Chotzim

See Chotin. Chouans (shö'anz; F. pron. shö-on'). [Perhaps from Jean Cotter eau, called Chouan , one of their leaders: Chouan being a corruption of chat - huant , cha a screech-owl.] During the French Revolution, a name given to the royalist insurgents of Britt any. Chouans, Les. A novel by Balzac, published in 1829: properly "Le dernier Chouan." It has been dramatized. Chouman. See Comanche . Chouteau (shö-to'), Auguste. Born at New Orleans, 1739: died at St. Louis, Mo., Feb. 24, 1829. One of the founders of St. Louis. With his brother Pierre, he joined in August, 1763, the expedition of Laclède to establish the fur-trade in the in eastern Maryland which flows into Chesapeake Bay about 25 miles southeast of Anna polis. Length, about 100 miles. It is navigable for 45 miles. Chopunnish (cho-pun'ish), or Nimapu (nim'a-pö), or Nez Percé (nā per-sa'), or Shahaptan (shä-hap'tan), or Sahaptin (sä-hap'tin). The leading tribe of the Shahaptian stock of North American Indians. Their former habitat (in 1804) was western Idaho, northeastern Oregon, and southeast ern Washington, on the lower Snake River and its tributa ries. They cro ed the Rocky Mountains to the head waters of the Mi ouri. Of late years the Nez Percé ('pierced nose') have not pierced the nose for ornamental purposes. was in command of a party which, Feb. 15, 1764, began the establishment of a trading-post called St. Louis on the site of the present city of that name in Mi ouri. Chouteau, Pierre. Born at New Orleans, 1749: died at St. Louis, Mo., July 9, 1849. An American pioneer. He was a ociated with his brother, Auguste Chouteau, in the founding of St. Louis in 1764. Chouteau, Pierre. Born at St. Louis, Jan. 19, 1789: died at St. Louis, Sept. 8, 1865. An American fur-trader, son of Pierre Chouteau. Chowanoc (chō-wan'ok). [Algonquian, 'Southlanders.] landers.'] A tribe of North American Indians formerly on the Chowan River in northeastern North Carolina. When first known, 1584-85, they Chowanoc were the leading tribe in that region. They joined in the Tuscarora outbreak in 1711, and afterward the survivors, about 240 in number, were settled on a small reservation on Bennett's creek. Also Chowanock . See Iroquoian . Chrestien (kra-te-an'), Florent. Born at Orléans, France, 1541: died at Vendôme, France, 1596. A French satirist, composer of Latin verse, and one of the authors of the "Satyre Ménippée" (which see). Chrestien, or Chrétien, de Troyes (dè trwä). Born at Troyes (1), France, about 1140-50: Christian II. Born at Nyborg, Denmark, July 2, 1481: died at Kallundborg, Denmark, Jan. 25, 1559. King of Denmark and Norway 1513-23, surnamed "The Cruel," son of John whom he succeeded. He married Isabella, sister of the emperor Charles V., in 1515. He conquered Sweden in 1520; but by his ma acre of the Swedish nobility at Stockholm the same year provoked an uprising under Gustavus Vasa, which resulted in the liberation of Sweden. He was de- posed in 1523, and driven out of Denmark. He made a descent on Norway in 1531, but was captured in 1532 and detained in prison till his death. (trouvère) attached to the courts Hainault and Champagne and of Philip of Alsace, count of Flanders. Little is known of his life beyond the fact that he was under the patronage of Mary, daughter of King Louis VII., who was married in 1164 to Henry I., count of Champagne. He was among the first trouvères to write after the model set by the troubadours in southern France, and in his Arthur i an legends he set forth the theories of love as accepted by the noble ladies of his day. His extant Arthur i an works are "Le Chevalier à la Charrette," taken from a prose "Lance lot du Lac" (concluded by Geoffrey de Ligny, or Godefroy de Lagny), "Le Chevalier au Lyon," (attributed by the Abbé de la Rue to Wace), "Erec and Enide" (the same legend that Tennyson used in the "Idylls of the King"), "Le roman de Cligès or Cliget," "Percevale" (a work continued by succe ive versifiers to the extent of some fifty you sand lines, and probably representing in part a work of Robert de Borron). He also translated Ovid, and wrote a poem on "William the Conqueror." Chriemhild. See Kriemhild . Christ (krist). [L. Christ us , Gr. Χριστός ( ὁ Χριστός, the Anointed).] The Anointed One, the Greek translation of Me iah (Hebrew mášiah ): a title of Jesus of Nazareth. Christ a bel (kris'ta-bel). 1. The daughter of the king who secretly betrothed herself to Sir Cauline, in the old ballad of that name. The king discovered it, and Sir Cauline performed prodigies of valor to win her. He was at length killed while freeing her from the soldan, and she "burste her gentle hearte in twayne." 2. The heroine of Cole ridge's poem of that name, published in 1816. The gentle and pious IMG:content-0292.png:[ocr errors] spell to bring into her father's castle the enchantre calls herself the Lady Geraldine. ho A Christ à la Paille. [F., 'of the straw."] painting by Rubens, in the Museum of Antwerp, Belgium. It represents the dead Christ lying on a stone bench covered with straw, supported by Joseph of A rima the a, with the Virgin, St. John, and the Magdalen grieving. On the side panels are St. John the Apostle and a Virgin and Child. Christ among the Doctors. A highly esteemed painting by Ingres, in the Musée Municipal at Montauban, France. Christ bearing the Cro . A celebrated statue by Michelangelo, in Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome. Christ church (krist' cherch). A seaport in Hampshire, England, situated at the junction of the Avon and Stour, 20 miles southeast of Southampton. It contains a priory church. Population (1891), 3,994. Christ church. A city in New Zealand, situated in the county of Selwyn, South Island, in lat. 43° 35' S., long. 172° 35' E. Its haven is Port Lyttelton. Population (1891), with suburbs, 47,846. Christ Church. One of the largest and most fashionable colleges of Oxford University, founded in 1525 by Cardinal Wolsey as Cardinal College, remodeled as King Henry VIII.'s College in 1532, and refounded as Christ Church by Henry VIII. in 1546. The fine Perpendicular gateway to the great quadrangle ("Tom Quad"), which is the largest in Oxford, opens beneath the Tom Tower, whose upper stage was built by Wren in 1682. On the south side of the quadrangle is the beautiful Perpendicular hall, 115 by 40 feet, and 50 high to the carved oak ceiling. It po e es many fine old and modern portraits. Christ Crucified between the Two Thieves. A famous fresco by Fra Angelico, in the Convent of San Marco, Florence. The mourning spectators include the most prominent figures of the church, and particularly of the order of St. Dominic. Christ, Entombment of. A noted painting by Titian, in the Louvre, Paris. Christian (kris'tian). [L. Christian us , Gr. Χριστιανός, F. Chrestien, Chrétien, It. Sp. Pg. Cris tiano, G. Dan. Christian .] The hero of Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progre " (which see). Christian (kristian) I. Born 1426: died at Copenhagen, May 21, 1481. King of Denmark, the founder of the house of Oldenburg in Denmark. He was a son of Theodoric, count of Oldenburg, and Hedwig, heire of Schleswig and Holstein. He was elected in 1448 to succeed Christopher III., who had died the same year without i ue, and was crowned king of Norway in 1450. He took po e ion of the government of Sweden in 1457, but was expelled from the country by Christ is on Christian, Fletcher. Lived in the last half of the 18th century. Master's mate and leader of the mutineers of the Bounty, younger brother of Edward Christian. See Bounty . After the ship reached Tahiti, what became of Christian is not known: according to Adams, the surviving mutineer found on Pitcairn Island, he was murdered by the Tahitians. It is po ible that he escaped and returned to England. Christian a (kris-ti-an'ä). [Fem. of Christian .] The wife of Christian, and the chief female character in the second part of Bunyan's "Pil grim's Progre ." She also left the City of De Denmark, Jan. 1, 1559. King of Denmark and struct i on after Christian's flight. Norway 1534-59. He introduced the Reformation into Christian Cicero. An epithet given to Lactan- Denmark and Norway, destroyed the influence of the Hanse towns in his dominions, and reduced Norway to a province. tius. mark, April 12, 1577: died at Copenhagen, Feb. 28, 1648. King of Denmark and Norway 15881648, son of Frederick II. He carried on a succe ful war against Sweden 1611-13. As duke of Holstein he was invited in 1625, in the Thirty Years' War, to take the lead in the rising of the Protestants in northern Germany. He was defeated by Tilly at Lutter am Barenberge, in Brunswick, Aug., 1626, and forced to accept the peace of Lübeck May, 1629. In a second war with Sweden; begun 1643, and concluded Aug., 1645, by the peace of Brömsebro, he lost the Norwegian districts of Jemtland and Herjeland, and the islands of Gothland and Ösel, and was forced to make other important conce ions. He promoted commerce and enterprise, founded the Danish set tlement at Tranquebar in the East Indies, and by his courage and magnanimity acquired in a high degree the favor of his subjects. The well-known ballad "King Kris tian stood by the lofty Mast" commemorates his heroism in the sea-fight with the Swedes before Kiel, July, 1644. Christian V. Born April 15, 1646: died at Copenhagen, Aug. 25, 1699. King of Denmark and Norway 1670-99, son of Frederick III. He carried on an unsucce ful war against Sweden 1675-79, and published in 1683 a code which bears his name. Christian VI. Born Nov. 30, 1699: died Aug. 6, 1746. King of Denmark and Norway 17301746, son of Frederick IV. He was completely under the influence of his wife, Sophie Magdalene of Branden burg-Kulmbach, who squandered his revenue in magnit cent building operations, including the palace of Christiansborg. Christian VII. Born at Copenhagen, Jan. 29, 1749: died at Rendsburg, Holstein, March 13, 1808. King of Denmark and Norway 17661808, and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein: son of Frederick V. by Louisa, daughter of George II. of England. Christian's reason baving become im paired as a consequence of di ipation, the royal physician in ordinary, Struensee, supported by the queen, Caroline Matilda, sister of George III. of England, ob tained, through his appointment in 1770 as prime minis ter, the paramount influence in the government. Struensee was deprived of power Jan. 17, 1772, and put to death (while the queen was banished) by the queen-dowager and the minister Ove Hoegh-Guldberg. The crown prince Frederick a umed the government April 14, 1784, and had himself declared regent. Christian VIII. Born at Copenhagen, Sept. 18, 1786: died at Copenhagen, Jan. 20, 1848. King of Denmark 1839-48, and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg eldest son of Frederick, stepbrother of Christian VII. He was governor of Norway when the peace of Kiel, concluded Jan. 14, 1814, which ceded Norway to Sweden, was repudiated by the Norwegians, Jan. 28, 1814. He came forward as the champion of the national independence, collected an army of 12,000 men, convened a diet at Eidswold April 10, which adopted a constitution May 17, and was proclaimed king of Norway under the title of Christian I. May 19, 1814. Unable, however, to maintain his position against the Swedes, supported by the allied powers, he concluded a truce at Mo Aug. 14, and relinquished the crown Oct. 10, 1814. He i ued a proclamation July 8, 1846, in which he declared Schleswig and Holstein to be indi olubly united to Denmark. Christian IX. Born near Schleswig, April 8, Steele, published in 1701. Christiania (kris-te-ä'ne-ä). [Named from Christian IV. of Denmark.] The capital of Norway, and the chief seaport and city of the country, situated on Christiania Fjord in lat. 59° 55′ N., long. 10° 44′ E. It has a large foreign and coasting trade, and exports lumber, fish, etc. It is the seat of a university. It takes the place of the old medieval and commercial town Oslo, and was founded by Christian IV. in 1624. Population (1891), 148,319. Christiania. A diocese (stift) in southeastern Norway. Christiania Fjord (kris-te-ä'nē-ä fyôrd). An arm of the sea on the southern coast of Norway, south of Christiania. It is very picturesque. Length, about 50 miles. Christian of Troyes. See Chrestien de Troyes . Christians and (kris'te-än-sänd). A diocese (stift) in southern Norway. Christians and. [Named from Christian IV. of Denmark.] A seaport and the capital of the diocese of Christians and, situated on Christians and Fjord in lat. 58° 10′ N., long. 7° 58′ E. It has a good harbor and a large trade, and contains a cathedral. It was founded by Christian IV. Population (1891), 12,541. Christian Seneca. An epithet given to Joseph Hall (1574-1656). Christians tad (kris'tē-än-städ). A læn at the southern extremity of Sweden. Area, 2,507 square miles. Population (1893), 218,752. Christians tad. [Named from Christian IV. of Denmark.] The capital of the læn of Christians tad, Sweden, situated near the Baltic in lat. 56° N., long. 14° 12′ E. Its seaport is Åhus. It was founded by Christian IV. of Denmark. Population (1890), 10,670. Christian sted (kris'te-än-sted), or Ba in (bas's in). The capital of the Danish West Indies, situated on the island of Santa Cruz in lat. 17° 45′ N., long. 64° 41′ W. Population, about 5,000. Christians und (kris'te-än-sönd). A seaport in the amt of Romsdal, Norway, built on four Islands in lat. 63° 10' N., long. 7° 45′ E. It exports fish. Population (1891), 10,130. Christian Vergil. An epithet given to Marco Girolamo Vida (1490-1566). Christ i as (kris'ti-as). An epic poem on the life of Christ, written in Latin (1535) by Marco Girolamo Vida. Christie (kris'ti), Alexander. Born at Edinburgh, 1807: died May 5, 1860. A Scottish painter, elected an a ociate of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1848. Christina (kris-te'nä). Born at Stockholm, Dec. 18, 1626: died at Rome, April 19, 1689. Queen of Sweden, daughter of Gustavus II. Adolphus, whom she succeeded in 1632 under a regency She a umed the government in 1644, terminated by the 1818. King of Denmark, fourth son of Fred-composed of the five chief officers of the crown. erick, duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonder burg- Glücksburg. He succeeded Frederick VII. Nov. 15, 1863. He proclaimed himself sovereign of Schleswig and Holstein, the succe ion to which duchies was claimed by Prince Frederick of Sonder burg-Aug us ten burg, who was supported by the inhabitants, and on Nov. 18, 1863, he rat i- fied a constitution incorporating Schleswig with Denmark. The Schleswig-Holstein dispute finally involved him in a war with Pru ia and Austria, whose forces invaded Schleswig Feb. 1, 1864, and after an obstinate resistance occupied Jutland. By the treaty of Oct. 30, 1864, Christian formally renounced all claims to Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg. He has i ue Crown Prince Frederick (born June 3, 1843); Alexandra, prince of Wales (born Dec. 1, 1844); George I., king of Greece (born Dec. 24, 1845); Dag- Waldemar (born mar, dowager empre of Ru ia (born Nov. 26, 1847); Thyra, duche of Cumber land (born Sept. 29, 1853); Christian. Died at Tusculum, Italy, Aug. 25, 1183. A German prelate, made archbishop of Mainz Sept., 1165, general of Frederick Bar- baro a in Italy 1167-83. Christian, Edward. Died at Cambridge, Eng- land, March 29, 1823. An English jurist, pro- fe or of laws at Downing College, Cambridge, and chief justice of the Isle of Ely. treaty of Brömsebro in 1645 the war which had been waged against Denmark since 1643, and contrary to the advice of Oxenstierna hastened the conclusion of peace in Germany. Having in 1649 secured the election of her cousin Charles Gustavus as her succe or, she abdicated the throne in 1654, and shortly after embraced the Roman Catholic faith. She eventually settled in Rome, where she patronized men of letters and science, and collected a library which was purchased after her death by Pope Alexander VIII. Christina, Maria. See Maria Christina. Christine de Pisan (krēs-tēn' dė pē-zon'). Born at Venice about 1363: died after 1431. A writer of Italian parentage (daughter of Thomas de Pisan, councilor of the Venetian republic and astrologer of Charles V.), edu in Paris. She wrote "Le livre des faicts et bonnes moeurs de Charles V.," and many poems. Christ i nos. See Cristinos. Christ is on (kris'ti-son), Sir Robert. Born July 18, 1797: died Jan. 23, 1882. A noted Scottish physician. He was profe or of medical jurisprudence Christmas Carol, The and count of Holstein 1460, and founded the University of Copenhagen June 1, 1479. at Edinburgh 1822-32, and of materia medic a and therapeutics 1832-77. He received a baronetcy in 1871. Chupas Charles Dickens, which appeared in 1843. Christmas Island (kris'mas i'land). 1. A small island in the Pacific, in lat. 1° 57′N., long. 157° 28′ W. It is a British po e ion.-2. A small island in the Indian Ocean, about lat. 10° 31' S., long. 105° 33′E. It is a British po e ion. Chris top he, stop he, or Cris top he (kres-tof'), Henri. Born Oct. 6, 1767: died Oct. 8, 1820. A negro of Haiti. He took part in the revolution of 1790, and became the most trusted general of To us saint Louverture, serving against the French. Subsequently he commanded under Des salines in the black republic of northern Haiti, and succeeded him in 1806. War with Pétion followed during several years. In 1811 Chris top he was proclaimed king of Haiti, and was crowned June 2 as Henri I. His wars with the republic of the south, and rebellions caused by his tyranny, brought about his downfall. Attacked by the rebels, he shot himself at Port au Prince. Christopher (kris'to-fer), Saint. [L. Chris to phorus , Gr. Χριστοφόρος , Christ-bearer; It. Cristoforo, F. Chris top he , Sp. Cristóval , Pg. Chris tovão , G. Chris toph .] A martyr of the 3d century. He is said to have lived in Syria, and to have been of prodigious height and strength. As a penance for having been a servant of the devil, he devoted himself to the task of carrying pilgrims acro a river where there was no bridge. Christ came to the river one day in the form of a child and asked to be carried over, but his weight grew heavier and heavier till his bearer was nearly broken down in the midst of the stream. When they reached the shore, "Marvel not," said the child, "for with me thou hast borne the sins of all the world." Chris to pher is usually represented as bearing the infant Christ leaning upon great staff. The Roman and AngliChurch on May 9. can churches celebrate his festival on July 25; the Greek Christopulos (kris-top'ö-los), A than as ios. Born at Kastoria, European Turkey, 1772: died in Wall a chia, Jan. 29, 1847. A Greek lyric poet. His lyrics were published in Paris 1833 and 1841. Christ's College (krists kol'ej). A college of the University of Cambridge, England, founded in 1505 by Margaret, counte of Richmond. The Tudor arms remain over the gateway, but the build. ings were renovated in the 18th century. The gardens Christ's Hospital. A celebrated school in New gate street, London, known as the Blue Coat School from the ancient dre of the scholars, which is still retained. It was founded by Edward VI. on the site of the monastery of Gray Friars, given by Henry VIII. to the city near ar the end of his reign for the relief of the poor. The gift was confirmed by Edward VI. just before his death. Walford , London. are celebrated for their beauty. Christy (kris'ti), Henry. Born at Kingston on the Thames, July 26, 1810: died at La Pali e, France, May 4, 1865. An English ethnologist, noted especially for his exploration of the caves in the valley of the Vézère, in southern France. He began the preparation of a work containing the results of his investigations, which was completed, after his death, by M. Lartet and Profe or Rupert-Jones, under the title "Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ: being Contributions to the Archæology and Palæontology of Périgord and the adjacent Provinces of Southern France." Chrodegang (kro'de-gang), or Godegrand (gō'de-gränd), Saint. Died at Metz, March 6, 766. A bishop of Metz. He was a native of Has bania (Belgian Limburg), and was descended from a distinguished family among the Ripuarian Franks. He was appointed bishop of Metz by Pepin the Short in 742, conducted the Pope on a journey from Rome to Gaul in 753, and in 764 brought from Rome the relics which had been presented by the Pope to the churches and monasteries of Gaul. He is the author of the "Vita Canonic a," a rule borrowed in part from that of St. Benedict, and of which there are two versions-an older one intended for the cathedral of Metz, and a more recent one, intended for the church in general. Chronicle of Paros. An important Greek historical inscription found in the island of Paros, and now preserved among the A run deli an marbles at Oxford. It extended originally from the mythical reign of Cecrops, king of Athens, taken as B. 0. 1582, to the archonship of Diogenetus, B. C. 264; but the end is now lost, and the surviving part extends only to B. C. 355. The chronicle embraces an outline of Greek history, with especial attention to festivals, poetry, and music. Politi cal and military events are le carefully recorded, many of importance being omitted entirely. Chronicle of the Cid. See Cid . Chronicle of the Kings of England from the Time of the Romans' Government unto the Death of King James. The principal work of Sir Richard Baker. It was published in 1643, and its popularity is attested by its many editions, a ninth appearing in 1696. It was continued by another to the time of George I., and i ued in 1730. Chronicles (kron'i-klz). Two books of the Old Testament, supplementary to the books of Kings. They formed originally one book, the division into two having been made for convenience in the LXX. The name Chronic a (Eng. Chronicles), which is given in some copies of the Vulgate, appears to date from Jerome. In the LXX they are called παραλειπομένα ('omitted things), and in the Hebrew "Journals" or diaries. They probably consist of materials which may have been in collected by Ezra, and were revised about the second half of the 4th century B. C. by another, probably a Levite. gate.] A collection of stories by Sir Walter 1849. Scott. The first series, published in 1827, includes "The Chuana (chwä'nä). A Bantu nation of South Highland Widow," "Two Drovers," and "The Surgeon's Daughter." The second series ("The Fair Maid of Perth) was published in 1828. The tales are supposed to be narrated by Mr. Chrystal Croft angry, to whom they are told by