Petrarch

See Fiammetta. IMG:content-0206.png:[blocks in formation] Boccanera (bok-kä-nā'rä), or Bocanegra (bōkä-na'gra), Simone. Born about 1300: poisoned at Genoa, 1363. The first Doge of Genoa. He was elected in 1339, abdicated in 1344, and was reëlected in 1356. Boccardo (bok-kär'dō), Girolamo. Born at Genoa, Italy, March 16, 1829. An Italian political economist, and writer on history and geography, long profe or of political economy at the University of Genoa. He became senator in 1877, and since 1888 has lived in Rome. His works include "Tratt a to teorico-pratico di economia politic a" (1853), "I principi i dell a scienza e dell' arte dell a finanze" (1887), ete. Boc cher in i (bok-kā-rē'nē), Luigi. Born at Lucea, Italy, Jan. 14, 1740: died at Madrid, May 28, 1805. An Italian composer of chamber music. Bocchoris, or Bokkhoris. An Egyptian king given by Manetho as the sole king of the 24th dynasty: identified as King Nah-ka-ra Bek-enrau-ef of the monuments. Boccone (bok-kō'ne), Paolo, later Sylvio. Born at Palermo, Sicily, April 24, 1633: died near Palermo, Dec. 22, 1704. A noted Sicilian naturalist, profe or of botany at Padua, and later a Cistercian monk. Bochart (bō-shär'), Samuel. Born at Rouen, France, May 30, 1599: died at Caen, France, May 16, 1667. A noted French Orientalist and biblical scholar, a Huguenot pastor at Caen. Bochica (bō'che-kä). The name given by the Chibcha Indians to their conception of the Supreme Being. After creating the earth he gave it in charge of Chibchacum, who carried it on his shoulders; if Chibchacum changed his posture from fatigue, an earthquake resulted. Both Bochica and Chibchacum were objects of reverence, but apparently not of worship. Bochnia (boch'ne-ä). A town in Galicia, Austria Hungary, 25 miles east of Cracow, noted for its salt-mines. Population (1890), commune, 8,849. Bocholt (boch'olt). A town in the province of Westphalia, Pru ia, near the Dutch frontier. Population (1890), 13,034. Bochsa (bok-sä'), Robert Nicolas Charles. Born at Montmédy, France, Aug., 1789: died at Sydney, Australia, 1855. A French harpist and operatic composer. Bochum (boch'um). A town in the province of Westphalia, Pru ia, 26 miles northeast of Dü eldorf. It has large manufactures. Population (1890), 47,601. Bock (bok), Franz. sia, May 3, 1823. A German writer on ecclesiastical archæology. He became an honorary canon of the cathedral at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1864. Born at Burtscheid, Prus Bock, Karl Ernst. Born at Leipsic, Feb. 21, 1809: died at Wiesbaden, Feb. 19, 1874. A German anatomist and medical writer, appointed extraordinary profe or in the University of Leipsic in 1839. Bockenheim (bok'en-him). A suburb 14 miles Population (1890), commune, 18,675. northwest of Frankfort-on-the-Main, Pru ia. Böckh (bek), August. Born at Karlsruhe, Boer War, The (1891), 5,151. Bodő (bo'dė). A seaport in western Norway, about lat. 67° 15′ N.: the chief place in Salten. Population (1891), 3,822. 1870. Böcklin (bėk'lin), Arnold. Born at Basel, Switzerland, Oct. 16, 1827. A Swi landscape painter. Bocksberger (boks'berg-er), or Bocks per ger (boks'perg-er), Hans or Hieronymus. Born at Salzburg, Austria, 1540: died about 1600. A German painter, noted especially for hunt ing-scenes and battles. Bode (bo'de), Johann Ehlert. Born at Hamburg, Jan. 19, 1747: died at Berlin, Nov. 23, 1826. A celebrated German astronomer, the founder of the "Astron. Jahrbücher" (1776), and astronomer of the academy at Berlin (1772-1825). Bodenbach (bō'den-bäch). Atown in Bohemia, on the Elbe 48 miles north of Prague. Population (1890), commune, 7,574. Bodensee (bo'den-zā). The German name of the Lake of Con stance. Bodenstedt (bō'den-stet), Fried rich Martin von. Born at Peine, Hannover, April 22, 1819: died at Wiesbaden, Tiesbaden, April 19, 1892. A German poet, author, and journalist. He studied at Göttingen, Munich, and Berlin, and went to Moscow as a tutor, then to Tiflis, where he taught at the gymnasium, and, later, traveled extensively through the Caucasus and the East. He was subsequently a newspaper editor in Triest and Bremen. In 1854 he was made profe or at the University of Munich, a position which he renounced in 1866 to undertake the direction of the theater at Me in in gen, where he remained until 1870. He was ennobled in 1867. The Berlin journal "Tägliche Rundschau" appeared under his direction 1880-88. Among his many prose works are "Tausend und ein Tag im Orient" ("You sand and One Days in the Orient," 1849-50), "Shakespeare's Zeit geno en und ihre Werke" ("Shakes pere's Contemporaries and their Works," 3 vols., 1858-60), etc. tion with Paul Heyse, Kurz, and others he made a new translation of Shakspere's dramatic works (9 vols., 18681873), and he himself translated the sonnets. A journey to the United States in 1881 is described in "Vom Atlan tischen zum Stillen Ocean" ("From the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean," 1882). His most celebrated poetic work is "Lieder des Mirza-Schaffy" ("Songs of Mirza-Schaffy," 1851), which are, with a few exceptions only, original poems. "Aus dem Nachla des Mirza-Schaffy" ("From the Pos thumous Works of Mirza-Schaffy '') appeared in 1874. Bodhisattva (bō-dhe-sät'vä). [Sanskrit; in Pali Bodhisatta .] One who has perfect knowledge as his e ence. He is one who is on his way to the attainment of perfect knowledge when he has only one birth or certain births to undergo before reaching the state of a supreme Buddha; a future Buddha or Buddha elect. Bodin (bō-dan'), Jean. Born at Angers, France, 1530: died at Laon, France, 1596. A celebrated French publicist and political economist. His works include "De la république" (1576), "Method us ad facilem Hist or i arum Cognitionem" (1566), "Réponse aux paradoxes de Mal estro it" (1568), etc. The first-named is "the only work of great excellence on the science of politics before the eighteenth century" ( Saints bury ). Bodleian (bod-lē'an or bod'lē-an) Library. A library of Oxford University, England, which was originally established in 1445, formally opened in 1488, and reëstablished by Sir Thomas Bodley in 1597-1602. It was formally opened Nov. 8, 1603, and in 1604 James I. granted letters patent styling it by Bodley's name. The library has lately absorbed the quadrangle and buildings of the old Examination Schools, whose Jacobean entrance-tower, with columns of all five cla ical orders, is an architectural curiosity. The library contains about 460,000 printed volumes, 27,000 volumes of manu scripts, and 50.000 coins; also many portraits, models of ancient buildings, and literary antiquities. Bodley (bod'li), Sir Thomas. Born at Exeter, England, March 2, 1545: died at London, Jan. 28, 1613. An English diplomatist and scholar, founder of the Bodleian Library (which see) at Oxford. Bodmer (bod'mer), Georg. Born at Zurich, Bodoni (bo-done), Giambattista. Born at Saluzzo, Italy, Feb. 16, 1740: died at Padua, Ital Italy, Nov. 29, 1813. An Italian printer, noted for his editions of Homer, Vergil, and other cla ic authors. His "Manuale Tipografico” was published in 1818. published Bödtcher, Ludwig Adolph. Born in Copen hagen, 1793: died there, 1874. A Danish poet. Most of his life was spent in Copenhagen. In 1824 he went to Italy and lived for eleven years in close a ociation with Thorwaldsen in Rome. A number of his poems, which are wholly lyric, are on Italian subjects. Boece (bō-ēs'), properly Boyce, L. Boetius, Hector. Born at Dundee, Scotland, about 1465: died at Aberdeen, Scotland, 1536. A noted Scotch historian. The family name was Bouce ( Boys , Bois , Boyis ), Boyis being an adaptation of Boetius (modern Boice , Boyce ). His chief work is a history of Scotland, "Scotorum Historiæ, etc." (1527), translated into Scotch by John Bellenden between 1530 and 1533. Boehm (bem), Sir Joseph Edgar. Born at Vienna, 1834: died Dec. 12, 1890. A Hungarian-English sculptor. In 1859 he went to Paris, and to London in 1862, where he exhibited a bust in the Royal Academy. His most important works are busts of Ruskin, Gladstone, Huxley, Lord Wolseley, etc.; figures: Carlyle on the Thames Embankment; Dean Stanley in Westminster Abbey; Sir Francis Drake at Tyne mouth; equestrian statues: Lord North brook at Calcutta; Prince Consort at Windsor, etc. Among his best works are various statues and statuettes of unmounted horses. Boenechea (bō-a-na-cha'ä), Domingo. Born about 1740: died at Ojatitura, Otahite (or Tahite), Jan. 26, 1775. A Spanish naval officer (captain). He found the island of Otahite in 1772, which he called Amat in honor of the Viceroy of Peru. Bœotia (bē-ō'shiä). [Gr. Βοιωτία .] In ancient geography, a district in central Greece, bounded by the country of Locri Opuntii on the north, the Euripus and Attica on the east, Attica, Megaris, and the Gulf of Corinth on the south, and Phocis on the west. Its surface is generally level, forming a basin in which is Lake Copais. The inhabitants were proverbial for their dullne . The chief city of Boeotia was Thebes, which with other cities formed the Bœotian League (which see). Bœotian League or Confederacy, The. A league of independent cities in Bœotia, supposed to have been originally fourteen in number, with Thebes at the head. Its common sanctuaries were the temple of the It on i an Athene near Coronea, where the Pambœotia were celebrated, and the temple of Poseidon in On chest us. Its chief magistrates were called bœotarchs , and were elected annually, two for Thebes and one for each of the other cities. It was finally di olved, 171 в. с. or 146 в. с. Boerhaave (bör hä-ve), Hermann. Born at Voorhout, near Leyden, Holland, Dec. 31, 1668: died at Leyden, Sept. 23, 1738. A famous Dutch physician, profe or of botany, medicine, and chemistry at Leyden 1701-29. Boeroe, or Buru (bö'rö), or Bouro (bö'rō). An island in the East Indies, in lat. 3° S., long. 127° E., claimed by the Netherlands. Area, estimated, 1,970 square miles. Boer (bör). [D. boer , farmer.] One of the population of Dutch descent in South Africa. This element is prominent in Cape Colony and dominant in the Orange Free State and in the South African Republic (Transvaal). The first Boers immigrated from Java in 1652, and were reinforced by Huguenots in 1687. Since 1795 they have had to struggle with British influence and rule. As the English push up from the south, the Boers advance toward the north. Their farthest colony is that of Humpata in southern Angola, founded in 1881 and reinforced in 1893. See Transvaal and Orange Free State . Boer War, The. The war which followed the proclamation of the Transvaal Republic, Dec., 1880, between that country and Great Britain. Its chief events were the defeat of the British at Laing's Neck Jan. 28, 1881, and at Majuba Mountain Feb. 27, 1881 (the British commander Colley being killed) By treaty March, 1881, the independence the republic was recognized, but the Boers acknowledged the suzerainty of the queen. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Boethius Boethius (bō-e'thi-us). An early Provençal poem of 258 decasyllabic verses, consisting mainly of moral reflections taken from the “De Consol at i one" of Boethius. "It dates from the eleventh century, or at latest from the beginning of the twelfth, but is thought to be a rehandling of another poem which may have been written nearly two centuries earlier." Saints bury . Boethius (bo-e'thi-us), Anicius Manlius Sever in us (le correctly Boetius). Born about 475 A. D.: died about 524 A. D. A Roman philosopher, probably grandson of Flavius Boethius who was put to death by Val ent in i an III. in 455. He was consul in 510, and became magister officio in the court of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths. Having incurred suspicion on account of his bold defense of Albinus who was accused of treason, he was put to death by Theodoric without trial on the charge of treason and magic. His most famous work is the "De Consol a ment at Pavia Parts of this were translated by King Philosophiæ," written probably during his imprison Alfred and by Chaucer. His translations from and com mentaries on the logic of Aristotle were very influential during the middle ages. Boëthus (bo-e'thus). [Gr. Βοηθός.] Born at Chalcedon (or Carthage, according to Pausanias). A sculptor of the Alexandrian school (2d century B. c.), famous in antiquity for genre work of a high character. Pliny (N. H. 54, 84) mentions a bronze, a boy strangling a goose, of which there is a beautiful replica in the Louvre. The boy extracting a thorn, found in replica in many museums, is supposed to represent his famous statue of the same subject. The beautiful little girl playing with dice, now in Berlin, may be copied from Boëthus. Boétie (bō-ā-se'), Etienne de la. Born at Sarlat, Dordogne, France, Nov. 1, 1530: died at Germinac, near Bordeaux, France, Aug. 18, 1563. A French writer, chiefly known as a friend of Montaigne. Boffin (bof' in), Nicodemus (otherwise the Golden Dustman and Noddy). A disinterested old man left in charge of the Harmon property, in Dickens's novel "Our Mutual Friend." See Wegg , Silas . Boffin's Bower. The residence of the Boffins, in Dickens's "Our Mutual Friend." Mrs. Boffin, not liking its former name, Harmon's Jail, given it from its late owner's habits of life, gave it this cheerful appellation. Mi Jennie Collins established a succe ful charity for working-girls in Boston in 1870 under this name. Bogardus (bo-gär'dus), Everard. [NL. Bogar dus, from D. Bogaerd (whence E. Bogart , Bo gert ), from bogaerd , contraction of boomgaerd (Kilian), orchard, from boom , tree, and gaerd , yard, garden. Cf. G. Baumgarten .] Born in Holland: drowned in Bristol Channel, Sept. 27, 1647. A Dutch clergyman in New Amsterdam. He owned the farm "the Dominie's Bouwerie," now the property of the Trinity Church corporation in New York city. Bogardus, James. Born at Cat skill, N. Y., March 14, 1800: died April 13, 1874. An American inventor. His numerous inventions include a "ring-spinner" for cotton-spinning (1828), an engraving machine (1831), and the first dry gas-meter (1832). Bogdanovitch (bog-da-no'vich), Ippolit Feodorovitch. Born at Perevolotchna, Little Ru ia, Dec. 23, 1743: died near Kursk, Ru ia, Jan. 18, 1803. A Ru ian poet. His chief work is "Dushenka," a romantic poem, published in 1775. Boggs (bogz), Charles Stuart. Born Jan. 28, 1811: died April 22, 1888. An American rear admiral. He was commander of the gunboat Varuna which, in Farragut's attack on the defenses of New Orleans in 1862, destroyed six Confederate gunboats before she was herself disabled and sunk by two rams. Bögh (bėg), Erik. Born at Copenhagen, Jan. 17, 1822. A Danish dramatist, poet, and gen eral writer. Its surface is moun tainous and undulating, and is traversed by the Elbe and its tributaries, the Moldau, Eger, Iser, etc. It produces wheat and other cereals, fruit, flax, and hops, has extensive forests, and is the chief region of the empire in the production of coal. It has also mines of iron, silver, lead sulphur, alum, and graphite. It has manufactures of linen, gla , calico, woolens, paper, chemicals, porcelain, beer, sugar, iron, etc. It has 92 representatives in the Austrian Reichsrat, and has a landtag of 242 members. The language of the majority is Czech; but about 35 per cent. speak German. The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. The early inhabitants of this district were the Boii, and after them the Marcomanni. It was colonized by Czechs in the early part of the 6th century; was the seat of a temporary realm under Samo in the 7th century; formed part of Svatopluk's Moravian realm at the end of the 9th century, and became a fief of Germany in 929. It was a duchy and became a kingdom in 1198. Moravia was united to it in 1029. Under Ottocar II. (1253-78) it acquired temporarily Austria, Carinthia, and Styria; Lusatia and Silesia were annexed in the 14th century. Bohemia was one of the electorates of the Holy Roman Empire. After the extinction of the dynasty of Premysl (1306) the king dom was ruled by the house of Luxemburg, 1310-1437. It was united with Austria in 1526. It suffered in the Hu ite wars, and was the scene of the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War in 1618. Frederick (elector palatine) was chosen king of Bohemia in 1619, and overthrown in 1620, after which Protestant ism was extirpated by the Hapsburg ruler, Ferdinand II. In recent times a vigorous agitation in favor of national autonomy has been carried on by the Czechs. Area, 20,060 square miles. Population (1890), 5,843,094. 2. A name for any place where people, especially artists and literary people, lead an unconventional or somewhat irregular life; or the people collectively who lead such a life. This usage, with that of the adjective Bohemian in corre sponding senses, was introduced from the French, who a ociated Bohemia ( la Bohème ) with gipsies, by Thackeray.