Souriquois

See Micmac. Sousa (sō'zä), Martim Affonso de. Born at Bragança about 1500: died at Lisbon, July 21, 1564. A Portuguese captain. He commanded the first expedition sent to Brazil for colonization (1530-33), and founded the first Portuguese settlement at São Vi cente, Jan., 1532. In 1534 he was granted the captaincy of São Vicente (which see) in hereditary right, and he continued to attend to its affairs though he did not again visit it personally. He was admiral of the seas of India 1534-40, commanding in several combats; and from 1542 to 1545 he was governor of the Portuguese East Indies. Sousa, Pero Lopesde. Born about 1503: died on the coast of Madagascar, Dec. (?), 1539. A Portuguese captain, brother of M. A. de Sousa. He commanded two caravels in his brother's fleet (1530-33), and by his orders explored the lower Paraná (1531-32). He received, in hereditary right, three portions of Brazil, corresponding to Pernambuco and Parahyba, a of São Paulo, and Santa Catharina: some attempt was made to settle the two former through lieutenants whom he appointed. In 1539 he commanded a fleet sent to the East Indies, and was shipwrecked and killed while returning. He wrote an account of the Brazilian expedition which has been published in recent times. Sousa, Thomé de. Born about 1510: died after 1563. A Portuguese administrator, first governor-general of Brazil (1549-53). He founded São Salvador, or Bahia, April, 1549. South (south), Robert. Born at Hackney, near London, 1633: died at London, July 8, 1716. A noted English divine. He was made prebendary of Westminster in 1663, canon in Oxford in 1670, and rector of Islip in 1678. His "Works" appeared in 1823. South Africa (af'ri-kä). A name given collectively (and somewhat vaguely) to that portion of Africa south of the Zambesi and Angola, most of which is under British influence. The chief political divisions are Cape Colony, Natal, Basutoland, Bechuanaland, Pondoland, the territories of the British South Africa Company, the Orange River Colony, Transvaal Colony, and German Southwest Africa. South Africa Company, British. See Brit ish South Africa Company . South African Republic, now Transvaal (trans-väl') Colony. A British colony (formerly a republic) in South Africa. Capital, Pretor i a. It is bounded by the British South Africa Company's territory on the north Portuguese East Africa on the east; Zululand, Natal, and the Orange River Colony on the south; and the Bechuanaland Protectorate and colony on the west. The surface is a plateau, with the Drakenberge Mountains in the east. The chief river-systems are those of the Vaal and Limpopo. The colony exports wool, minerals, hides, ostrich-feathers, etc.; and is rich in gold, diamonds, iron, etc. It contains 18 districts. The government was a republic under a nominal British suzerainty, administered by a president (a isted by a council) and two Volksraden of 27 members each. The inhabitants are Boers, English, and natives (Bechuanas, Basutos, etc.). The prevailing religion is the Dutch Reformed. Immigration by Boers from Cape Colony commenced about 1836. The state was recognized as independent in 1852, and was annexed by Great Britain in 1877. A succe ful revolt of the Boers (1880-81) gained them self-government under British suzerainty. British control was restricted in 1884. In 1890 small portions of Swaziland and Am at on gal and were ceded to the republic, and in 1895 a protectorate over Swaziland was established. In 1900-01 it was conquered and annexed by Great Britain. Area, 119, 139 square miles. Pop., white (1890), 119,128; native (1894), est., 370,148; total (1896), est., 609,879. South America (a-mer'i-kä). The southern continental division of the New World, between the South Atlantic and Pacific oceans, connected with North America by the Isthmus of Panama. It forms a triangular ma with the south ern angle lengthened out and terminating in the archipelago of Tierra del Fuego. The extreme points on the continent are Point Gall in as or Chimare, in Colombia, lat. 12° 25′ N.; Cape Froward, on the Strait of Magellan, lat. 53° 54′ S.; Ponta de Pedras, in Brazil, long. 34° 45′ 52" W.; and Cape Pariña, in northern Peru, long. 81° 19′ 37′′ W. The coast-line presents no large indentations, but near the southern end it is broken by numerous small bays and channels cutting off islands. More than two thirds of the surface lies within the tropics. The principal mountain system is the Andean, near the western coast, dividing northward into three diverging chains, with an extension along the northern coast to the mouth of the Orinoco. A notable feature of this system is the giant volcanoes of the Pacific border. (See Andes , Cordilleras , Aconcagua , So rata , Chimb or azo , Cotopaxi , Illimani , etc.) There is a smaller mountain system near the southeastern coast in Brazil, and some of the highlands of Guiana and Venezuela are mountainous in character. Three great river systems, the Orinoco, Amazon, and Paraguay-Paraná, oсcupy corresponding broad depre ions, which are but slightly raised above the sea-level. Separated by them are great table-land of Brazil, with its mountains near the coast; the table-land of Guiana; and similar table-lands bordering the Andean system. These tablelands are diversified in their vegetation, but with little forest except near rivers. The most extensive forests are in the Amazon valley, and on the mountains of the northern and southeastern coasts. The llanos, north of the Orinoco, and the pampas of the Argentine Republic, are great gra y plains. The fauna and flora are extremely rich in species: there are, however, but few large mammals. South America was discovered by Columbus in 1498, and its continental character was ascertained before 1515. It was conquered by the Spaniards and Portuguese; and their descendants, with Indians, negroes, and mixed races, form the bulk of the modern population. The Dutch and French had short lived colonies in Brazil; and the English, Dutch, and French established colonies in Guiana which still exist. Brazil represents the Portuguese conquests: the other South American republics correspond to Spanish color nies, but have undergone some changes since the independence. The independent states are Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, the Argentine Republic, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia (including the Isthmus of Panama), colonies of European powers. Large portions of the interior are inhabited only by scattered Indian tribes, and the boundaries of the republics in these regions are still unsettled. Extreme length, 4,592 miles. Greatest and Venezuela. British, French, and Dutch Guiana breadth, 3,230 miles. Estimated area, with the depen dent islands, 7,681,420 square miles. Population (1897), est., 40,000,000. South American Revolution. The political movement and war by which the Spanish South American colonies became independent. The (June 14, 1814) and Urica (Dec. 5) forced the patriot lead ers to abandon the country. Shortly after Morillo ar rived with a large force from Spain; occupied Venezuela: took Cart a gena after a disastrous siege (Dec. 6, 1815); and captured Bogotá May 6,1816. In a short time all of northern South America was in his power. The patriots in Chile, weakened by party strife, had to meet forces sent from Peru; they were defeated at Rancagua (Oct. 2, 1814), and the leaders fled over the Andes. Upper Peru (Bolivia) was, from 1810 to 1816, the field of a continuous struggle between the royalists, strongly aided from Peru, and the patriots, supported by armies sent from Buenos Ayres. The royalist general Goyeneche swept the country in 1814, and thereafter the war took on a guerrilla character, for which the mountain-land was especially fitted. A formidable revolt in Peru, led by the Indian Pumacagua, was ended by his defeat at Umachiri, March 11, 1815. Thus, in the middle of 1816, the Platine provinces were the only ones which retained their independence. At the outbreak of the revolt the royalist forces under Elio had been besieged in Monte video, which was taken by the patriots in June, 1814. Paraguay proclaimed its independence in May, 1811, but soon submitted to the dictatorship of Francia, and took no further part in the struggle. The government of Buenos Ayres was at first very weak, and was frequently changed: in 1813 it was centralized under a supreme director, and thereafter it showed more strength. San Martin, who had come into prominence as a military leader, conceived the plan of invading Peru by way of Chile, and to this end ma ed an army in Men doza. Meanwhile Bolivar returned in 1816 to Venezuela, and in July, 1817, established a patriot central government at Angostura, on the Orinoco. The subsequent events may be reduced to two great movements under Bolivar and San Martin, centering on the Spanish power in Peru. Bolivar's victories of Boyacá (Aug. 7, 1819) and Carabobo (June 24, 1821), and that of his general Sucre at Pichincha (May 24, 1822), were the principal events which secured the independence of New Granada, Venezuela, and Quito or Ecuador: these countries united in the republic of Colombia. (See Bolivar .) San Martin cro ed the Andes Jan., 1817, and gained the battle of Chacabuco Feb. 12. The independence of Chile was proclaimed Feb. 12, 1818, and practically secured by the victory of Maipo April 5, 1818. Aided by Cochrane's fleet. San Martin in South Carolina vaded Peru (Aug., 1820), and took Lima (July 9, 1821); but, after an interview with Bolivar at Guayaquil (July, 1822), he resigned and left the country. (See San Martin .) The viceroy of Peru, La Serna, driven into the interior, led the final struggle against Bolivar. The crowning events of the war were the victory at Junin (Aug. 6, 1824), and the final defeat and capture of La Serna by Sucre at the battle of Ayacucho (Dec. 9, 1824). The remnants of the Spanish forces were soon driven from Upper Peru, which became the republic of Bolivia. Callao Castle, the last Spanish stronghold, surrendered Jan. 19, 1826, thus ending the war. Southampton (south-amp'ton or suTH-hamp'ton). A seaport in Hampshire, England, situated on a peninsula at the head of Southampton Water, at the mouths of the Test and the Itchen, in lat. 50° 54′ N., long. 1°24′ W. It is one of the principal seaports of Great Britain; the terminus of steamer lines to France, Ireland, North and South America, the West Indies, the Pacific, and Cape Colony; and a port of call for various transatlantic lines. It has extensive docks and ship-building industries, and has relics of old fortifications. It is noted for its double tides. It is a very ancient town. It was sacked by the Danes; was the place of embarkation of Richard the Lion-Hearted for the third Crusade in 1189, of Edward III. in 1345, and of Henry V. in 1415; was attacked by the French and Genoese in 1338; and was the place where the Pilgrim Fathers embarked on the Mayflower in 1620. Population (1901), 104,911. Southampton. A rarely used name for Hamp shire. Southampton, Earls of. See Wriothesley . Southampton Island. An island of British America, at the entrance of Hudson Bay. Length, 230 miles. Born at Southampton Water. An inlet of the English Channel which extends from the Solent and Spithead northwestward about 10 miles. South Anna (an'ä). A river in Virginia which unites with the North Anna 21 miles north of Richmond to form the Pamunkey. South ard (suTH'ärd), Samuel L. Basking Ridge, N.J., June 9, 1787: died at Fred ericks burg, Va., June 26, 1842. An American politician. He was Whig United States senator from New Jersey 1821-23; secretary of the navy 1823-29; acting secretary of the treasury 1825; governor of New Jersey 1832; and United States senator 1833-42. South Australia (as-tralia). A state of the Commonwealth of Australia. Capital, Adelaide. It is bounded by the ocean on the north, Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria on the east, the ocean on the south, and West Australia on the west. The surface of the colony is generally level and undulating. It has gold, lead, copper, etc., and exports wool, wheat and flour, copper, etc. Government is vested in a crown governor, and a parliament comprising a legislative council and a house of a embly (both elected). The colony was founded in 1836, and the constitution was established in 1856. The Northern Territory (north of lat. 26° S.) was annexed in 1863. Area, 903,690 square miles. Pop. (1899), est., 362,897. South Bend (bend). A city, the capital of St. Joseph County, Indiana, situated on St. Joseph River 73 miles east by south of Chicago. It has manufactures of carriages, wagons, iron, plows, etc. Population (1900), 35,999. South Berwick (ber'wik). A town in York County, Maine, situated on Salmon Falls River 31 miles southwest of Portland. Population (1900), 3,188. South Bethlehem (beth'lē-em). A borough in North amp ton County, Pennsylvania, situated on Lehigh River 48 miles north by west of Philadelphia. It is the seat of Lehigh University (Epi sity (Episcopal). Population (1900), 13,241. So