Cameral is tics

pl. [Fr. camera list i que, from N. Lat. camera list a, financier.] ( Polit. Econ.) The science of public finance, or that branch of political economy which comprises the means of raising and disposing of public revenue. P Fig . 489. Camera Lucida, ( kăm'e - ră loo - se -dd.) [Lat., light chamber.) ( Optics .) An instrument invented by Dr. Wollaston for the purpose of enabling any one, without a knowledge of the rules of drawing or perspective, to delineate distant objects, or trace the outlines of landscapes, ., with perfect accuracy. It consists of a quadrangular gla prism, a, b, c, d, by means of which rays of light are bent, by two reflections, into a path at right angles to their previous direction. A ray of light proceeding from O enters the face of the prism at a, and continues its course in a straight line till it meets the adjacent side of the prism at b, and making with it a very acute angle, is wholly reflected in the direction bc. Atcit again meets the side of the prism, and is in like manner reflected in the direction c E. The eye being placed at E, sees the image of the object on the surface of the prism at c, and refers it to P, on a plane MN, which may be covered with a sheet of white paper. The point of a pencil can also be seen on the paper, and thus the accurate outline of the object may be traced. It is easy to see from this the proper form which the crystal should have. By the laws of optics, the size of the picture will bear the same relation to the object delineated, that the distance of the eye from the paper bears to the distance of the ob ject. Hence, in order to increase or diminish the size of the picture, the prism is mounted in a bra frame, supported by bra tubes capable of being lengthened or shortened at pleasure. A thin bra plate, affixed to the upper surface of the prism, and having a small hole in it for the observer to look through, keeps the eye in its proper place, and procures steadine of vision. A convex lens may be placed over the hole in the bra plate, for the purpose of magnifying the image; or a concave lens placed before the prism at a will adapt it to short-sighted persons. The instrument is extremely convenient on account of its portability. There are various improvements and modifications of the camera lucid a, the best of which is that contrived by Signor Amici of Modena, in which a triangular prism is combined with a plate of gla having parallel surfaces. The camera lucid a has been most succe fully employed in delineating the forms of wonder and beauty revealed by the microscope. The instrument used for this purpose resembles that commonly applied to landscape-drawing, but is provided with a fitting, which adapts it to the eye-piece of the microscope. The steel disc of Sömmer ing is used by many microscopic draughtsmen instead of the camera. This contrivance is a little disc of pol- ished steel, placed at an angle of 45° with the eye-piece, so as to receive the magnified image of the object and reflect it upwards upon the retina of the observer. The disc is smaller than the aperture of the pupil, and the drawing-pencil can at the same time be seen very well as it traces the image apparently thrown down on the paper beneath. When either the camera or steel disc is used, the body of the microscope must, if po ible, be placed horizontally. Cam'era Obscura, n . , ( obs - ku'ra .) [Lat., dark cham- ber.] (Optics.) An apparatus by which the images of external objects are thrown on a white surface, and represented in a vivid manner in their proper colors, shapes, . Hence the apparatus may be used for the purposes of delineation, as well as the camera lucid a; but as it is from its construction le convenient, it is chiefly used for the production of images or pictures upon surfaces sensitive to light in the art of photogra- phy, and cameras of great optical perfection are now constructed for this purpose. The common camera ob- scur a is thus constructed: Through a convex lens, or small circular hole at C, the light is admitted into a darkened room or box, so that rays proceeding from an object A B, and falling on a white ground within the room, paint an image of the object in it in an inverted position, a b . Sometimes a mirror Dis placed in the interior of the box, making an angle -A township of North umber land co. Cam'eron, in Texas , a S. co., bordering on the Gulf of Mexico and separated from Mexico by the Rio Grande. Area, about 3,000 sq. m. The soil is generally fertile. There are numerous salt lakes, the largest of which, named Sal del Rey, would furnish inexhaustible quant i ties. Cap ., Brownsville. Pop . (1890) 14,500. Cam'eron, in Texas , a city, the capital of Milan co., on Little River, 58 m. N.E. from Austin City. Cam'eron, in W. Virginia , a township of Marshall co., 28 m. S.S.E. of Wheeling. liberties, forfeited all right to the crown. They sep a- rated from the Presbyterians, refused the terms of ac- com mod at i on proposed by Charles II., and demanded the rigorous observance of the "Solemn League and Cove- originally made of camel's hair, now made chiefly of wool or goat's hair. (Sometimes written camelot .) "He had on him a gown,... of a kind of water camlet ."-Bacon. Cam'leted, a . Undulating like camlet; veined. nant" received by Parliament, 25th Sept., 1643. They Camlin, or Crumlin, in Ireland , a parish of ca are, on this account, frequently called Covenanters (q. v). Antrim. Cameron was killed in a skirmish with the royal troops, Cam'ma, in Ireland , a parish of co. Roscommon. 20th July, 1680, and his followers were dispersed. They Cam'mas, Ca'mas, n. ( Bot . ) See CAMASS I A. published declarations against the test of 1681, 12th Cam mock, n. [A. S.] ( Bot . ) See ON ON IS. Jan., 1682; against the royal authority, 28th Oct., 1684, Ca'mænæ. See MUSES, (THE.) and 28th May, 1685. The C. renewed the covenants in 1712, and formed themselves into a presbytery called the Reformed Presbytery , 1st Aug., 1743. They are still existing in Scotland, as a small but tenacious body, dis- tinct from other sects. The entire number is estimated at about 6,000. The standards of the church are the Westminster Confe ion of Faith, the larger and shorter catechism, and a Testimony , authorized and i ued by the Synod in 1839. Cam'eronites, n . pl . ( Eccl . Hist .) Some French Cal- vinists, the followers of John Cameron, are thus desig- nated. He was B. at Glasgow in 1580, and in 1600 went to France, where he held profe orships at Sedan and Saumur. Mosheim says that this divine and his follow- ers devised a method of uniting the doctrines of the Genevans respecting the divine decrees, as expounded at the Synod of Dort, with the views of those who hold that the love of God embraces the whole human race." They were also called Hypothetical Universalists . Came- ron, who was stabbed in the streets of Montauban, D. in 1625. Cameron Mills, in New York , a P. O. of Steuben co. Came roons', in África, a river falling into the Bight of Biafra, near Lat. 4° N., Lon. 9° 40′ E.-A cape which is on an island in the estuary of this river. - A peak about 13,000 feet above sea, the highest point of a range of mountains of the same name, Lat. 4° 13' N., Lon. 9o 10′ Ε. This country came under German protection in 1884. Cam'eta, a town of Brazil, on the To cant i us, 85 m. S. W. of Para or Belem. Camilla, in Geo , a p. v. cap. of Mitchell co. Camillus, in New York , a township and village of Onondaga co., 7 m. W. of Syracuse, Camillus, MARCUS FURIUS, a celebrated Roman, who lived in the 4th century after the foundation of that city. There is so much of the fabulous in all that is told about him, that one might very reasonably suppose that Livy and Plutarch have derived the traditions re- specting this warrior from some old poem. (Niebuhr, H. R. , vol. ii. p. 472.) That there was such a person, and that his actions entitled him to the gratitude of his countrymen, cannot, we think, be doubted. C. was cre- ated dictator five times, and triumphed four times, but never served the office of consul. (Plutarch, Camill . in it.) His first dictatorship was in the 10th year of the siege of Veii, which was taken by him probably by means of a mine, by which part of the wall was over- thrown. He also conquered the Faliscans, who, accord- ing to the legend, yielded unconditionally to him in con- sequence of his generosity in restoring to them their children, whom a traitorous schoolmaster had delivered into his hands. (Plutarch, Camill . x.) He was im- peached, in A. U. C. 364, by the tribune L. Apuleius, on a charge of peculation in the distribution of the plunder of Veii, and his guilt was so manifest that even his own clients could not acquit him. (Liv.v.32.) Camillus retired to Ardea, and lived there as an inquilinus till the battle of the Allia and the capture of Rome; he then took up arms for his country, and led the Ardeates against the Gauls, over whom he obtained some advantages. At length the people, sensible of the nece ity of his recall, re- stored him to his civic rights, and after two battles, the one fought in the city, and the other on the road to Gabii, he completely exterminated the invading army. In his fourth dictatorship he had some more disputes with the plebeians, in consequence of which he abdicated his office. (Liv. vi. 38.) He died of the plague B. c. 365. His son and brother were also eminent men; but, with these exceptions, no one of his family, according to Ta- cit us ( Annal . ii. 52), obtained military renown till the age of Tiberius, when Furius 'Camillus, proconsul of Africa, triumphed over the Numidians. The son of this Camillus raised a rebellion in Dalmatia in the reign of Claudius, and proclaimed himself emperor; but in a few days his soldiers returned to their allegiance, and Camil- lus committed suicide. Cam'in us, n. [Lat.] According to Pliny, a smelting furnace. Ca'mion, n . [Fr.] ( Mil . ) A kind of tumbril or wagon used for the transport of cannon. Camisade', Camisa'do, n . [Fr. camisade, from O. Fr. camise, shirt.] ( Mil .) A shirt formerly worn by soldiers over their armor or uniform, in order to recog- nize one another in the dark, during a night attack. (0.) -A night attack made on an enemy by soldiers wearing the camisado. "They had appointed the same night,... to have given a ca- misado upon the English." - Hayward. Cam'isards, n. pl . (French Hist .) The title given to the Protestant insurgents in the Cevennes, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, from having worn their shirts over their dre by way of disguise, on the occa- sion of some nocturnal attacks. Their principal leader, Cavalier, succeeded so far as to effect a capitulation in their favor, with the French govt. He subsequently en- tered the English service, and at his death was governor of Jersey. Cam'isated, a . Dre ed with a shirt over uniform, . Cam'let, n. [Fr. camelot ; Gr. kamēlō-të.] Literally, a camel's skin, or a garment made of the same. A stuff IMG:content-0032.jpg:[graphic][subsumed][subsumed] each division. But the practice of grouping the tents or huts in the form of a square or circle has been abandoned for some two centuries or more, to avoid exposing the army to the fire of the enemy in one ma ; and it is now considered better to place the tents along an extended front, each regiment occupying the position it would take if the army were drawn up in order of battle, and the tents not showing a greater extent in front than the regiment would occupy when drawn up two deep. A battalion 1,000 strong would therefore require a space in front of abt. 1,000 ft. for the extent of the line of tents, as it would occupy this space when drawn up in file. A regiment of cavalry drawn up two deep, consisting of eight troops of eighty men each, would occupy a front of 960 feet. The tents for the infantry are placed in rows at right angles to the front; the tents of the captains and subalterns occupy another line; and the tents of the field-officers, the sutler's tent, and the field-officers' horses, are grouped behind these. The tents of the advanced-guard are placed about 500 ft. to the front, in the centre of the battalion, and the tents of the rear-guard are pitched about fifty feet to the rear of the sutler's tent. The regiment parades in front of the first line of tents, between these and the tents of the advanced-guard. A somewhat similar arrangement is adopted for cavalry; the tents of the privates are pitched in lines perpendicular to the front, and the horses are picketed between them. When an army is encamped, the infantry is generally disposed in the centre in two lines, with the reserve occupying another line in the rear; the cavalry is placed on either side, and the artillery is placed on the flanks with the cavalry, or in the rear. When an encampment is formed, great attention is always paid to the position of the ground around it, and all approaches are fortified against attack by redoubts and intrenchments. Advanced guards are also thrown out all around to guard against surprise or sudden attack. - See LINES OF INTRENCHMENT. -The whole body of persons encamped in the same spot, as of soldiers, miners, travellers, . "Next to secure our camp and naval pow'rs." - Pope . (Agric.) A mound of earth for the storage of potatoes, ., for protection against frost. (Called also barrow , pie, and hog.) -A game at ball, anciently practised in England. -v. a. To encamp, or lodge in tents, as an army, or trav ellers. "Had our great palace the capacity To camp this host, we would all sup together." - Shaks . See ENCAMP. -v. i. To pitch a camp; to encamp. "They camped out at night." -W. Irving. Camp, in low a, a township of Polk co. Campagna, ( kam - pain'ya ,) a town of S. Italy, prov. Salerno, cap. of dist., surrounded by high mountains, 18 m. E. of Salerno. Pop . 10,504. Campagna di Roma, a district of Southern Italy, and embracing one of the most unhealthy tracts in that peninsula, if not in Europe. The Campagna extends along the western coast for nearly 70 miles, with a breadth of 40, and is bounded on the north by the States of the Church, south and east by Naples, and west by the Mediterranean, here called the Tuscan Sea. The ground, which never rises above 200 feet above the sea, is almost entirely volcanic, and the lakes are formed by craters of extinct volcanoes. The vapors rising from this district, and especially the Solfatara , produce the pestilential atmosphere styled Aria Cattiva. Some of the popes, especially Pius VI., have endeavored to drain the Pontine Marshes, and, during the dominion of the French in Italy, General Miollis made great improvements in drainage, timber-planting, and cultivation in the Campagna. The name of Campagna di Roma was adopted in the Middle Ages, to distinguish the country from the neighboring Camp an i a, or Campagna Felice , in the kingdom of Naples. Campagnol, ( kam - pan'yol ,) n. [Fr.] (Zool.) See MEADOW-MOUSE. Campaign, (kam-pān',) n. [Fr. campagne; It. cam pagna , from Lat. campus , an open field.] An open field; a large, level tract of country. "Where Tiber rolls majestic to the main, And fattens, as he runs, the fair campaign." - Garth. ( Mil .) A term applied to a series of operations in warfare, by which any important end is achieved. It was formerly taken to mean that which was done by an army between the time that it left its winter-quarters for active operations in the field during the summer months, until it entered them again. During this time the soldiers were under canvas, or without shelter in the open field; and hence the name. -e. i. To serve in a campaign. Campaigner, ( kam - pān'r .) n. One who serves in a campaign; a veteran; an old soldier; one who has been under the enemy's fire. "She was an old campaigner ." Thackeray. Campan, ( kam'pa ,) a valley and small town of France in the rece es of the Pyrenees, dep. of the Upper Pyrenees. The valley of Campan is at the source of the Adour, and comprehends in reality two valleys, one of them watered by the Adour, and the other by the Trasports, a tributary of the Adour. The delightful scenery of the valley of Campan forms one of the attractions of the neighboring watering-place Bagnères-de-Bigorre, the most frequented in this part of France. The little town of Campan is on the left bank of the Adour, a short distance above Bagnères. The Pic du Midi de Bigorre, which overlooks the valley, rises to the height of 9,544 ft. Cam'pan, JEANNE LOUISE HENRIETTE, B. at Paris, 1752. At 15 years of age she was appointed reader to the prince es, daughters of Louis XV. In 1770 she married | Campan'iform, a. [From Lat. campana, bell, and M. C., and was soon after appointed first lady of the bedchamber to Marie Antoinette, then dauphine . She remained with Marie Antoinette during her husband's reign, and was with her in the first scenes of the Revolution, up to the storming of the Tuileries on the 10th of August, when she narrowly escaped with her life. Being forbidden to follow her mistre to her prison in the Temple, she retired into the country, and at last opened a boarding-school at St. Germain-en-Laye. The establishment prospered, and was patronized by Josephine Beau harn a is, who sent her daughter Hortense to it. In 1806, when Napoleon founded the establishment at Ecouen for the daughters and sisters of the officers of the Legion of Honor, he appointed Madame C. to superintend it. After the restoration, the school of Ecouen being suppre ed, Madame C. retired to Mantes, where she died in March, 1822, leaving behind her a character for mild virtues, and considerable information and accomplishments. She has written - Mémoires sur la Vie Privée de Marie Antoinette, Reine de France, suivis de Souvenirs et Anecdotes Historiques sur les Règnes de Louis XV ., et Louis XVI . , translated into English in 1823. She gives the most faithful and impartial account of Marie Antoinette. Her recollections of the old court of Louis XV. are also curious. Campa'na, n. [Sp. and It., from L. Lat. campana, bell. ( Eccl .) The bell of a church. (Bot.) The pasque-flower. Campana, an island on the W. coast of Patagonia; Lat. 48° 30 S., Lon. 75° 30′ W. It is 55 m. long, with an average breadth of 10. Camp'ana, (La,) a town of Spain, in And alus i a, on the Madre-Viega, 37 m. E.N.E. of Seville; pop . 5,917. Cam'panæ, Campanulæ, Gut'tæ, n. pl . ( Arch .) The drops of the Doric architrave.