Caldwell, Merritt

A.M., author and educator in the Methodist Episcopal Church; was born in Hebron, Me., Nov. 29, 1806, and educated at Bowdoin College; appointed principal of the Maine Wesley an Academy, at Read field, in 1828, and profe or of mathematics and vice-president of Dick in son College, Pa., in 1834; in 1837 was made profe or of metaphysics and English literature in the same college. His books comprise A Manual of Elocution; Philosophy of Christian Perfection, and others. Died in Portland, Me., June 6, 1848. Caldwell, SAMUEL LUNT, D.D., LL.D., born in New bury port, Ma ., Nov. 13, 1820. His education was received at Colby University, where he graduated in 1839. He afterward studied at Newton Theological Institution, graduating in 1845. A pastorate was offered him in Bangor, Me., which he accepted, and he subsequently filled other pulpits. Of the positions held by him the most important was that of president of Va ar College, 1878-85. Died in Providence, R. I., Sept. 26, 1889. Caldwell, in Kansas , a city of Sumner co. It is 2% m. distant from the border of the Indian Territory, with which it is a leading trading point. Pop . 1890, 1,642. Calico-Printing. ( Manuf .) The art of impre ing cotton fabrics with various figures in one or more colors. In describing this art, the term will be taken in its widest sense, as signifying printing on any fabric, whether cotton, woollen, or silk. There are few dyes which of themselves will impart to cotton a brilliant color, able to resist the actions of light and washing. The dye must be combined with a substance called a mordant , which has an affinity both for the dye and the cotton fibre. These substances, although generally colorle , have the property of changing the color of the dye. Thus, if a piece of cotton cloth be impre ed with acetate of alumina in lines, with acetate of iron in dots, and with a mixture of the two in circles, it will become permanently impre ed with red lines, black dots, and chocolate circles. The proce of printing in different colors by means of mordants is very ancient, being described by Pliny as having been practised in his day in Egypt. In his Natural History , he says: "Robes and veils are painted in Egypt in a wonderful way, being first imbued, not with dyes, but with dye-absorbing drugs, by which they appear to be unaltered, but when plunged into a caldron of boiling dyestuff, it is curious to see many colors imparted to the robe, in consequence of the modifying agency of the excipient drug." In India, the modern method of printing by resist-pastes has been known from time immemorial, the proce employed being that of painting the design upon the fabric by hand with melted wax. Many of the specimens of Indian calico-printing by this method are most intricate in their design, and must have taken a lifetime to execute. The proce es employed in calico-printing are: - Singeing , by which the cloth is denuded of its fibrous down, which would prevent the perfect application of the dyestuff. It is effected in two ways: either by rapidly pa ing the cotton cloth over a red-hot iron, or by pa ing it over a series of gas-flames, which are sucked through the fabric by suction-tubes placed over them. The fabric is next bleached by being boiled in an alkaline lye of soda or lime, rinsed, steeped in a weak solution of chloride of lime, rinsed again, steeped in dilute sulphuric acid, once more rinsed, dried, and smoothed. The cloth is now ready for printing, being brilliantly white, and capable of receiving dyes of the brightest and purest colors. Calicoes are printed in four ways:- by small wooden blocks worked by hand, by large wooden blocks worked by a machine, by copper plates, and by copper cylinders. The first and third methods are almost obsolete; the second is practised principally in France; and the fourth is the English method. In the large blocks mentioned in the second method, the patterns are generally made of sycamore laid upon deal, and either engraved in relief, or formed by copper slips, of different shapes, being driven into the surface. The machine used in this style is termed a Perrotine , from the name of its inventor, M. Perrot, of Rouen. The cloth is wound round a prismatic iron roller, and the different colored blocks are brought down on it succe ively. By this proce , one man and three children can print thirty pieces of cloth in a day. In the English proce , the pattern is impre ed upon copper cylinders by hard steel rollers called dies . These cylinders are mounted upon strong iron shafts, upon the end of which is a toothed wheel, by means of which motion is communicated to them. Several of these engraved cylinders, one for each color, are united in one machine, forming two-, three-, five-, and even ten-color machines. The cotton cloth is made into a continuous web of forty or fifty pieces, and is drawn over the rollers, each one receiving its color from a cylinder covered with woollen cloth, and revolving in an oblong trough of coloring matter, mordant, or resist-paste, and transferring it to the cloth. Calico-printings have reached such a state of perfection that they will print nearly ten miles of cloth per day, with a pattern containing four or five colors. Dyestuffs are of two kinds, those which impart their color alone, and those which require the application of a mordant. The former are colors were introduced. The number of colors intro duced, and the methods of preparing them which have been suggested, are beyond computation, and the list of those which are now in current use is exceedingly extensive. In addition to the dyes procured from aniline, many more of an allied nature are prepared from other derivatives of coal-tar, phenol, naphthalin, and anthracene, some of which have also come into extensive use, and the applicability of others has been demonstrated. The use of these colors in connection with extract of madder, Guignet's green, ultramarine, ., has exercised a powerful influence in improving the art of design in connection with calico-printing, placing, as they do, at the disposal of the designer an unlimited of the most striking, brilliant, and colors. Aniline colors have a powerful affinity for animal sub stances, dyeing silk and woollen ti ues readily without the intervention of any mordant. Taking advantage of this property, aniline colors were, on their introduction, printed as dye colors, albumen being used as a mordant. An albuminous solution was printed and fixed on the cotton, and on its introduction, so prepared, into the dye-vat, the albumen readily took up the color, while the unmordanted portions merely imbibed an easy discharged stain. Aniline colors were also printed with albumen in the manner already described as applied to pigments and colored lakes; and the patents secured by Mr. Walter Crum for the application of gluten and lactarin in printing, had reference chiefly to the use of aniline colors. The proce of fixing these colors now generally adopted is known as the arsenite of alumina proce . In this proce the dye is di olved in water or acetic acid, carefully filtered through a fine cloth and mixed with acetate of alumina, a thickener, and arsenious acid di olved in glycerine. This mixture is printed on the cloth, which is then introduced into the steaming-chest. In the steaming, acetic acid is liberated and arsenite of alumina formed, which, with the aniline color, is precipitated in the fibres as a brill iant insoluble lake. After the prints have undergone Calithump'ian, n. One who participates in a cal i the various operations indicated above, they are subthump. mitted to a series of proce es, whose object is to give -n. Of, or pertaining to a calithump; as e cal i thump i an band; a cal i thump i an serenade.