Koburg

See Coburg. Koch (koch), Joseph Anton. Born at Obergiebeln, Tyrol, July 27, 1768: died at Rome, Jan. 12, 1839. A German historical and landscape painter. May 25, Koch, Karl He in rich Emil. Born near Weimar, Germany, June 6, 1809: died at Berlin, May 25, 1879. A German botanist and Oriental traveler. He wrote "Wanderungen durch den Orient" (1846-47), "Dendrologie" (1869-72), etc. Koch, Robert. Born at Klausthal, Dec. 11, 1843. A German physician, noted as the discoverer of the bacilli of tuberculosis (1882) and of cholera (1883). He led the German expedition to Egypt and India in 1883 to investigate cholera. In 1890 he announced the discovery of a cure for tuberculosis, which has not been supported by further experience. Kochab (kō-käb'). [Ar. kaukab al - shemali , the star of the north.] The bright third-magnitude star ẞ Ursæ Minor is, one of the two "guardians of the pole," and at the time of Ptolemy the actual pole-star, being then considerably nearer to the pole than our present pole-star was at that time. Kock (kok), Charles Paul de. Born at Pa y, near Paris, May 21, 1794: died at Paris, Aug. 29, 1871. A French novelist and dramatist. He excelled in descriptions of the shady side of lower middle-cla life in Paris. He wrote "Georgette" (1820), "Gus tave, ou le mauvais sujet" (1821), "Mon voisin Raymond" (1822), "André le Savoyard" (1825), "Le barbier de Paris" (1826), "La maison blanche" (1828), "La femme, le mar i et l'amant" (1829), "Les mœurs parisiennes" (1837), "La famille Gogo" (1844), "La mare d'auteuil" (1851), "Les enfants du boulevard" (1863), etc., and many other stories, vaudevilles, etc. He wrote, with Carmouche, "La chouette et la colombe." His collected works filled 56 volumes in 1844-45. Kock, Henri de. Born at Paris, 1819: died at Limay, Seine-et-Oise, April 14, 1892. A French novelist and dramatist, son of Paul de Kock whose style he imitated. Kodungalur. Same as Cranganore . Koekkoek (kök'kök), Barend Cornel is. Born at Middelburg, Netherlands, Oct. 11, 1803: died at Cleves, Pru ia, April 5, 1862. A Dutch landscape-painter. He was a member of the Rotter dam and St. Petersburg academies (1840), and founded an academy of design at Cleves in 1841. Kohat (kō-hät'). 1. A district in the Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 33° 30′ N., long. 71° 30′ E. Area, 2,771 square miles. Population (1891), 203,175.-2. The capital of the district of Kohat, situated in lat. 33° 35' Ν., long. 71° 31′ E. Population (1891), 27,003. Kohath (kō'hath). The second son of Levi. Koha sites (kō'hath-īts). In Jewish history, the descendants of Kohath, the second son of Levi. The Koha sites were one of the three great fami lies of the Levites, and had charge of bearing the ark and its furniture in the march through the wilderne . Koh-i-nur (ko'e-nör'). ['Mountain of light.'] The largest diamond belonging to the British crown. It was acquired by Nadir Shah in 1739, and by Queen Victoria in 1850. It then weighed 1861 carats, but has been recut, and is now 106 carats. Also Koh - i -no or. Kohistan (kō-his-tän'). A wild region in cen tral Asia, near the Indus, west of Kashmir. Kohl (kōl), Johann Georg. Born at Bremen, April 28, 1808: died there, Oct. 28, 1878. A German traveler and author. After visiting nearly every country in Europe, he traveled extensively in the United States 1854-58; subsequently he resided in Bremen, where he was state librarian. He published many books describing Ru ia, Austria-Hungary, Denmark, the British Islands, the United States, etc., most of which have been translated into English. In his later years he wrote a number of important works on early American geography and exploration, the ones best known being "Geschichte der Entdeckung Amerikas" (1861), "Die beiden ältesten Karten von Amerika" (1860), "A History of the Discovery of the East Coast of North America" collections of the Maine Historical Society, 1869), and "Geschichte der Ent. deckungsreisen und Schifffahrten zur Magellan's Stra e" (1877). Kohlrausch (kōl'roush), He in rich Fried rich The odor. Born at Landolfshausen, near Göttingen, Pru ia, Nov. 15, 1780: died at Hannover, Pru ia, Jan. 29-30, 1867. A German historian, teacher succe ively at Barmen, Dü eldorf, Münster, and Hannover. His chief work is "Deutsche Geschichte" (1816). Kokomo (kōkō-mō). A city and the capital of Howard County, Indiana, 52 miles north of In diana polis. Population (1900), 10,609. Koko-nor(kõʻkō-nôr'), orTsing-Hai(tsing-hī'). 1. A lake in the Chinese empire, near the border of Tibet and Kansu, about lat. 37° N., long. 100° E. Length, 66 miles. Height above sea level, about 10,000 feet. -2. A district near the lake. Kola (koʻlä). 1. A peninsula in northern Ru ia, lying between the Arctic Ocean and the White Sea. 2. A small seaport in Lapland, government of Archangel, Ru ia, about lat. 68° 53' N., long. 33° E. Kolaba (kola-ba). A district in the governorship of Bombay, British India, intersected by lat. 18° 20′ N., long. 73° 20′ E. Area, 1,872 square miles. Population (1891), 509,584. Kolapur, or Kolapoor. See Kolhapur . Kolar, or Colar (kō-lär'). A district of Mysore, India, intersected by lat. 13° N., long. 78° 15′ Ε. Area, 3,059 square miles. Population (1891), 591,030. Kolauza (ko-lâ'zä). [Of doubtful derivation.] Riccioli's name for the star Arcturus: seldom used by any one else. Kolb (kolb), Georg Fried rich. Born at Spires, Rhenish Bavaria, Sept. 14, 1808: died at Munich, May 16, 1884. A German statistician, journalist, and politician. He published "Handbuch der ver glei chen den Statistik" (1857), etc. Kolbe (kol'be), Adolf Wilhelm Hermann. Born at Elliehausen, near Göttingen, Pru ia, Sept. 27, 1818: died at Leipsic, Nov. 25, 1884. A noted German chemist, a istant of Play fair in the Museum of Economic Geology, London, 1845, and profe or of chemistry at Marburg 1851, and at Leipsic 1865: author of "Ausführlisches Lehrbuch der organ is chen Chemie" (1854-69). Koltzof Kolbe, Karl Wilhelm. Born at Berlin, March 7, 1781: died at Berlin, April 8, 1853. A German historical painter and philologist. Kolberg, or Colberg (kol'berg). A seaport and watering-place in the province of Pomerania, Pru ia, at the mouth of the Persante, in the Baltic, 66 miles northeast of Stettin. The Marienkirche and Rathaus are of interest. It was formerly a strong fortre , and is noted for its sieges. It was taken by the Ru ians in 1761, and was succe fully defended against the French in 1807. Population (1890), commune, 16,999. Kölcsey (kėl'che-i), Ferencz. Bornat Szö-Demeter, Middle Szolnok, Hungary, Aug. 8, 1790: died at Szathmár, Hungary, Aug. 24, 1838. A Hungarian critic, orator, and poet, best known as joint editor of the periodical "Life and Literature" (1826-29). Koldaji (kol-dä'jē). An African tribe of Kordofan, west of the Upper Nile. Related to the Nuba, it is both ethnically and linguistically of a mixed Hamitic and Nigritic type. Kolding (kol'ding). A seaport in the province of Veile, Jutland, Denmark, situated on the Kolding Fjord in lat. 55° 30′ N., long. 9° 29′ E. Here, April 23, 1849, the troops of Schleswig-Holstein under Bonin defeated the Danes under Bülow. Population (1890), 9,658. Kolguef (kōl-gö'yef), or Kolgujef (kōl-gö'yef). An island in the Arctic Ocean, belonging to the government of Archangel, Ru ia. Length, about 55 miles. Kolhapur (kō-lä-pör'). 1. A native state in. southern India, under British control, intersected by lat. 16° 30′ N., long. 74° E. Area, 2,816 square miles. Population (1891), 913,131.-2. The capital of the state of Kolhapur, situated in lat. 16° 42′ N., long. 74° 14′ E. Population, about 39,000. Kolima, or Kolyma (kō-lē-mä' or kō-lē'mä). A river in the government of Yakutsk, Siberia, flowing into the Arctic Ocean about lat. 69° 30′ N., long. 161° E. Length, about 900-1,000 miles. Kolin, or Kollin (ko-len'). [Bohem. Kolín Nový .] A town in Bohemia, situated on the Elbe 34 miles east of Prague. In the battle of Kolin, June 18, 1757, the Austrians (about 53,000) under Daun defeated the Pru ians (about 34,000) under Frederick the Great. The victory led to the raising of the siege of Prague and the evacuation of Bohemia. Population (1890), commune, 13,566. Kolis (kō'lis). [Hind.] An aboriginal tribe in the hills of central India, whither they were driven by the early Aryan settlers. They are scat widely, as cultivators laborers, throughout southern India, but have preserved their original language, customs, and superstitions. Kollár (kollär), Jan. Born at Mo ocz, Thurócz, Hungary, July 29, 1793: died at Vienna, Jan. 29, 1852. A Bohemian poet, Slavic scholar, and advocate of Panslavism. Kölliker (kėlʻlē-ker), Rudolf Albert. Born at Zurich, Switzerland, July 6, 1817. A celebrated Swi anatomist and physiologist, especially noted as a histologist. He became profe or of physiology at Zurich in 1845, and at Würzburg in 1847. Among his works are "Mikroskopische Anatomie" (1850-54), "Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen" (1852), "Ent wickelungsgeschichte des Menschen" (1861), etc. Kollin. See Kolin . Köln (kėln). The German name of Cologne. Kolokol (kol-ō-kol'). ['The Bell.'] A journal founded by Alexander Hertzen (or Herzen) in London in 1857. It was published in Ru ian, and demanded the emancipation of the serfs and other reforms. It had great influence, and many copies were smuggled into Ru ia, though prohibited by the government. It was published till 1865. In 1868 it reappeared in Geneva, published in French, but without much succe . Kolokol (kol-ō-kol′), Czar. The great bell in the Kremlin at Moscow. It was cast in its present form in 1733, but four years later, owing either to a flaw or to a fall, a large piece was broken from the side. It now stands on a circular base of stone. The rings on the summit are surmounted by a large ball and cro . The total height is 264 feet, the base circumference 67 feet 11 inches, the greatest thickne 2 feet, and the weight about 200 tons. Kolokotronis (kol-ō-kō-trō'nis), Theodoros. Born in Me enia, Greece, April 15, 1770: died at Athens, Feb. 26, 1843. A Greek patriot. He became, on the outbreak of the Greek war for inde pendence in 1821, one of the chief leaders against Turkey, and was appointed commander-in-chief of the Peloponnesus in 1823. Kolomea (kō-lō-ma'ä), or Kolomyia (kō-lōmē ́yä). A town in Galicia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Pruth in lat. 48° 32′ N., long. 25° l' E. Population (1890), commune, 30,235. Kolomna (kō-lom'nä). A town in the government of Moscow, Ru ia, situated at the junction of the Kolomenka with the Moskva, 60 miles southeast of Moscow. Population (1885– 1889), 26,682. Koltzoff (kōlt-sof'), Alexei Vasilievitch. Born at Voronezh, Oct. 26, 1809: died Nov. 12, 1842. A Koltzoff Ru ian poet, known as "the Ru ian Burns." He went to St. Petersburg in 1836. The first edition of his poems appeared after his death, in 1846, edited by Bielinski. Some of his poems have been translated by Bodenstedt. Koluschan (kō-lush'an). A linguistic stock of North American Indians. Their name is derived from an Aleut word, kalosh or kaluga , meaning 'dish,' alluding the dish-shaped labrets worn by them. They are also often called Thlinkit or Tlinkit , a name (meaning 'people') which they apply to themselves. They occupy a narrow strip along the northwest coast, together with adjacent islands, from the mouth of Portland Canal in lat. 56° N. to that of Atna or Copper River in lat 60°, and are nearly all in Alaska. They number about 6,000. The chief tribes of the stock are the Auk, Chilcat, Hanega, Hood sunu, Hunah, Keh, Sitka, Stahkin, Taku, Tongas, and Yakutat. Koma-ga-take (kō-mä-gä-tä'ke). The second highest mountain of Japan, in the western part of the main island. Height, 10,300 feet. Komensky. See Comenius . Komorn (kō'morn), Hung. Komárom (kō'märom). A royal free city, the capital of the county of Komorn, Hungary, situated on the island of Schütt at the junction of the Waag and 'Danube, 46 miles west-northwest of Budapest. It is noted for its strong fortifications. The Hungarian insurgents under Mack, Guyon, and Klapka succe fully withstood a siege and bombardment by the Austrians, Oct., 1848, to Sept. 27, 1849, when they were induced to capitulate on a promise of amnesty, which was but partially kept. Population (1890), 13,076. Komotau (kōmō-tou). A town in Bohemia, 52 miles northwest of Prague. Population (1890), commune, 13,050. Government is in the hands of an administrator at Boma and of bureaus at Bru els, under the supervision of the King of the Belgians. The chief exports are ivory, rub. ber, nuts, coffee, palm-oil. The principal state stations are Boma (the capital), Matadi, Leopoldville, Equator, Bangala, Stanley Falls, and Luluaburg. Estimated area, 900,000 square miles. Population, 30,000,000. Kongo Nation. A great Bantu nation of West Africa, occupying both banks of the lower Kongo River. In its widest sense it consists of all the tribes between the Nyanga River, the upper Ogowe, Stanley Pool, the Kuango, and the mouth of the Lufuni (Lifune) River, south of Ambriz. The tribes north of the Kongo River speak dialects of the Kongo language, the principal being those of Loango, Kakongo, and Ngoio; and their beliefs, customs, industries, and physical appearance show a common origin; but at the time of the Portuguese dis covery, in 1484, their allegiance to the King of Kongo had already become merely traditional. The Kongo Nation, in the strict sense, was and is composed of the tribes (called duchies and counties) of Mbamba, Sundi, Pangu, Sonho, Batta, and Pemba, which to this day recognize the sovereignty of the King of Kongo, although they are practically independent of his control. At the time of the discovery, from that of Kongo, though related, still acknowledged a dependence upon that of Kongo. The decadence of this great kingdom was temporarily stemmed by the friendship of the Portuguese and the nominal adoption of Christianity, which gave a new luster and prestige to the court of Kongo. But the relapse into heathen isın, constant civil wars, and the suicidal exportation of slaves to America undermined the kingdom so thoroughly that in 1847 one of the royal pretenders was installed by the help of Portuguese arms, and virtually accepted a sort of protectorate. By the act of the Berlin Conference, 1885, Portugal was Angola, ethnically and linguistically distinct allowed to occupy and hold most of the Kongo proper and Ngoio (Cabinda), while most of the tribes of Kongo stock dwelling north of the Kongo River were allotted to France, and the northern margin of the river to the Kongo State. The King of Kongo has become a Portuguese va al, and his kingdom has been organized as a district of Angola. The capital of the district is Cabinda; that of the native king Konde (kon'de), or Makonde (mä-kon'de). A Bantu tribe of Portuguese East Africa, on the Rovuma River. They tattoo themselves, and the women disfigure themselves by wearing the pelele, a piece of wood stuck in the enormously distended upper lip. Their San Salvador. The Kongo State, holding only a neighbors, the Mavia and Matambwe, speak dialects so closely allied to Konde that all three must be considered as dialectic variations of one language. Kong (kong). A highland in West Africa, back of the Grain, Ivory, and Gold coasts. It was largely included in a French protectorate in 1889. The Kong Mountains of former maps are in reality a high plateau. trifling portion of the old kingdom of Kongo, is in no wise its succe or. The Kongo language, called Kishi-kon go in the court dialect, and Ki-kon go in the river dialect, is purely Bantu, and closely related to (though distinct from) Kimbundu, the language of Angola. Owing to the growing mi ionary literature, the use of Ki-kon go is extending far into the Kongo State, and it bids fair to become one of the great literary languages of Africa. The dialects corre spond to the tribes enumerated above, to which might be Kongo, or Congo (kong'gō), Pg. Zaire (zä-e're), called by Stanley the Living stone. A river of Hungu. central Africa. It rises as the Luapula in the highland separating the basins of Lakes Tanganyika and Nya a (about lat. 10° S.), rounds Lake Bangweolo on the south, northward through Lake Moero to Lake Lanji, and there receives the Lukuga as an affluent from Tangan. yika. The united stream, now known as the Lualaba, flows northward to Stanley Falls, beyond the equator, whence to the sea, over its main course, it is called the Kongo. It discharges into the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 6° S., about 240 miles southwest of Stanley Pool. It is naviga ble by ocean steamers from its mouth to Matadi (110 miles) and by river steamers from Stanley Pool to Stanley These two navigable sections are being connected by a railroad. It is second in volume to the Amazon, and is, among African rivers, next to the Nile in length. Its chief tributaries are the Aruwimi, Mobangi, and Ka ai. It has been explored by Cameron, Living stone, Stanley, and others. Length, estimated, about 3,000 miles. Kongo, French, F. Congo Français (kôn-gō frän-sa'). The official name, since 1891, of the French po e ions between the Kongo and the Atlantic, lying south of the German territory of Kamerun. Previously they were called Gaboon, Ga bun, or Gabonie, Africa in. The area is about 425,000 square miles, the population about 12,000,000. The country is fertile, but mostly insalubrious. The coast was discovered by the Portuguese in the 15th century, and held by them for a long period. In 1842 the French established their first trading-post on the Gaboon River, and extended their authority, in 1862, to Cape Lopez and the Ogowe River. When Stanley revealed the course of the Kongo, S. de Brazza connected the colony of Gaboon with Stanley Pool and annexed large tracts of country. The claims of France were recognized by the Berlin Conference in 1885. By an agreement made with Germany in 1894, French Kongo extends behind the Kamerun northward to Lake Chad. Kongo Free State, or Kongo Independent State, or Kongo State: official name, Etat In- dépendant du Congo. A state in western Af- rica, recognized and defined by the conference of European powers at Berlin in 1885. It lies mostly on the left bank of the lower Kongo and the Mobangi, extending to the northeastern watershed of the Kongo basin, eastward to long. 30° E., and southward, mainly on that meridian, to about lat. 13° S. It is the succe or of the International African A ociation, founded by Leopold II. and organized by Stanley. This company established stations, annexed lands, hoisted its own flag, which was first recognized by the United States, and became so aggre ive as to conflict with Portugal, France, and England. The Berlin Conference constituted (Feb. 26, 1885) Kongo State, with Leopold II. as sovereign. The conditions under which it received most of the Kongo basin as its sphere of influence were that all nations and religions should have equal privileges within its borders, and that free trade should prevail. The latter clause was modified by the Bru els conferences of 1890 so as to enable the Kongo State and other countries concerned in the Kongo Free Trade Basin to levy certain import duties. By will, dated Aug. 2, 1889, Leopold II. bequeathed to Belgium all his sovereign rights, and by the convention of July 3, 1890 (continued Aug. 10, 1901), he gave Belgium the right to annex the Kongo State after a period of 10 years. Kongo State. See Kongo Free State . Kongsberg (kongsberg). A town in the province of Buskerud, Norway, situated on the Laagen 45 miles southwest of Christiania. It Population (1891), 5,297. contains government silver-mines, discovered about 1623. Konieh (ko'nē-e), or Koniah (kō'nē-ä). 1. A vilayet in Asia Minor, Turkey. Area, 35,373 square miles. Population, 1,088,100.-2. The capital of the vilayet of Konich, situated in lat. 37° 56′ N., long. 32° 20′ E.: the ancient Iconium. It became the capital of a Seljuk sultanate in 1097; was taken by Frederick Barb a ro a in 1190; was incorporated with the Turkish empire in the end of the 14th century. Here Ibrahim Pasha defeated the Turks under Reshid