Brianchons Theorem

( Math.) In conic sections, the reciprocal of Pascal's theorem, first given by its discoverer, M. Brian chon, in the Journal de l'École Poly technique, cah. 13. It is thus enunciated: "The three diagonals of every hexagon circumscribed to a conic meet in a point, and may be easily deduced from the unharmonic properties of conics. By allowing two or more sides to coincide, numerous useful corollaries may be deduced." Briançon, (bre'an- sawng .) a strongly fortified town of France, dep. Hautes Alpes, cap. of an arrond., on the Durance, 50 m. E.S.E. of Grenoble. This is the highest town in France, being 4,280 feet above the level of the From its commanding a practicable defile, leading sea "If a man be covetous, profits or bribes may put him to the test."-L'Estrange. Bribe, v. a. To give or promise a bribe to; to bestow by reward or hire for a bad purpose; as, to bribe a voter. "The great, 'tis true, can still th' electing tribe; The bard may supplicate, but cannot bribe ." Prologue to Good-natured Man. -To gain over by bribes. "How powerful are chaste vows! the wind and tide You brib'd to combat on the English side."-Dryden. a bribe. -v. i. To give a bribe to a person; to seek to corrupt by Bribe'le , a. Without being bribed; innocent of bribe. "From thence to heaven's bribe le hall."- Raleigh . Brib'er, n. One who gives bribes; he who bribes another. "Affection is still a briber of the judgment."- South . Bribery, n. The act or practice of giving or taking bribes. (Hist. and Law.) This form of corruption is mentioned several times in the Bible, and is forbidden. ( Deut . xvi. 19.) It prevailed extensively among most ancient nations. When Ergocles was convicted of having embezzled 30 talents, and payment was demanded of his friend Phi loc rates, his party openly boasted of having bribed 2,100 jurymen at Athens. B. prevailed to a fearful extent in Rome, and existed in various forms during the Middle Ages. - B. is an offence against public justice, and is committed when a judge or other person concerned in the administration of justice, takes any undue reward to influence his behavior in his office. -B. at elections for members of Parliament in Great Britain has always been held a crime at common law, and punishable by indictment or information. An attempt to bribe, even though unsucce ful, has been held to be criminal, and the offender may be indicted. In the U. States similar statutory provisions have been enacted.-"Judicial purity has been generally maintained in this country, but all penalties against improper influence at elections, and upon members of legislativo bodies, have been ineffectual, here and abroad." Bribery-oath, n. In England, an oath taken by a voter to make a urance that he has not been bribed. Bribe'-worthy, a . Worth the expense of bribing. Bric-à-brac, ( brik - a - brak ,) n. [Fr.] Knick-knacks, old things, curiosities, fancy ware, old china, . Brick, ( brik ,) n. [Fr. brique , from Celt. brig , baked earth.] A ma of clay-earth, sometimes mixed with coal ashes, chalk, and other substances, and then moulded into a rectangular form, which in the U. States varies in size in the different States, running from 734 to 81/3 inches in length, 4 to 41% in width, and from 24 to 21⁄2 in thickne . B. have been used in building from a very early period; the Tower of Babel was a structure of B. , and the imposing edifices of Nineveh and Babylon, reared on huge mounds of many acres in extent, also some of the pyramids of Egypt, were built of the same material. The Greeks and Romans also used B. in many of their public works; and it is probable, from the inscriptions stamped on those of Babylon, and the various marks on those of Greece and Rome, that all were formed in moulds before they were hardened by the sun or fire. One peculiarity to be noticed with respect to the Roman B. , is that they are but a little thicker than an ordinary tile, and longer and wider than ours. B. were little used during the med iæval period, although it is to that time that we owe the introduction of glazed B. for ornamental work. For the last 300 years B. have been extensively used in Europe, particularly in districts where clay is plentiful, and it is difficult and expensive to procure stone. There are many different kinds of B. , which may be divided into three cla es, as follows:-1. Bricks used for walling; 2. Fire - bricks ; and 3. Clinkers , or Paving Bricks. There are two methods of burning B. for walling, and they are accordingly called kiln- burnt B. , or clamp - burnt B. The latter B. are the most common, and are generally known as "common B. " They are made of coarse stiff clay, which requires sand to be mixed with it to allow it to be worked with facility. These B. are burnt in clamps or stacks of 500,000 to IMG:content-0748.jpg:[graphic] IMG:content-0749.jpg:[blocks in formation] (From Rosellini's "Paintings of Egypt.") 1,000,000 in number, with the fuel interspersed among them, that every B. may be thoroughly exposed to the action of the fire. If the fire is too strong, it causes the B. to fuse and run together, and form hard irregular ma es, called clinkers ; but if the fire is not strong enough, the B. turn out to be soft, and therefore unfit for building purposes. About one-tenth of every clamp is lost by the unequal action of the fire and breakage. When the clamp is sufficiently baked, the B. are divided into cla es known as cutters , fine close-grained B. , rather soft, and better suited for work in which the B. require cutting; picked stocks, B. of a uniform red tint; paviours , hard B. fit for paving: common stocks , or ordinary B .; grizzles , or soft B .; and burrs . The B. also vary in color, according to the degree of heat to which they were exposed. Kiln-baked B. , also called malm B. , are made of a finer clay, which contains a considerable quantity of carbonate of lime; for which reason great care is taken to prevent the air getting to the B. while they are baking, for this would cause the lime to pa into a caustic state; and, when exposed to the action of the atmosphere, it would absorb moisture, which would cause it to swell and burst the B. in pieces. These malms are slowly burnt in kilns; they are better for ornamental purposes, being of a pretty buff color, but they are not so durable as the common B. From 20,000 to 30,000 are baked at Fire- B . are made of clay containing a considerable quantity of silicate of alumina, and as free as po ible from lime, in any form, or iron. The clay is carefully prepared, and the B. are exposed to an intense heat in kilns, as they are required for building up furnaces, and other purposes, for which it is nece ary that they should be able to withstand the action of fire. Paving B. are made of clay which contains a great amount of silica, that fuses when the bricks are burnt, and causes them to become very hard. The B. of the Egyptian and Babylonian builders, above spoken of, were largely sun dried, this being the case to a minor extent in Egypt, and almost wholly in the Babylonian and A yrian structures, the scarcity of fuel in this region rendering the proce of brick-burning much too costly. Yet some of the most ancient Babylonian terraces, such as those at Warka and Mugheir, are faced with brilliantly colored glazed bricks, showing a considerable development of the brick making art at a very remote date. The great mounds erected were provided with carefully constructed drains to save them from ruin by the action of infiltrated rain-water. But subsequent ages of neglect gave full sway to disintegration by water, and these enormous structures are now reduced to hills of clay, within which invaluable antiquities are for once. made in cubic, hexagonal, and other shapes, and are intended for building walls of plant houses and winter gardens, though their useful qualities have brought them into favorable consideration for house building purposes. For this they would have several advantages, their non-conducting properties keeping out the cold in winter and the heat in summer, while they would freely admit the light although opaque to vision.Special shapes. For building purposes many forms of B. are made, among which may be mentioned the interlocking shape designed by Kleinberger in 1896 (Fig. 419), the purpose of which is to impart additional firmne to the walls thus composed. The engraving represents a portion of the corner of a wall in which these bricks are used, the smaller figure showing a sectional view of bricks thus laid to break joints. Upon both the upper and lower faces of the bricks are rece es and projections or nipples, the latter being ordinarily made to extend a slight distance above the plane of the margin of the brick. These interlocking bricks are designed to tie themselves together in such a way that the wall cannot be sprung outward or cracked.- Brick -making machines. The old hand manufacture of B. has now been very largely replaced by the use of machines, which at once make a more shapely and a cheaper brick. Several such machines have been invented, each with some feature to recommend it. There are two general cla es of B. machines, one in which a continuous stream of clay is forced from the pug-mill (or mixing hopper) in a continuous stream, and afterwards cut into the proper lengths by knives or wires which make a smooth transverse cut acro the slab. In the second cla the clay is expre ed into molds moving under the nozzle of the pug-mill. This latter cla has several varieties, based on the arrangement of the molds, they being borne on wheels or cylinders having varied motions-linked into an endle belt or otherwise arranged. The clay being shovelled into the hopper of the machine is cut by a series of revolving knives and thoroughly mixed so as to form a homogeneous ma , and at the same time is pre ed forward to the orifice of the mill. In a machine of the first cla , IMG:content-0750.jpg:[graphic][subsumed][subsumed] Fig. 420.-GERDING AND HARRISON'S BRICK MACHINE. of which a typical example is the Chambers machine, the clay is urged into a chamber, where it is at once forced onward and compre ed by the gradually diminishing space. The orifice of the die holder, into which the clay enters, is of the shape of the end of a brick, and the die is made hollow to admit the entrance of steam, whose action much facilitates the flow of the clay. The cutting into proper lengths of the steadily advancing stream of compre ed clay is alone needed to complete the proce , the bricks thus formed being carried away on an endle belt, whence they are taken by hand and finally prepared for burning. Of the second cla the Morand machine is a typical example. This consists of two pug-mills, a horizontal revolving mold-board, and an "oft-bearing" belt. The clay and water being put into the horizontal mill, a spirally arranged set of knives thoroughly mix and temper it, and force it forward to the end, where it descends into the vertical mill. Here again it is exposed to the action of cutting and mixing knives, the double pugging giving it a high degree of plasticity and homogeneity. Under the vertical mill, and in contact with its lower end, there revolves continuously the horizontal mold-table, on whose periphery eight molds are placed, near each other, at equal distances. The clay is forced downward through a slot in the bottom of the mill, and fills each mold in succe ion as they pa below. Each mold then pa es under a pre ure plate, which confines the clay on top, while a movable plate which fills the bottom of the mold is forced up into it by pa ing over a revolving cam on a shaft below. This compre es the brick, while the air and exce clay are forced through a small circular aperture in the pre ure plate. As the mold pa es on, a second cam lifts the brick up to the level of the top of the mold table, where it is pushed off automatically to an off carrying belt. From this belt the bricks are taken, sanded, hand-pre ed, put on cars, and conveyed to the drying ovens, all being done within a few minutes after the crude clay has been introduced into the mill. The principle adopted in this machine is employed in various others, differing in method of action, yet each producing similar results. The product of such machines is large, that of the Morand machine being from 20,000 to 24,000 bricks per ten hours, while the IMG:content-0751.png:[blocks in formation] were arranged in parallel jointed arches, whose axes Brickley, in Mi i ippi , a post-office of Jackson co. were perpendicular to the sides of the kiln. The fire Brick'maker, n . One whose trade it is to make bricks. was started gently near the outer walls and worked in Brick Meeting House, in Maryland , a township gradually near the centre, care being taken not to force of Cecil co. it too rapidly. In another method the fire began in the Brick Mill, in Tenne ee, a post-office of Blount co. centre and worked out toward the sides. Again, it Brick'-nogging, n. ( Building . ) Brickwork carried pa ed up a central flue and drawn through the bricks up and filled in between timber framing. arranged around it, being then drawn into a chimney Bricks'borough, in New Jersey, a village of Cum- or flue. The kiln in this case was annular in shape. berland co., on Maurice River, 14 m. S.E. of Bridge ton. Bricks are also burned in England in "clamps," or piles Bricks burgh, in New Jersey, a P.O. of Ocean co. without protecting walls, the fuel being placed in layers Bricks'ville, in Ohio , a post-office of Cuyahoga co. Brick'-tea, n . A preparation of tea-leaves made by saturating the fresh leaves with fat, or with an alkaline solution, and pre ing them into large cakes like tiles. It is used throughout Thibet and Mongolia. cooling must be allowed to proceed very slowly, great care being taken to lute up the doors of the fire-chambers and ash-pits, and other openings, since if a current of cold air should penetrate to the interior, it would injure, and might ruin, the bricks with which it came into contact. -Bricks taken collectively; a you sand of brick . -A loaf shaped like a brick. -A term used colloquially in a cant sense, to denote a good fellow; an excellent friend; as, he's a regular brick . -v. a. To lay with bricks; as, to brick a wall. Brick'-trimmer, n. ( Building .) A brick arch abut- ting upon the wooden trimmer under the slab of a fire- place, to prevent the communication of fire. Brick'-trowel, n. ( Building . ) A tool used for taking up mortar and spreading it along the wall, to cement the bricks, . together. Brick'ville, in Illinois , a village of Morgan co., 26 m. W. by S. of Springfield. Brick'-work, n. A structure formed of bricks. Brick'y, n. Formed of, or belonging to, bricks. (R.) Brick'-yard, n. A place or enclosure where bricks Bricole', n. [Fr.] ( Mil .) Men's harne for dragging guns when horses are not available. Bricquebec, ( breek'bek , ) a town of France, dep. La Manche, cap. of a cant., 8. m. W.S.W. of Valognes. Рор . 4,365. Brid'al, a . Belonging to a bride, or to a wedding; nup- tial; connubial; as, a bridal -day. -To make a pa age or road by a bridge, or bridges. Bridge'-board, n. ( Arch .) A board on which the ends of the steps of wooden stairs are fastened. Some- times called notch -board. Bridge'borough, in N. Jersey , a post-village of Bur- lington co., on Rancocas Creek, 12 m. E.N.E. of Camden. Bridge Creek, in Georgia , flowing into Ocklockonee River, in Thomas co. Bridged-gutters, n. pl . ( Carp .) Gutters made with boards supported by bearers, and covered over with lead. Bridge hampton, in Michigan , a township of Sani- lac co. Bridge hampton, in New York , a post-village of Suffolk co., 20 m. W. of Montauk Point. Bridge'-head, n. [Fr. tête -de-pont.] ( Mil .) A fortifi- cation designed for the defence of a bridge, built either to secure the bridge from the sudden attack of an enemy, and then forming an e ential portion of the regular works constructed for the defence of any town; or, thrown up hastily to secure the retreat of an army acro a river, and to enable a small body of defenders to hold the enemy in check until the retreat has been safely effected, and means have been taken to de- stroy the bridge by which the pa age has been made. The common form of a B. is a breastwork open in the rear, offering a salient angle to the attacking force; sometimes it is formed by bastions regularly con- nected by curtains, or by a series of redoubts. The army in retreat should gain the bridge by openings in the breastwork, which should be placed in the re-enter- ing angles, if the work be of sufficient extent, and pro- tected by a cro -fire from opposite faces of the fortifi- cation, and a direct fire from traverses in the interior. The most favorable position for a B. , or tête -du - pont , as it is generally called, is when the bridge which it is in- tended to defend is situated at a re-entering bend of the river, or where the river forms an arc, having the chord "Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright, The bridal of the earth and sky." - Herbert. IMG:content-0752.png:[ocr errors] Eridal Veil Falls, in California . See POHONO. Bride, n. [A. S. bryd ; Frisian, breid ; O. Ger. brût ; Ger. braut; Icel. bruda ; W. briduw , a solemn adjuration.] woman newly married; a recently espoused woman. "To Germany, what owe we not besides? So oft bestowing Brunswick ers and brides." - Byron. Brick'-clay, n. A common variety of clay adapted to the making of bricks. Many mixtures and combinations of silicate of alumina with silica, iron, and alkaline earths are available; but the best kinds contain little of the -A woman espoused, or contracted to be married. latter materials, as they are apt to cause the bricks to melt and run together into a kind of gla in the kiln. co. Cork, and after flowing E. for 25 m. joins the Black- water, in Water ford co., 8 m. N. of Youghal. -Another river, co. Cork, joining the Lee, near Cork city, after a course of 11 m. Bride'-ale, n. A rustic bridal festival. (Prov. English.) Haven, 54 S.W. of Hartford, and 58 N.E. of New York. that most clays contain. The clay in the vicinity of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is remarkably free from iron, and the bricks made of it are of an agreeable straw color, with no tinge of redne . These are so highly valued, Bride'-bed, n . The nuptial bed. that they are transported even to New York city. "To the best bride - bed will we, Which by us shall ble ed be." - Shaks. IMG:content-0753.png:[blocks in formation] "As are those dulcet sounds in break of day, That creep into the dreaming bridegroom's ear, And summon him to marriage." - Shaks . Bride'-maid, Brides'-maid, n. A woman who at tends upon a bride at a wedding. Brick land in Virginia, a post office of Lunenburg co, Bride-man, Brides-man, n. A man who attends Bricklayer, n. One who builds with bricks; a brick-Brides burg, in Pennsylvania , a suburb of the city IMG:content-0754.png:[blocks in formation] of Philadelphia, on the Delaware River, at the mouth of Frank ford Creek. A U. States arsenal is situated here. Bride'-stake, n . A hole or post set in the ground to dance around at a wedding festival; as, "Round about the bride -stake." - Ben Jonson. Bride'well, n . A house of correction for offenders is commonly so called in England. The name is derived from the ancient London house of correction, originally a hospital founded by Edward VI. on the site of St. Bride's Well , in Black friars, a well-known object of pilgrimage in Roman Catholic times. The original B. is under the control of the Lord Mayor, and used as a receptacle for vagrants, ., within the jurisdiction of the city. IMG:content-0755.png:[blocks in formation] B. has a flourishing coasting trade, and once had con- sider able busine in the whale fisheries.- Manf . Articles of bra and aluminium, hardware, sewing-machines, Black Rock harbor is a favorite stopping place for yachting squadrons and has sufficient depth of water for large ve els. Pop . 1890, 48,866; 1897, estimated, 60,000. Bridge'port, in Illinois , a village of Greene co., on the Illinois River, 15 m. N.W. of Carroll ton. -A post-village of Lawrence co., 14 m. W. of Vincennes. Bridge'port, in Indiana , a village of Elkhart co. - A prosperous village of Harrison co., on the Ohio River, 130 m. S. of Indianapolis. Boat-building is extensively pursued here. -A post-village of Marion co., 9 m. W.S.W. of India napolis. -A village of Perry co. IMG:content-0756.png:[blocks in formation] Bridge'port, in Ohio , a flourishing post-village of Belmont county, on the Ohio river, opposite Wheeling. _ A village of Montgomery co., 10 m. S.S.W. of Dayton. Bridge'port, in Oregon , a post-village of Baker co. Bridge'port, in Pennsylvania , a thriving borough of Bridge port township, Fayette co., on the Monongahela River, 40 m. S. of Pittsburg. -A village of Clear field co. -A village of Franklin co., 12 m. W. by S. of Chambers burg. -A post-borough of Montgomery co., on the Schuylkill River, opposite Norristown. Bridge'port, in West Virginia , a post-village of Har rison co., 5 m. E. of Clarksburg. Bridge'port, in Wisconsin , a village of Brown co., on Bridge'water, in Michigan , a post-township of Wash the Neenah or Fox River, at the mouth of Plum Creek. tenaw co., 18 m. N. by E. of Adrian. -A post-village of Crawford co., on the Wisconsin River, Bridge'water, in Minnesota, a township of Rice 8 m. S.E. of Prairie du Chien. Bridge'port Centre, in Michigan, a post-office of Saginaw co. Bridge Prairie, in Illinois , a township of St. Clair co. Bridge'-stone, n. ( Arch .) A stone laid from the pavement to the entrance-door of a house, over a sunk area, and supported by an arch. Bridget, (St.,) ( brid'jet , ) or ST. BRIDE, a Roman Catholic saint, native of Ireland, who flourished in the end of the 5th and beginning of the 6th centuries, and was renowned for her beauty. To escape the temptations to which this dangerous gift exposed her, as well as the offers of marriage with which she was annoyed, county. Bridge'water, in New Jersey, a township of Somerset co., containing Somerville, the co. seat. Bridge water, in New Hampshire , a post-township of Grafton co., 48 m. N. by W. of Concord. Bridge water, in North Carolina , a P. O. of Burke co. Bridge water, in New York , a post-village and town- ship of Oneida co., 15 m. 8. of Utica. Bridge water, in Ohio , a post-township of Williams co., 30 m. N.N.W. of Defiance. Bridge water, in Pennsylvania , a borough of Beaver co., on the Ohio River, near the mouth of Beaver River, 28 m. N.W. of Pittsburg. she prayed God to make her ugly. Her prayer was -A post-office of Bucks co. granted, and she retired from the world, founded the -A village of Mercer co. monastery of Kildare, and devoted herself to the educa--A township of Susquehanna co. tion of young girls. Her day falls on the 1st of Feb. Bridge water, in Vermont, a post-township of Wind She was regarded as one of the three great saints of Ireland, the others being St. Patrick and St. Columba . She was held in great reverence in Scotland, and was regarded by the Doug lases as their tutelary saint. Under the name of Sisters of St B., an order was founded in 1803. by Dr. Delany, bishop of Kildare, and afterwards approved by Gregory XVI. It was named after St. Bridget. The rule embraces three vows- poverty , chastity, and obedience ; and the sisters specially direct themselves to the education of girls. Bridge'ton, in Indiana, a post-village of Parke co., on Racoon Creek, 10 m. S.E. of Rockville. Bridge'ton, in Maine , a post-township of Cumber land co., 35 m. N.W. of Portland, po e ing many tanueries and saw-mills. Bridge'ton, in Michigan , a post-village and township of Newaygo co., on the Muskeg on River, 34 m. N.N.W. of Grand Rapids, Bridge'ton, in Mi ouri, a post-village of St. Louis co., 15 m. N.W. of St. Louis. Bridge'ton, in New Jersey, a flourishing city and port of entry, cap. of Cumber land co., situate on both sides of Cohansey Creek, 20 m. from its embouchure into Delaware Bay, 60 m. S.S.W. of Trenton, and 40 S. of Philadelphia. It is a neatly built town, with a considerable shipping trade, and po e ing manufactures of iron, gla , nails, woolens, . Pop . (1897), abt. 12,500. sor co., watered by the Queechy River, 52 m. S. of Montpelier. Soapstone and iron ore are abundantly found here. Bridge water, in Virginia , a post-village of Rocking ham co., on the North River, an arm of the Shenandoah, 125 m. N.W. of Richmond. Bridgʻing-floors, n. pl . ( Building .) Floors in which bridging-joists are used.