, and was ultimately taken home and brought up by the shepherd who was intrusted with his exposure. His parentage was accidentally discovered; he was admitted to the household of Priam, married Enone, daughter of the river. god Cebren, and became celebrated far and wide for his beauty of person, his gallantry, and his accomplishments. During the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis, Eris, who alone among the gods was excluded, threw a golden apple among the marriage guests with the inscription "To the A dispute arose between Hera, Aphrodite, and Athene over the apple, and Zeus ordered Hermes to take the godde es to Paris, who tended his flocks on Mount Gargarus, a height on Mount Ida, and who was to adjudge the apple. To influence his decision Hera offered him power, Athene martial glory, and Aphrodite the most beautiful of women. He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, who in return a isted him in carrying off from Sparta Helen, the wife of Menelaus. The rape of Helen gave rise to the Trojan war, during which he brought down upon himself the detestation of his own friends by his cowardice and his stubborn determination not to give up Helen. He was fatally wounded by Phi loc tetes with a poisoned arrow at the taking of Troy. 2. A character in Shakspere's tragedy. "Ro Paris, Sieges and Capitulations of meo and Juliet," a young nobleman to whom Capulet betrothed his daughter Juliet against her will. Paris (par'is; F. pron. pä-re'). [ME. Paris , Parys , AS. Paris (= Sp. París , Pg. Paris , G. Paris , etc.), from OF. Paris (pron. pä-rēs'), F. Paris = It. Parigi , from LL. Parisii , L. Lutetia Parisiorum , Lutetia of the Parisii, a Celtic tribe. Lutetia has been referred, without evidence, to L. lutum , mud.] The capital of France, situated on both banks of the Seine in lat. 48° 50′ N., long. 2° 20′ E. (observatory). It is the third largest city in the world; is considered the finest city in the worid; and has long been celebrated as a center of fashion, literature, art, the drama, and scholarship. Its boundaries are the fortifications, 22 miles long, including 30 square miles. The nucleus of the city is Île de la Cité, an island in the Seine. It is the commercial and manufacturing center of France, and the center of the French rail way system. Among the leading manufactures are clothing, furniture, "articles de Paris," machinery, jewelry, clocks, gloves, tapestries, carriages, etc. (For various localities and objects of interest-e. g. the Bois de Boulogne, the Champs-Elysées, the churches of Notre Dame and the Panthéon, the Théâtre Français, the Louvre and the Luxembourg, the Sorbonne, etc. - and for many local details, see the separate articles.) The Grand Opéra is the most sumptuous existing theater. The chief façade is enriched with polychrome materials, and adorned with statues and groups The grand staircase is of great beauty, the grand foyer, a hall 175 feet long, 42 wide, and 59 high, displays on its walls and ceiling the celebrated paintings by Baudry, representing the Muses, music, dancing, Mount Parna us, and the ancient poets. The city contains many hospitals and museums, and is the seat of many societies, including the Institute of France. Paris belongs to the department of Seine, and is governed by municipal council, the prefect of Seine, the prefect of police, and the mayors of arrondi ements. It ancient capi tal of a small Gallierte Par i site it Constant i us Chlorus 292-306; was made the capital of the Frankish kingdom by Clovis in 508; was ruled by counts under the Caroling i ans; became again the capital under the Cape tians; was largely developed under Philip August us and St. Louis; suffered from civil strife under Charles VI.; was entered by Henry V. of England in 1420, but expelled the English in 1436; was the scene of the ma acre of St. Bartholomew in 1572; became the center of the League; was opened to Henry IV. in 1594; and was the scene of many of the leading events in the first revolution and in those of 1830 and 1848. International expositions were held here in 1855, 1867, 1878, 1889, and 1900. (For the more important sieges and treaties of Paris, see below.) Population (1901), 2,660,559. Paris. A city, capital of Edgar County, eastern Illinois, 106 miles east by south of Springfield. Population (1900), 6,105. Paris. A city, capital of Bourbon County, Kentucky, 34 miles east of Frankfort. Population (1900), 4,603. Paris, Comte de (Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans). Born at Paris, Aug. 24, 1838: died in England, Sept. 8, 1894. Head of the Legitimist party in France and claimant of the French throne, eldest son of Ferdinand, duc d'Orléans, and grandson Philippe dealer in 1842. He was was educated in England, where his mother sought refuge after the overthrow of his grandfather in 1848. In 1862 he served as a captain of volunteers on the staff of General McClellan. He subsequently took up his residence in France, but returned to England on the pa age of the expulsion bill of 1886. On the death of the Comte de Chambord, grandson of Charles X., without i ue, in 1883, he was recognized by the Legitimists as the head of the royal house of France, uniting in his person the claims of the older and the younger (Orléans) line of the house of Bourbon. He published "His to ire de la guerre civile en Amérique" (1874-87). to the French throne on of his father Paris (pä-rēs'), Gaston Bruno Paulin. Born at Avenay, Marne, Aug. 9, 1839: died at Cannes, March 6, 1903. An eminent French Romance philologist. From 1872 he occupied a chair of French language and literature at the Collège de France, of which he became administrator in 1895; he was also director of the Romance language department in the Ecole des Hautes Études. His first publication of note was a "His to ire poétique de Charlemagne" (1865). His edition of "La vie de Saint-Alexis" was truly epoch-making in the annals of French philology. He also published "La littérature française au moyen âge," etc., and was connected with many important philological publications in the French language, among others the "Romania" and the "Revue critique." In 1896 he was elected a member of the French Academy. Paris, Judgment of. See Judgment of Paris . Paris, Matthew of. See Matthew of Paris . Paris, Sieges and Capitulations of. The most noteworthy of these are the following. (a) Siege by the North men in 885-886. It was unsucce ful. ( b ) Siege by Henry IV. in 1590. The city was succe fully defended by the forces of the League. (c) Surrender to the Allies, March 31, 1814. (d) Surrender to the Allies, July 7, 1815. (e) Siege of 1870-71 by the Germans. It was commenced Sept. 19, 1870; ineffectual sorties were made Nov. 30-Dec. 3, Jan. 10-15, and Jan. 19, 1871; the city capitulated by the convention of Versailles Jan. 28; the entry of German troops took place March 1, and the evacuation March 3. (f) Siege of 1871 by the troops of the National A embly commanded by MacMahon, Paris being defended by the Communists. It began April 6, and the city was entered by the besiegers May 21: many buildings (Hôtel de Ville, Tuileries, etc.) were destroyed by the Communists. The insurrection was finally suppre ed May 28, 1871. Paris, Treaties of. Among the various trea- ties negotiated or concluded at Paris, the fol- lowing are the most important. (a) Between Great Britain on one side and France, Spain, and Portugal on the other, Feb. 10, 1763. France ceded to Great Britain Canada, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton, Mobile, all the territory east of the Mi i ippi, Dominica, Tobago, St. Vincent, and Grenada; England restored to France Guade loupe, Martin i que, St. Pierre and Miquelon, and Pondi- cherry, and ceded St. Lucia to her; Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain; England restored Havana to Spain; and France ceded Louisiana to Spain. (b) Between Great Britain on one side and France, Spain, and the United States on the other, Sept. 3, 1783. The independence of the United States was acknowledged; navigation of the Mi i ippi was made free to both powers; Minorca and Florida were restored to Spain; the region of the Senegal was granted to France; and mutual restitution was made of conquests in the West Indies. (c) Between France on the one side and Great Britain, Ru ia, Austria, and Pru ia on the other, May 30, 1814: called also the First Peace of Paris . The indepen- dence of the Netherlands, Switzerland, and German and Italian states was acknowledged. "France was allowed to retain the boundaries of 1792, with some additions. Great Britain was to keep Malta, but to restore all the colonies held by France on Jan. 1, 1792, except Tobago, St. Lucia, and Mauritius, and to restore all the Dutch col- onies she held except Ceylon, the Cape, and part of (now British) Guiana. A general congre was to mectat Vienna within two months to complete the arrangements." ( Ac- land and Ransome , English Political History, p. 166.) ( d ) Between the same parties as the treaty of 1814, Nov. 20, 1815: called also the Second Peace of Paris . France was reduced nearly to the limits of 1790. “£28,000,000 was to be paid to the Allies for the expenses of the war. The fortre es of the northern frontier were IMG:content-0884.png:[ocr errors] the Allies for five years, and the garrisons paid by France. All works of art requisitioned by Napoleon were to be re- stored to their owners." ( Acland and Ransome , English Political History, p. 166.) (e) Between Ru ia on the one hand and Turkey, Great Britain, France, and Sardinia on the other, March 30, 1856. Ru ia restored Kars, and ceded part of Be arabia and the Danube mouth; Sebastopol was restored to Ru ia; the neutralization of the Black Sea was proclaimed; and Ru ia abandoned its claim to a pro- tec to rate over Christians Turkey, to whom the sultan ted States and Spain, Dec. 10, 1898. Spain relinquished her sovereignty over Cuba, and ceded Porto Rico, Guahan in the Ladrones, and the Philippine Islands to the United States, receiving from the latter the sum of $20,000,000. Paris, University of. The oldest of the Eu- rope an universities. Schools had been established here under the succe ors of Charlemagne. They multi- plied rapidly, and in the year 1200 an edict of Philip Au- gust us united them under one management and created the University of Paris, called the Studium till 1250. More than 30 colleges were included. It degenerated, and was rehabilitated by Henry IV. in 1595. Under Louis XIV. the university did not share in the general revival of arts and letters, the Sorbonne or Faculté de Théologie alone retaining its prestige. In 1680 courses of lectures in French civil law were given for the first time. On Sept. 15, 1793, the faculties of theology, medicine, law, and arts were sup- pre ed throughout the republic by the Convention. See Université Nation ale de France . Paris Garden. A circus for bull-and bear-bait- ing, on the Bankside, near the Globe Theatre, London. It is said to have derived its name from one De Paris built there in the reign of Richard li Parish, Sir Woodbine. Born Sept. 14, 1796: died Aug. 16, 1882. A British diplomatist. He was chargé d'affaires at Buenos Ayres 1824-32, and after his return published "Buenos Ayres and the Provinces of the Rio de la Plata" (1839: 2d ed. 1852). He brought to England an important collection of the large fo il ani- mals of the pampas. Paris in a (pä-re-se'nä). An opera by Donizetti, first produced at Florence, 1833. - 2. A poem by Byron, published in 1816. An overture for it was composed by Stern dale Bennett in 1835. Parjanya (par-jan'ya). [According to Benfey, from sphurj , rumble; according to Gra - mann, from prc , in sense of 'to fill, and so 'the filled cloud. The Vedic god of rain, identified with Gothic Fairguni, Norse Fiörgyn, and Lith- uanian Perkuna: still the name of the thunder. Park (pärk), Edwards Amasa. Born at Provi- dence, R. I., Dec. 29, 1808: died at And over, Ma ., June 4, 1900. A noted American Congre- gational theologian, profe or of sacred rhetoric at And over Theological Seminary 1836-47, and of theology 1847-81. He was the leading editor of the "Bibliotheca Sacra," and published various memoirs. European to accomplish that feat) at Sego in July, 1796, after many adventures, and ascended to Bammaku. In 1799 he published a narrative of his journey, entitled "Travels in the Interior of Africa." After having prac- tised for some years as a country surgeon at Peebles, Scot- land, he undertook a new expedition to the Niger in 1805. He started from Pisania in May, 1805, with a company of thirty-five Europe ans and a number of natives, reaching the Niger in Aug. with only seven companions. Sending back his journals and letters from San sanding on the Niger in Nov., 1805, he embarked with four European companions in a canoe, and was drowned with them near Bou a during an attack by the natives. Parker (pär'kėr), Isaac. Born at Boston, June 17, 1768: died at Boston, May 26, 1830. An American jurist. He was a Federalist member of Congre from Ma achusetts 1797-99, and in 1806 was ap- pointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Ma achusetts, of which he was presiding justice from 1814 until his death. He was profe or of law at Harvard 1816-27. Parker, Joel. Born at Bethel, Vt., Aug. 27, 1799: died at New York, May 2, 1873. An Amer- ican Presbyterian clergyman and religious writer. Parker, John Henry. Born 1806: died Jan. 31, 1884. An English archæologist. He began as a bookseller in Oxford in 1832. In 1836 he published a "Glo ary of Architecture," and in 1849 an "Introduction to the Study of Gothic Architecture, etc." His later years were devoted to explorations in Rome. His "Archæology of Rome" began to appear in 1874. Parker, Matthew. Born at Norwich, England, Aug. 6, 1504: died at London, May 17, 1575. Archbishop of Canterbury. He graduated at Cam- bridge (Corpus Christ i College) in 1525, and was appointed chaplain to Anne Boleyn. He was selected to preach at Paul's Cro by Thomas Cromwell. In 1545 he was ap- pointed vice-chancellor of Cambridge. On the acce ion of Mary Tudor he resigned, and lost all his preferments. He was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury Dec. 17, 1559. As primate he devoted himself to the organization and dis- cipline of the English Church, and was a firm opponent of Parker, Sir Peter. Born 1721: died 1811. An English admiral. He served in the American war, and made an unsucce ful attack on Fort Moultrie, Charles- ton, in 1776. Parker, Theodore. Born at Lexington, Ma ., Aug. 24, 1810: died at Florence, Italy, May 10, 1860. Á noted American clergyman, lecturer, reformer, and author. He studied at the Cambridge Divinity School 1834-36; became a Unitarian clergyman at Roxbury, Ma achusetts, in 1837; became the head of an independent rationalistic society at the Melodeon (1846), and later at Music Hall, Boston; and was a conspicuous advocate of the abolition of slavery. Among his works are "Discourse on Matters Pertaining to Religion" (1842), "Sermons on Theism, Atheism, and the Popular Theology (1853), "Ten Sermons of Religion" (1853), besides a large number of addre es, etc., and "Great Americans" (this was published after his death). His complete works were edited by F. P. Cobbe (12 vols. 1863-65). Parker, Willard. Born in New Hampshire, Sept. 2, 1800: died at New York, April 25, 1884. An American surgeon, profe or of surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, 1839-69, and later profe or of clinical surgery there. He became president of the New York State Inebriate Asylum at Binghamton in 1865. He pub- lished various medical monographs. of Wood County, West Virginia, situated on the Ohio 73 miles southwest of Wheeling. It is the third city in the State: leading industry, the refining of petroleum. Population (1900), 11,703. Parliament, The Good. See Good Parliament. Parliament, The Rump. See Long Parliament . Parliament of Bats ('bludgeons'). A Parlia- American clergyman and reformer. He came to New York in 1880 as pastor of the Madison Square Presbyterian church. In 1891 he bement under Henry VI., 1426. came president of the Society for the Pre- vention of Crime. His exposure of the corruption of the police department of New York city led to its invest i- gation by a committee of the State legislature ("Lexow Committee"), and its reorganization, and to the defeat of Tammany Hall in 1894. Parkman (pärk'man), Francis. Born at Bos- ton, Sept. 16, 1823: died at Jamaica Plain, near Boston, Nov. 8, 1893. An American historian. He graduated at Harvard in 1844, and began the study of law, but ultimately abandoned this study in order to de- vote himself to literature. He was profe or of horticul- ture in the agricultural School of Harvard 1871-72. His historical works include "Conspiracy of Pontiac" (1851), "Pioneers of France in the New World" (1865), "Jesuits in North America" (1867), "Discovery of the Great West" (1869), "The Old Régime in Canada" (1874), "Count Fron- tenac and New France under Louis XIV." (1877), "Mont- calm and Wolfe" (1884), "A Half Century of Conflict" (1892). He wrote also "The California and Oregon Trail" (1849), "Va all Morton," a novel (1856), and "Historic Handbook of the Northern Tour" (1885). Park Range. A chain of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, west of South Park. Mount Lin- Park, Mungo. Born in Sel kirks hire, Scotland, Sept. 20, 1771: died in Africa probably in 1806. A celebrated African explorer. He visited Bencoolen as a istant surgeon on an East-India man in 1792, contrib- Parley (pärʻli), Peter. The pseudonym of Sam- uting on his return a description of eight new Sumatran uel Griswold Good rich: it has also been used explore the course of the Niger. Leaving Pisania on the Parliament (par'li-ment). The supreme leg is- Gambia in Dec., 1795, he reached the Niger (being the first lative body of the United Kingdom of Great Parliament of Dunces. A parliament con- vened at Coventry by Henry IV. in 1404: so named because all lawyers were excluded from it. Also called the Unlearned Parliament and the Lack - learning Parliament . Parliament of Fowls, or A embly of Fowls. A poem by Chaucer, mostly taken from Italian sources. Sixteen of the 98 stanzas are from Boccaccio's "Teseide." It is a poetical abstract of Cicero's "Dream of Scipio." Parliament of Love, The. A play by Mas- singer, licensed in 1624. Parma miles. Population (1891), 271,621.-2. A city, capital of the province of Parma, Italy, situated on the river Parma in lat. 44° 48′ N., long. 10° 20′ E.: the Roman Parma. It is the seat of a flourishing trade, and has manufactures of felt hats. The ca thedral is an interesting Romanesque building, e entially of the 11th century. The façade has 3 round-arched portals below 3 tiers of arcades: arcades are freely and picturesquely used throughout the exterior. There is an octagonal domed tower at the cro ing. The three-aisled interior is spacious, with much excellent sculpture and painting, notably the famous frescos by Correggio in the dome, representing the A umption of the Virgin. The baptistery of the cathedral, one of the finest in Italy, begun in 1196, is octagonal, with 7 stories: the 4 in termed i. ate ones form galleries supported by little columns, closely set. There are 3 beautiful sculptured doors. The interior is sixteen-sided, with arcades and a pointed, ribbed dome. The walls are covered with curious medieval paintings, and there is much good sculpture both without and within. Other objects of interest are the churches of Madonna dell a Steccata and San Giovanni Evangelist a, ducal palace, library, museum, art gallery, and university. Parma was founded by the Romans as a colony on the Æmilian Way about 183 B. C. After its capture by Mark Antony, it was restored and called Coloni a Julia August a. It had important woolen manufactures in early times. It took part in the strife of the Guelphs and Ghi bel lines, and belonged later to the Visconti. Here, in 1734, an indecisive battle was fought between the French and the Imperialists. (See Parma, Duchy of .) Population (1892), 51,500. Parma, Duchy of, properly the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza. A former duchy in northern Italy, comprising in later times the modern provinces of Parma and Piacenza. It was obtained by the Pope 1511-13; was under the Farnese dy nasty from 1645 to 1731; pa ed to Don Carlos (Bourbon of Spain) in 1731, to Austria in 1735, to Don Philip (Bourbon of Spain) in 1748; and was annexed to France in 1802. The duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla were given to Maria Louisa by the Congre of Vienna in 1814-15, and fell to the Duke of Lucca in 1847. There was an unsucce ful revolution in 1848-49. The duchy was incorporated with the kingdom of Italy in 1860. Parma, Duke of (Alexander). See Farnese , A le andro . Parmegiano, or Parmeggiano. See Parmigiano . Parmelan (pärm-lon'). A mountain near Annecy, in the Alps of Savoy. Height, 6,085 feet. Par me nides (pår-men'i-děz). [Gr. Παρμενίδης .] Born at Elea: lived about 450 в. с. (about 500 B. C.?). A celebrated Greek philosopher, head of the Eleatic school. He wrote his opinions in a didactic poem, "Nature" (fragments edited by Karsten and by Stein). His central thought is the unity and permanence of being: there is no not-being or change. A celebrated dialogue of Plato was named from him. Par me nides, native of Elea, who flourished about the year 503 B. C., enjoyed a reputation in his native city sources inferior to that of Pythagoras at Croton a, of Empedocles at Acragas, or of Solon at Athens. Speusippus, quoted by Diogenes Laertius, a erts that the magistrates of Elea were yearly sworn to observe the laws enacted by Par me nides. Cebes talks about a "Pythagorean or Par men i dean mode of life," as if the austere ascesis of the Samian philosopher had been adopted or imitated by the Eleatic.