Haiduk (hiduk)

[Hung. hajduk, drovers.] A name given to the halberdiers of the Hungarian nobles and attendants in German courts; formerly a mercenary foot-soldier in Hungary. Hair, Manufactures of. ( Manuf .) The subject here named is one of wide application, since it includes all textile woollen manufactures, the employment of wool, fur, and hair, in the manufacture of hats and other felted goods, the treatment of fur covered skins to adapt them for articles of dre , the handling of alpaca, bristles, etc., all of which come under the designation of hair. These, however, are treated under their respective heads, and we shall confine ourselves to the manufactures of hair, as ordinarily so-called. HUMAN HAIR. There is a considerable trade in human hair, large supplies of it being obtained from Europe, India, and China, that obtained from Asia being coarse, that from the north of Europe light in color, and that from southern France and Italy dark. The market value of this material depends largely on its length. In the English market hair 8 inches long brings about 1 s. per ounce, while if 3 feet in length, 30 times this price is sometimes paid. The price is also modified by color; pure golden, for instance, bringing more than ordinary colors, while hair from living persons is considered much more valuable than that from the dead. Human hair is worked into watchguards, bracelets, brooches, etc., and is also employed to hide the ravages of age, in the form of wigs or partial coverings for baldne . HORSE-HAIR. This material is used to a great extent in manufacture, large quantities being obtained from Ru ia, South America, and elsewhere, and smaller supplies from the combings of horses' manes and tails. About $2,500,000 worth is imported annually into the U. S., and $300,000 or $400,000 exported. The most HALE the hair of the mane being inferior in quality. The former is known as "hard," the latter as "soft" hair, and the terms "live" and "dead" are employed to designate hair taken from living or dead animals. Live hair commands the best price, while the best hair is that obtained from wild horses. As regards color, white is in most demand, from its adaptation to dyeing in bright tints. Horse hair is sorted according to length, color, and quality. It is then usually washed in warm soap baths and in slightly heated water containing lime and potash. Then (except the white) it is pa ed through a bath of dye, principally of logwood. The white is subjected to a bleaching proce . Short horse-hair is used for stuffing chairs, sofas, ., and for this purpose is often mixed with cowand pig-hair, the three being incorporated in machines and cleared of dust by beating and screening. The hair is then "curled" by a proce of twisting, the curl being preserved by damping and heating. For inferior stuffing, vegetable fibers are mixed with hair. Long hair is chiefly used in the manufacture of hair-cloth, for which purpose it is usually dyed black. The warp is formed of strong linen or cotton twist, and the weft of hair-whose length determines the width, since the weft is composed of single hairs. The weaving was long performed by a hand loom, until this was superseded by a power loom invented by Isaac Lindsley, of Pawtucket, R. I. In this machine an arm or rod, made to operate like a finger and thumb, grasps the hairs as they are presented by a picker which takes them up one by one from a bench. In modifications of this loom the thick and thin ends of the hairs are taken up succe ively by the picker. In weaving hair-cloth only the hair appears on the surface, the warp being hidden. In some special fabrics both warp and weft are made of hair. Horse-hair is also worked up into crinoline for ladies' bonnets, cords for carriages, materials for cigar cases, fishing lines, ., and has also been employed as a carpet-making material, short hair being used in this instance, woven as a yarn. These carpets are very durable, and well suited for office use. COW-HAIR. This material is largely used for the purpose of binding plaster for the internal walls of houses, in the manufacture of roofing and other felts, and is mixed with horse-hair for upholstery purposes and with wool for common blankets, rugs, . It is obtained in considerable quantities from tanneries. CAMEL-HAIR is obtained from the legs, necks and humps of both species of camel, that from the Arabian camel being fine and light colored, that from the Bactrian camel coarser and darker. Young camels yield the finest hair. In Asiatic countries it is woven into soft, warm and desirable cloth for clothing, and is also made into carpets, tent-cloths, . It is also sent in considerable quantity to Europe and America for carpet making and mixing with wool, while the finer kinds are made into warm clothing. What are known as camel's-hair brushes are really made from the tail of the sable or squirrel. Goat-hair. Cheap carpets and other fabrics are made from the hair of the common goat, while that of the Angora or Mohair goat is a very important material in textile industries, as also is the fine wool which forms part of the fleece of the Cashmere goat.- Pig's hair is principally used for making brushes, while even elephant's hair is turned to use, a native bracelet being made from it by some tribes in Nyas sal and.