MAHMUD I

f (1785-1839), Sultan of Turkey succ., 1808; defeated Ali of Jannina, 1822; crushed Jani aries; reformed army, 1826; during Gk. struggle for independence, formed alliance with Mehemet Ali of Egypt; defeated by Powers at Navarino, compelled to recognize Gk. independence, 1829; rebelled against by Mehemet Ali, 1831, and lost Syria; compelled by France and Britain to recognize Mehemet Ali’s claims, 1833; renewed war, 1839. Khorasan, 994; by defeating bro. Is mail, became sole ruler of Khorasan and Ghazni; reign marked by campaigns against India; most notable campaign, 1025, against Gujarat; took capital; career of conquest ended with expedition to Persia, 1029.