Wise Men of the East

See Three Kings of Cologne. Wishart (wish'ärt), George. Born early in the 16th century: burned at the stake at St. Andrews, March 12, 1546. A Scottish Reformer and martyr. He schoolmaster at Montrose, and was charged with heresy there about 1538 for teaching the New Testament in Greek. In 1543 he was a tutor at Cambridge. In 1544 he went to Scotland with the commi ion sent by Henry VIII. to arrange a treaty for the marriage of his son Edward (aged 7) and the infant queen Mary. He began and diligently continued to preach the doctrines of the Reformation, and at the instigation of Cardinal Beaton was burned at St. Andrews. Wishart, or Wise heart (wiz' härt), George. Born 1609: died 1671. A Scottish bishop. He was deprived of his living for refusal to subscribe the Covenant; was chaplain to the Marquis of Montrose; and was made bishop of Edinburgh in 1662. He wrote, in Latin, a history of the wars of Montrose. Wishaw (wish'a). A burgh in Lan arks hire, Scotland, 13 miles east-southeast of Glasgow. It has important coal-mines and iron-works. Population (1891), 14,869. Wish fort (wish'fort), Lady. A character in Congreve's "The Way of the World": "a mixture of wit and ridiculous vanity” ( Hallam ). Wishoskan (wēsh'os-kan). A linguistic stock of North American Indians which formerly occu its territory to Sweden in 1648; and was pledged by Sweden to Mecklenburg-Schwerin in 1803, with po ible reversion to Sweden in 1903. Population (1890), 16,787. we, whence he completed alone the cro ing of the con- tinent to Zanzibar (Nov. 15, 1882). In 1884, as chief of a large expedition sent out by Leopold II., he revisited Lu- buku, established the stations Luluaburg and Luebo, and descended the Ka ai River by boat, thus establishing its navigability (1885). Starting again from Lubuku (1886), he failed in an attempt to discover the sources Tshuapa, Lulongo, and Lomami, but reached Nyangwe, followed the Lualaba up to the Lukuga, and made for the east coast by way of Tanganyika and Nya a (1887). As uprising under Bushiri. In 1892 he failed to carry out his German commi ioner suppre ed the Arab plan of taking two steamers to Lake Victoria via Nya a and Tanganyika. He is the author of "Im Innern Afrikas" (1888), "Unter deutscher Flagge quer durch Afrika" (1889). Wit at Several Weapons. A comedy produced about 1614, and published as by Beaumont and Fletcher in 1647. It shows traces of Middle ton With am (with'am). A river in England, chiefly in Lincoln, which flows into the Wash 5 miles 1068 Wolcott, Oliver American clergyman and educator. He graduated Wladislaw (vlä'dis-läv) I., or Ladislaus, Lok- at the University of Edinburgh; was pastor at Beith and jetek. Born 1260: died at Cracow, March 2, Paisley; became president of Princeton College in 1768; 1333. King of Poland 1319-33. and gave instruction in divinity, philosophy, Hebrew, and rhetoric, etc.; was a member of the New Jersey constitu- Wladislaw II. Jagello. King of Poland. See tional convention and provincial congre in 1776; and Jagello . was a delegate from New Jersey to the Continental Con- Wladislaw III. Born 1424: gre , and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, tle of Varna, Nov. 10, 1444. Among his works are "Ecclesiastical Characteristics" (1753), "E ay on Justification" (1756), "Serious Inquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Stage" (1757), "E ays on Important Subjects" (1764), "Considerations on the Nature and Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament" (1774), etc. Wits, The. A comedy by Sir William Dave- nant, produced in 1633, printed in 1636. It was mentioned by Pepys. Witt, De. See De Witt . Wittekind (wit'e-kind), or Widukind (wid'- ö-kind). The leader of the Saxons against Charles the Great. He made a raid into the Rhine- land in 778; gained succe es in 782; and conducted the war until 785, when he submitted and was baptized. He is said to have been appointed duke of the Saxons, and to have died in battle in 807. varia. Witten (vit'ten). A town in the province of Westphalia, Pru ia, situated on the Ruhr 37 miles north-northeast of Cologne. It has im- portant manufactures of iron, steel, mach in- ery, gla , etc. Population (1890), 26,310. of Hungary in 1440. Wladislaw IV. Born 1595: died May 20, 1648. King of Poland 1632-48, son of Sigismund III. Woburn (wõ'bėrn). A village in Bedford shire, England, 42 miles northwest of London. Near it is Woburn Abbey, the seat of the Duke of Bedford. chusetts, 10 miles north-northwest of Boston. It has manufactures of leather and of boots and shoes. Population (1890), 13,499. Wodan. The Old High German form of the name of the deity called by the Norse Odin. Wodehouse (wōd'hous), John, first Earl of Kim berley. Born Jan. 7, 1826. An English Liberal statesman. He was lord lieutenant of Ireland 1864-66; lord privy seal 1868-70; colonial secretary 1870-74 and 1880-82, and secretary for India 1882-85 and 1886; lord president of the council and secretary of state for India 1892-94; secretary of state for foreign affairs under Rose- bery 1894-95; and leader of the Liberal party in the House of Lords 1897-. He was created earl of Kim berley in 1866. berg). A town in the province of Saxony, Prus- Woden (wo'den). [Lit. the 'furious, the mighty sia, situated on the Elbe 55 miles southwest of warrior.] The Anglo-Saxon name of the deity Berlin: famous for its connection with Luther called by the Norse Odin. and the early Reformation. See Luther . Among Woerden (wör'den). A town in the Nether- its noted objects are the Schlo kir che (with the graves of Luther, Me lanch thon, Frederick the Wise, and John the lands, on the Old Rhine 20 miles south of Am- sacked by the French in 1672 and 1813. thon's house, statues of Luther and Me lanch thon, and the Rathaus. It was the capital of Saxe-Wittenberg, and was long the chief town of Saxony. Its university was founded in 1502, and was united with that of Halle in 1815. Luther nailed his 95 theses to the door of the Schlo kir che in 1517, and burned the Pope's bull in 1520. The town was bombarded by the Imperialists in 1760; was fortified by Napoleon in 1813; and was besieged by the Pru ians and stormed Jan. 12-13, 1814. Population (1890), 14,458. Wittenberg, Concord of. An agreement be- Wittenberge (vit'ten-ber-ge). A town in the province of Brandenburg, Pru ia, situated on the Elbe 75 miles west-northwest of Berlin. The Elbe is cro ed here by a bridge. Population (1890), 12,587. Woffington (wof' ing-ton), Margaret or Peg. Born at Dublin, Oct. 18, 1720: died at Tedding- ton, March 28, 1760. A celebrated Irish actre , the daughter of a bricklayer. She appeared as Polly Peacham, with a company of children, in "The Beg- gar's Opera" when only twelve years old, and made her ent Garden as Sylvia in "The Recruiting Officer." Her succe was great, and her singing and the "finish" of the male characters she a umed made the fortunes of the theaters where she played. She lived for some time with Garrick and Macklin at No. 6 Bow street, London, and Garrick was reported to have married her, but without foundation. She attempted to atone for her lack of moral character by her charities, though the almshouses at Ted- Wittenweier (vit'ten-vi-er). A village in Baden, dington said to have been founded by her are of much situated on the Rhine near Strasburg. It was the scene of several contests between Bernhard of Saxe- Weimar and the Imperialists in 1637, and of a victory of the former over the latter Aug. 9, 1638. Wittgenstein (vit'gen-stin), Ludwig Adolf Peter, Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigs- burg. Born in the Ru ian government of Perm, Jan. 6, 1769: died at Lemberg, June 11, 1843. A Ru ian field-marshal. He served in the campaign of 1807; commanded against Oudinot, St. Cyr, and Victor in 1812; was an unsucce ful commander of the Allies in 1813, and was removed after the defeat of Bautzen; com- manded a Ru ian contingent of the Allies 1813-14; com- manded the army on the Pruth in 1828, and occupied the Danubian Principalities and Varna; and besieged Shumla unsucce fully in the same year. Wittstock (vit's tok). A town in the province of Brandenburg, Pru ia, situated on the Do e 60 miles northwest of Berlin. A victory was gained there (Sept. 24, 1636) by the Swedes under Banér over the Austrians under Hatzfeld and the Saxons under Elector Johann Georg I. Population (1890), 6,895, southeast of Boston. Length, about 80 miles; Witu (ve'tö), or Wituland (ve'tö-länt). A Ger- With am. A town in E ex, England, 35 miles northeast of London. Population (1891), 3,444. Wither, or Wyther (with'er), or Withers (win'erz), George. Born at Brent worth, Hampshire, June 11, 1588: died at London, man protectorate on the coast of eastern Africa, about lat. 3o S., near the mouth of the Tana.; It was established in 1885. Wit waters rand (vit-vä'ters-ränd). A hilly re- gion of the Transvaal, west of Johannes burg, containing extensive gold-fields. Wit Without Money. A play by Fletcher, played not earlier than 1614 and printed in 1639. witwou'd (wit'wud). A character in Con- greve's "The Way of the World." "Witwou'd is as diverting as he is original - a man afflicted by a perfect cacoëthes of feeble repartee." Ward . Wixom (wik's om), Emma: stage name Emma Nevada. Born at Austen, Nevada, 1862. An American operatic singer. Her voice is a soprano. She took her stage name, Emma Nevada, from her birth- place. She made her first appearance at London in 1880, and has sung in Italy, Paris, and in the United States (1884). In 1885 she married Dr. Raymond Palmer. earlier date. She was seized with paralysis while playing Rosalind, May 3, 1757, and never appeared again. See Masks and Faces. Doran, Eng. Stage, II. 9. Wöhler (ve'ler), Fried rich. Born at Eschers- heim, near Frankfort-on-the-Main, July 31, 1800: died at Göttingen, Sept. 23, 1882. A cel- ebrated German chemist. He was educated at Mar- burg, Heidelberg, and under Berzelius at Stockholm; be came profe or at Göttingen in 1836, and pharmaceutical inspector; and was a ociated with Liebig in many re- searches. He discovered aluminium, beryllium, and yttri- um, and made many other brilliant discoveries and inves- tigations. Besides numerous special papers he wrote "Grundri der Chemie" ("Outlines of Chemistry," 1831), etc.; adapted Berzelius's "Lehrbuch der Chemie"; and Wolcott, or Wolcot (wil'kot), John: pseu- donym Peter Pindar. Born near Kings bridge, Devons hire, England, May, 1738: died at Lon- don, Jan. 14, 1819. An English satirist. In early life he was a physician, and was made physician-general of the island of Jamaica. He returned to England and was ordained in 1769, but resumed the practice of med i- cine in a few years at Truro and other places. He re- moved to London with John Opie about 1780, and became noted for his coarse but witty satires on George III., Boswell, the Royal Academy, etc. He was blind for some years before his death. Among his works are "Lyrical Odes to the Royal Academicians" (published first in 1782 and afterward every year till about 1814), "Bozzy and Piozzi" (1786), "The Lousiad" (1785), "The Apple Dumplings and a King," etc. He painted landscapes also, and a series of his pictures was engraved by Aiken in 1797. Wizard of the North. A name given to Sir 26, 1726: died at Litchfield, Conn., Dec. 1, 1797. Wither spoon (with'er-spön), John. Born in Hadding tons hire, Scotland, Feb. 5, 1722: died Walter Scott. near Princeton, N. J., Sept. 15, 1794. A Scotch- Wladimir. See Vladimir . An American politician and general, son of Roger Wolcott. He held various judicial offices in Wolcott, Oliver Connecticut; was a delegate to the Continental Congre from Connecticut, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence; served on important commi ions; commanded the Connecticut troops in 1776; served against Burgoyne in 1777; was lieutenant-governor of Connecticut 1786-96; and was governor of Connecticut 1796-97. Wolcott, Oliver. Born at Litchfield, Conn., Jan. 11, 1760: died at New York, June 1, 1833. An American politician and financier, son of Oliver Wolcott (1726-97). He served in the Revolutionary War; was auditor of the treasury 1789-91; was comptroller of the treasury 1791-95; was secretary of the treasury 1795-1800; and was governor of Connecticut 1817 1827. Wolcott, Roger. Born at Windsor, Conn., Jan. 4, 1679: died at East Windsor, May 17, 1767. An American colonial magistrate. He commanded the Connecticut contingent at the siege of Louis burg in 1745; and was governor of Connecticut 1751-54. He wrote "Poetical Meditations" (1725), etc. Wolf, or Wolff (võlf), Christian von. Born at Breslau, Jan. 24, 1679: died April 9, 1754. A celebrated German philosopher and mathematician. He was educated at Jena; lectured at Leipsic; became profe or at Halle in 1707; was deposed from his office and exiled from Pru ia in 1723 on the charge of heresy; was afterward at Marburg; was reinstated at Halle by Frederick the Great in 1740; and became vice-chancellor of the university. He developed the philosophy of Leibnitz, and exerted considerable influence upon subsequent metaphysical speculation in Germany. His numerous works, in German and Latin, include "Philosophia rational is," "Psycho logia empiric a," "Psycho logia rational is," "Cosmologia," "Jus naturæ," etc. Wolf (võlf), Fried rich August. Born at Haynrode, near Nordhausen, Germany, Feb. 15, 1759: died at Marseilles, Aug. 8, 1824. A German cla ical scholar, regarded as the founder of scientific cla ical philology. He studied at Göttingen; Randolph Church ill's "Fourth Party"; special envoy and commi ioner to Turkey and Egypt for arranging the af fairs of Egypt 1885-87; and amba ador to Persia 1888. Wolff (volf), Kaspar Fried rich. Born at Berlin, 1733: died at St. Petersburg, 1794. A German anatomist and physiologist, founder of the science of embryology. He was profe or at St. Petersburg from 1766. Wolfram von Eschenbach (võlf'räm fon esh'en-bäch). Place and date of birth unknown: he died about 1220 (place unknown). A Middle High German poet of the latter part of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century: the greatest epic poet of medieval Germany. He was of noble origin, and received his name from the little town of Eschenbach, near Ansbach, Bavaria, which was the ancestral seat of his family. His own home was at Wildenberg, near Ansbach, where he lived with his wife and child; but he was frequently at the court of that patron of poets, the landgrave Hermann of Thu ring i a, at Eisenach. He could not read or write, but knew French. He made frequent references to his poverty. He was buried in the Frauenkirche at Eschenbach. He composed lyrics, among them four "Tagelieder" ("Day Songs"); but his principal works are the three epic poems "Parzival," "Titurel" (left uncompleted), and "Willehalm" (also incomplete). "Parzival," the greatest court epic of Germany, was written between 1205 and 1215: it is based upon French sources of ultimate Celtic origin, particu larly upon a poem by Chrestien de Troyes. "Titurel," written po ibly about 1210, goes back to similar sources. The subject-matter of both poems is the legend of the Holy Grail: the former is named from its hero Parzival, "Willehalm" (Count William of Aquitaine), begun before 1216, is from French national poetry. "Titurel" was subsequently rewritten and completed by a certain Albrecht between 1260 and 1270. "Willehalm" was later on continued by Ulrich von Türkheim and Ulrich von dem latter from Titurel, the first Knight of the Grail. Türlin. Wolfram's works were published by Karl Lach mann in 1833 (5th ed. in 1880). ernment service in Berlin. His chief work is the "Prolegomena in Homerum" (1795), in which he propounded the famous theory that the Iliad and Ody ey are not the work of one author (Homer), but of various rhapsodists. See Homer . Wolf (wulf), Henry. Born at Eckwersheim, Alsace, Aug. 3, 1852. An American wood engraver. He came to New York in 1871, and at first made a specialty of drawings on the block for other en gravers and artists. He has engraved numerous pictures the American Artists Series in "The Century Magazine," and also after foreign painters. Wolfe (wulf), Charles. Born at Dublin, Dec. 14, 1791: died at Cork, Feb. 21, 1823. A British clergyman and poet. He wrote the "Burial of Sir Moore." His "Poetical Remains," with a memoir by Ru ell, were published in 1825. Wolfe, General, Death of. See Death of Gen eral Wolfe. Wolfe, James. Born at Wester ham, Kent, England, Jan. 2, 1727: killed at the battle of Quebec, beed Sept 13, 175943, An English general. He 1745-46, and at Lawfeld in 1747; was made brigadier general in 1758: commanded a division under Amherst at the siege and capture of Louis burg 1758; and was made major-general and commander of the expedition against Quebec. After making unsucce ful attempts on Mont calm's works, he led his force up the Heights of Abraham on the night of Sept. 12, and died in the hour of victory there, Sept. 13, 1759. Wolfenbüttel (võlf'en-büt-tel). A town in the duchy of Brunswick, situated on the Oker seven miles south of Brunswick. It has a noted library of ducal castle. Until 1754 it was the ducal residence. Near here, in 1641, the Swedes defeated the Imperialists. Le ing was librarian at Wolfenbüttel. Population, 14,484. Wolfenbüttel Fragments. 1. Portions of a New Testament codex, supposed to be of the 5th or 6th century, recovered about 1750 at Wolfenbüttel in Germany from a palimpsest of Isidore of Seville. - 2. A rationalistic work on the Bible, by Reimarus, a German critic of the 18th century. See Reimarus . Wolfert's Roost, Chronicles of. A series of sketches by Washington Irving, published originally in the "Knickerbocker Magazine." Wolff (volf), Albert. Born at Neustrelitz, Germany, Nov. 14, 1814: died at Berlin, June 20, 1892. A famous German sculptor, an a ociate of Rauch: profe or at the Academy of Arts in Berlin from 1858. He designed statues of the Great Elector, Frederick the Great, William I., and others, and colo al statues of Ernst August (Hannover), Frederick William III. (Berlin), Galileo (Pest), and Frederick William