Bourbon)

Born at Lisbon, Oct. 12, 1798: died bles and clergy. It broke out in 1524, and spread through Franc on i a, Swabia, Thu ring i a, and Alsace, being suppre ed with great cruelty in May and June, 1525. being Münzer and Frankenhausen . Peas-blo om (pēz'blos"om). A fairy in "A Midsummer Night's Dream," by Shakspere. Pease (pēz), Calvin. Born at Canaan, Conn., Aug. 12, 1813: died at Burlington, Vt., Sept. 17, 1863. An American Congregational (later Presbyterian) clergyman, president of the University of Vermont 1855-61. Pe-chi-li. See Petchili . Pecht (pecht), Fried rich. Born at Con stance, Baden, Oct. 2, 1814. A German painter and writer on art. Among his works is “Galleries of Characters from Schiller, Goethe, Le ing, and Shakspere." Pechuel-Lösche (pesh'wel lėʻshe), Moritz Eduard. Born near Merseburg, July 26, 1840. A German traveler. He visited the West Indies, Ocean i a, and the Arctic and Antarctic seas. Hewasa member of the German scientific expedition to Loango, West Africa, 18741876. In 1882 he was Stanley's substitute on the Kongo. In 1884 he was in Damar a land. Peck (pek), John James. Born at Manlius, N.Y., Jan. 4, 1821: died at Syracuse, N. Y., April 21, 1878. An American general. He served in the Mexican war, and in the Peninsular campaign in the Civil War, and was in command of the national troops in Vir ginia, south of the James, 1862-63. Peck, Peck William Guy. Born at Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 16, 1820: died at Green wich, Conn., Feb. 7, 1892. An American mathematician. He graduated at West Point in 1844, and was a istant profe or of mathematics at West Point 1847-55. He was profe or in Columbia College from 1857 until his death. Pecksniff (pek's nif). A notorious hypocrite in Dickens's Martin Chuzzlewit." He has two daughters: Mercy (Merry), married to Jonas Chuzzlewit; and Charity (Cherry), who is a victim of misplaced affection. Pecock (pē'kok), Reginald. Lived in the 15th century. An English prelate. He was bishop of St. Asaph 1444-49, and of Chi chester 1450-59: author of "Repre or of Overmuch Blaming of the Clergy." Opposing the Roman tenets in 1457, he was deprived in 1459. Pecorone (pā-kō-rō'ne), Il. [It., 'sheepshead' or 'dunce.'] A collection of 50 tales by Ser Giovanni Fiorentino. He began to write them in 1376, but the book was not published till 1558 at Milan. The stories were mostly drawn from the chronicles of Giovanni Villani. Painter, in his "Palace of Pleasure," and subsequent writers are indebted to it. Pecos (pā'kōs). A river of New Mexico and Texas which joins the Rio Grande about lat. 29° 40′ N., long. 101°20′ W. Length, 700-800 miles. Pecos. [A corruption of Paquin , the name, in the Jemez language, of the tribe of Pecos.] A now ruined Indian village 25 miles southeast of Santa Fé, New Mexico. Its aboriginal name was Tshiquite (written Cicuique by the older Spanish chroni clers). It was in 1540 the largest Indian village or pueblo in New Mexico, containing a population of about 2,000 souls, which formed an independent tribe speaking the same language as the Indians of Jemez. In 1680 the Pecos rebelled with the others, but surrendered peaceably to Vargas in 1692, and thereafter remained loyal to Spain. The site of Pecos is marked by interesting ruins, includ. ing those of a large church, founded in the beginning of the 17th century. Pedee. See Great Pedee. Pedernal (pā-der-näl'). [Sp., 'stone-place.'] The name of two heights in New Mexico, one of them lying east of the salt-lakes of the Manzano, there, Sept. 24, 1834. First emperor of Brazil. He was the second son of Dom João, who became John VI. of Portugal in 1816; and, by the death of his elder brother, was heir apparent. In 1807 he was taken to Brazil with the royal family. His father a umed the crown there, and returned to Portugal April 26, 1821, leaving Dom Pedro of Brazil. Early in 1822 the prince a umed the leadership of the party of opposition to Portugal, defi nitely pronounced for independence Sept. 7, and was proclaimed emperor Oct. 12 and crowned Dec. 1. The only serious resistance made by Portugal was in the northern provinces, and was soon overcome; in 1825 Portugal recog independence of Brazil. The popularity emperor, at first very great, was weakened by his reactionary policy in 1823, and especially by his forcible di olution of the constituent a embly Nov. 12, 1823, and the banishment of the And rad as. On March 25, 1824, he ac cepted a constitution which had been prepared by a council of state, and which remained in force during the empire. In 1828 the Cisplatine Province, or Uruguay, became independent after three years of war with Brazil. The increasing opposition to the emperor's policy at length provoked popular tumults. Convinced that he could no longer rule, he abdicated in favor of his son, April 7, 1831, and soon after sailed for England. On the death of John VI. (1826) he had been proclaimed king of Portugal, but had resigned the crown in favor of his daughter, whom the usurpation of Dom Miguel had deprived of her rights. On his arrival in Europe Dom Pedro at once headed a movement in his daughter's favor, taking a personal part in datter in Portugal, Het was finally succe ful and his was twice married: in 1818 to the archduche Maria Leo poldina of Austria, who died in Dec., 1826; and in 1829 to the prince Amelia of Leuch ten berg. Pedro II. (Dom Pedro de Alcantara). Born at Rio de Janeiro, Dec. 2, 1825: died at Paris, Dec. 5, 1891. Son of Pedro I., and second emperor of Brazil. His father resigned in his favor April 7, 1831. During his minority Brazil was governed by re gents; his majority was proclaimed July 23, 1840, and he was crowned July 18, 1841. He was married in 1843 to the prince The res a Christina, sister of the King of the Sicilies. His male children died young, and his eldest daughter, Dona Izabel de Bragança, became his constitutional succe or. The principal events of his reign were: Transient rebellions in Minas Geraes and São Paulo, 1842; rebellion in Rio Grande do Sul finally suppre ed, Feb., 1845; rebellion in Pernambuco suppre ed, 1849; alliance with Urquiza and war in Uruguay, May, 1851, leading to the victory of Monte-Caseros, Feb. 3, 1852, by which Rosas, dictator of Buenos Ayres, was overthrown; invasion of Uruguay and alliance with Flores, 1864; war with Paraguay, 1865-70 (see Triple Alliance ); law pa ed for the gradual abolition of slavery, Sept., 1871; slavery finally abolished as the result of a remarkable popular movement, May 13, 1888. Dom Pedro visited Europe May, 1871,-March, 1872; visited the United States 1876, pa ing thence to Europe, Palestine, and Egypt, and returning in Sept., 1877; and visited Europe a third time 1886-89: in each case he traveled as a private gentleman, and during his absence the prince Izabel acted as regent. By a revolution which broke out Nov. 15, 1889 (the principal movers being army officers), he was forced to resign, and was immediately sent to Europe. The ex-empre died in Portugal, Dec. 28, 1889, and thereafter Dom Pedro resided generally in France. As a ruler he was noted for the protection which he accorded to science and literature, and he was greatly respected both at home and abroad. Pedro, surnamed “The Cruel.” Born at Burgos, Spain, 1334: killed March 23, 1369. King of Castile and Leon 1350-69, son of Alfonso XI. With the aid of the Black Prince he defeated his brother Henry of Trastamare at Navarrete in 1367, but was defeated and captured by him at Montiel, March 14, 1369. He was put to death by Henry, who ascended the throne. Pedro I. Born 1320: died 1367. King of Portugal 1357-67, son of Alfonso IV. He is noted in connection with the story of Ines de Castro (see Castro , Ines de). Pedro, Don. In Shakspere's “Much Ado about Nothing," the Prince of Arragon. Peebles (pēʻblz). 1. A county in the south of Scotland. It is bounded by Edinburgh on the north, The center of the constellation is about 20 degrees north of the equator, and 4 bright stars in it form a large square. Peggotty (peg'o-ti). The faithful nurse of David Copper field in Dickens's novel of that She marries Barkis, who "is will in." Pegli (pel'ye). A watering-place in the prov- ince of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Genoa 6 miles west of Genoa. Pegnitz (peg'nits). A head stream of the river Regnitz (which see) in Bavaria. Pego (pā'go). A town in the province of Ali- cante, eastern Spain, 45 miles south-southeast of Valencia. Population (1887), 6,507. Pegram (pe'gram), John. Born in Virginia, 1832: killed Feb. 6, 1865. A Confederate gen- eral in the Army of Northern Virginia. Pegu (pe-gö'). 1. A division of British Burma, in the lower valley of the Irawadi, formerly an independent realm. It was annexed by the British after the war of 1852-53. Area, 9,299 square miles. Popu- lati on (1891), 1,456,489. 2. A town in the division of Pegu, situated on Population (1891), 10,762. the river Pegu about 50 miles north of Rangoon. Pehuenches (pā-wan-chās'). [Indian pehuenche , dwellers in the pine forest.] A name given to a portion of the Araucanian Indians of Chile who lived in the mountainous region of the west. They were the most numerous division of the tribe, and from them most of the modern Araucanians are descended. The modern Pehuenches include Indians of the same stock on the eastern slope of the Andes, in the territory of Neu- quen, Argentine Republic. Peihai, or Peihoi. See Pakhoi . Pei-ho (pā-hō'). A river in the province of Chi-li, northern China, which unites with the Yun-ho at Tientsin and flows into the Gulf of Pe-chi-li. Length, over 300 miles. Pei-ho Forts. Fortifications at the mouth of the Pei-ho River, China. They were taken by the English and French forces in 1858 and 1860. An attempt to pa them in 1859 was repulsed. Peile (pel), John. Born at White haven, Cum- berland, April 24, 1838. An English compara- tive philologist. He became master of Christ College, Cambridge, in 1887. He has published "An Introduction to Greek and Latin Etymology" (1869), etc. Peene (pā'ne). A river in Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Pomerania, Pru ia, which unites with the western arm of the Pome rani an Haff, and flows into the Baltic 26 miles east by south of Stral- sund. Length, about 90 miles. Peeping Tom of Coventry. A man of Coventry, England, celebrated in the legend of Godiva. See Godiva , Lady . Peep o' Day Boys. A Presbyterian faction in the north of Ireland about 1785-90, opposed to the Roman Catholic "Defenders." They were closely allied to the Orange men. Peine (pi'ne). A town in the province of Han- nover, Pru ia, 21 miles east by south of Han- Peipus (pi'pos), Lake. Alake in western Rus- sia, surrounded by the governments of St. Pe- tersburg, Pskoff, Livonia, and Esthonia. Itis con- nected on the south with Lake Pskoff. Its outlet is by the Narva into the Gulf of Finland. Length, about 50 miles (including Lake Pskoff, about 90 miles). Peiræus. See Piræus . Peirce (pèrs), Benjamin. Born at Salem, Ma ., April 4, 1809: died at Cambridge, Ma ., Oct. 6, 1880. A distinguished American mathemati- cian and astronomer. He became tutor of mathemat ics at Harvard in 1831, and profe or of mathematics there in 1833, and also of astronomy in 1842. He was super in- tendent of the United States Coast Survey 1867-74. Among his most notable researches are those on Neptune and on Saturn's rings. He published text-books on trigonometry, geometry, algebra, etc., "Analytic Mechanics" (1857), "Lin- ear A ociative Algebra" (1870), "Ideality in the Physical Sciences" (1881), etc. Custodio José de .) Peixoto proclaimed a state of siege, many arrests were made, and a fleet of war ve els was ordered from the United States and Europe. On the arrival of these the naval rebellion was suppre ed (March and April, 1894). Meanwhile a presidential election was held, and a civil. ian, Prudente Moraes (supported by the government), was elected for the term beginning Nov. 15, 1894. President Peixoto had the military rank of marshal. Peixoto, Ignacio José de Alvarenga. See Alvarenga Peixoto . Pekahiah (pek-a-hi'ä). King of Israel 738–736 B. c. (Duncker), son of Menahem. Pekin (pē'kin). A city, capital of Tazewell Coun- ty, Illinois, situated on the Illinois River 54 miles north of Springfield. Pop. (1900), 8,420. Peking (pe-king'), or Pekin (pe-kin') ('north- ern capital'): proper administrative name Shun- tien-fu (shön'tyen'fö'), literary name Yen (yen). The capital of the Chinese empire, situ- ated in lat. 39° 55′ N., long. 116° 27′ E. It consists of the Tatar City and the Chinese City. The imperial palace in the "Purple Forbidden City," Bell Tower, and Drum Peking, Peace of. A treaty negotiated at Pe- king in Oct., 1860, between China on one side and Great Britain and France on the other. China ratified the treaty of Tientsin, paid indemnities, and made other conce ions. Pelaez. See Garcia Pelaez . Pelagia (pē-lāji-ä), Saint. [Gr. Πελαγία.] 1. Α martyr of Antioch, about 300 A.D.-2. A martyr of Tarsus, about 300 A. D.-3. A penitent of An- Pelagius (pē-lā'ji-us). [Gr. Πελάγιος.] Died probably 420 A. D. The founder of the theo- logical heresy called Pelagian ism. He is said to have been a British monk named Morgan (of which Pela- gius is the Latin rendering), and took up his residence at Rome before 405. He emigrated to Africa when Rome was sacked by the Goths in 410, but shortly settled in Pales- Peirce, Charles Sanders. Born at Cambridge, tine, where he is said to have died. See Pelagians. Ma ., Sept. 10, 1839. A noted American phys- Pelagius. See Pelayo . icist, mathematician, and logician: son of Ben- the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey; and has been heresy. lecturer on logic at Harvard and at the Johns Hopkins Pelagius II. Pope 578-590. Peirce, Ebenezer Weaver. Born at Free town, Ma ., April 5, 1822. An American general and historical writer. He has published "The Peirce Fam- ily of the Old Colony" (1870) and "Indian History, Biog raphy, and Genealogy" (1878), and edited "Civil, Military, and anies,retes" Profe ional (1880). Lists of Plymouth and Rhode Island Col- Peirce, James Mills. Born at Cambridge, Ma ., May 1, 1834. An American mathematician, son of Benjamin Peirce. He has been profe or of astron- omy and mathematics in Harvard University since 1885. Among his works are "A Text-Book of Analytical Geome- try" (1857) and "The Elements of Logarithms" (1873). Pei enberg (pis's en-berg), Hohe. A mountain in southern Bavaria, 35 miles southwest of Mu- nich. On account of the extensive view from it, it is some- times called "the Bavarian Rigi." Height, 3,240 feet. Peiwar (pi-wär'), or Paiwar, Pa . A pa in Afghanistan, about 60 miles southeast of Kabul. Here, 1878, the British forces under Roberts defeated the Afghans. Peixoto (pā-shō'tö), Floriano. Born April 30, 1842: died June 29, 1895. A Brazilian states- man. He supported Fonseca in the revolution of 1889; was nation, Nov. 23, 1891, became president. Many Brazil i ans elected vice-president 1891; and by Fonseca's forced resig- were strongly opposed to having a military president, and Pelasgi (pē-las'ji). [Gr. Πελασγοί .] An ancient race, widely spread over Greece and the coasts and islands of the Ægean Sea and the Mediter- ranean generally, in prehistoric times. The ac counts of it are in great part mythical and of doubtful value, and its ethnological position is uncertain. Pelasgiotis (pē-las-ji-ō'tis). [Gr. Πελασγιώτις .] In ancient geography, a division of central Thes- saly, Greece, southeast of the Peneius, and northwest of the Pagasæan Gulf. Pelayo (pā-lä'yō), or Pelagius (pē-lā'ji-us). The founder of the monarchy of Asturias, in Spain, 718. Pelée (pe-la'), Mount. [Fr. Montagne Pelée, bald mountain.'] 1. A volcano in the northern part of the island of Martin i que. On May 8, 1902, an eruption of Pelée destroyed the city of St. Pierre and about 40,000 people.-2. See Point Pelée. Peleg (pē'leg). [Heb., 'division.'] In the Old Testament, the son of Eber, and the brother of Joktan. Pelethim. See Kerethim . Peleus (pēʼlūs or pēlē-us). [Gr. Πηλεύς.] Ιn Greek legend, a king of the Myrmidons in Thes- saly, son of Æacus and father of Achilles. گا Pelew Pelew, or Pellew (pe-lö'), or Palau (pä-lou') Islands. A group of small mountainous islands in the North Pacific, intersected by lat. 8° N., long. 134° E.: called also the Western Carolines. They were purchased from Spain by Germany in 1899. Population, about 10,000. Pelham (pel'am), or the Adventures of a Gentleman. A novel by Bulwer Lytton (1828). Pelham (pel'am), Sir Henry. Born 1696: died March 6, 1754. An English statesman, younger brother of the Duke of Newcastle. He entered Oxford (Christ Church) in 1710; fought at Preston 1715; was elected member of Parliament for Seaford, Su ex, in 1718; was appointed lord of the treasury in 1721, secretary of 1743. war in 1724, and paymaster of the forces in 1730; and became prime minister and chancellor of the exchequer in Pelham, later Pelham Holles, Thomas, Duke of Newcastle. Born July, 1693: died 1768. An English statesman. He was secretary of state 1724-54, first lord of the treasury 1754-56 and 1757-62, and lord privy seal 1765-66. Pelham-Clinton (pel'am-klin ton), Henry Pelham, Duke of Newcastle. Born May 22, 1811: died Oct. 18, 1864. An English politician. He was chief secretary for Ireland in 1846; colonial secretary 1852-54; secretary for war 1854-55; and colonial secretary 1859-64. Pelias (pēʻli-as). [Gr. Πελίας.] In Greek legend, a son of Poseidon, and king of Iolcus in The aly, a ociated with the legends of Jason. Pelican (pel'i-kan). The ship in which Drake sailed around the world. He left Plymouth with four other ships Nov. 15, 1577. The others either were lost or deserted him, and he completed his famous voyage Sept. 26, 1580. The Pelican was carefully preserved by order of Queen Elizabeth, but was finally broken up, and a chair caused to be made from her timbers by John Davis, the arctic navigator, is now in the Bodleian Library. Pelican State. The State of Louisiana: so named from the pelican on its coat of arms. Pelides (pe-li'dez). A son of Peleus: a patronymic used especially of Achilles. Peligni (pē-lig'nī). In ancient history, a people living in central Italy among the A pennines, between the Vestini on the north, the Marrucini on the northeast, the Frentani on the east, the Samnites on the south, and the Marsi on the west. Their chief town was Corfinium. They were allied with Rome after the second Samnite war, and sided against Rome in the Social War (90 в. с.). Peling (pēʻling). A mountain-chain in northwestern China, separating the valleys of the Hwangho and Yangtse. Pelion (pēʻli-on). [Gr. Πήλιον.] A mountain in Magnesia, eastern The aly, Greece, situated near the coast southeast of O a: the modern Zagora or Ple idi. It was famous in Greek mythology. Height, 5,310 feet. Péli ier (pā-le-sya'), Aimable Jean Jacques, Duc de Malakoff. Born at Maromme, SeineInférieure, France, Nov. 6, 1794: died at Algiers, May 22, 1864. A French marshal. He served in Algeria, where he became notorious for suffocating a number of Arabs in a cavern in 1845; became commander of the French forces in the Crimea May, 1855; stormed the Malakoff Sept. 8, 1855; was amba ador in London 1858-59; and was governor-general of Algeria 1860-64. Pell (pel), John. Born at South wick, Su ex, March 1, 1611: died at London, Dec. 12, 1685. An English mathematician. Jn 1643 he was profe or of mathematics at Amsterdam, and in 1646 at Breda. From 1654 to 1658 he was Cromwell's agent in the Protestant cantons of Switzerland. Many of his manuscripts are preserved by the Royal Society. He wrote the "Astronomical History of Observations of Heavenly Motions and Appearances" (1634), "Ecliptic a prognostic a" (1634), "A Table of Ten You sand Square Numbers," etc. Pella (pel'ä). In ancient geography, the capital of Macedonia, situated in lat. 40° 44′ N., long 22027 ni was the birthplace of Alex ander the Great. Pelleas (pel'e-as). One of the knights of the Round Table, in the Arthur i an cycle of romance, renowned for his great strength. ✔ Pelleas and Ettarre (e-tär'). One of the " "Idylls of the King," by Tennyson. Pellegrin (pel-gran'). The pseudonym of the Baron de la Motte Fouqué. ✔ Pellegrini (pāl-yā-grē'ne), Carlos. An Argentine politician, vice-president under Celman, Oct. 12, 1886, and after Celman's resignation (Aug 6, 1890) president until the end of the term (Oct. 12, 1892). Pellegrino (pel-lā-grēnō), or Pellegrini (pell a-gre'nē). See Tibaldi . Pelleprat (pel-prä'), Pierre. Born at Bordeaux, 1606: died at Puebla de los Angeles, Mexico, April 21, 1667. A French Jesuit, a mi ionary in the West Indies and Mexico. He published "Relation des mi ions des PP. de la Compagnie de Jésus dans les isles et dans la terre fer me de l'Amérique Méridionale" (Paris, 1655), containing an account of the West Indies and Guiana, etc. IMG:content-0895.png:[blocks in formation] les-trē'nä). An island 7 miles south of Venice, forming part of the barrier between the Lagoon of Venice and the Adriatic. Length, 7 miles. Population (1881), 5,952. Pellet an (pel-ton'), Pierre Clément Eugène. Born at Royan, Oct. 29, 1813: died at Paris, Dec. 14, 1884. A French liberal journalist, politician, and miscellaneous author. He wrote "Profes sion de foi du XIXe siècle" (1852), etc. Pellew (pel'ö), Edward, first Viscount Exmouth. Born at Dover, England, April 19, 1757: died at Teignmouth, England, Jan. 23, 1833. An English admiral. He bombarded Algiers