temporal (1), temp or all, temporell

& s. [O. Fr. temporal, from Lat. temporal is = temporal, from temp us gen it. temp or is ) time, season, opportunity; Sp. & Port. temporal ; French temporel ; Ital. temporale .] A. As adjective: I. Ordinary Language: IMG:content-0891.png:[blocks in formation] temporal-power, s. Church History: 1. The power which the Pope exercised as sover eign of the States of the Church. [TIARA.] Pius VII. was partially deprived of his dominions by Napoleon I. in 1797, and entirely in 1808. The Pope replied by a bull of excommunication; he was then arrested and kept a close prisoner in France till the fall of Napoleon in 1814, when he was reinstated in the government of an undiminished territory. The temporal power was again attacked in 1848, when Pius IX. was driven from Rome, and a republic was established by Mazzini and Garibaldi. In 1849 General Oudinot was sent by Louis Napoleon, President of the French Republic, to Rome, and his army drove out the revolutionists and brought the Pope back. For ten years the Pope's power was not attacked, but Cavour (1809-1861) was working steadily for a "United Italy," and in 1870 Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, took po e ion of the Papal territory, leaving the Pope only the Vatican. An annual dotation of 2,000,000 lire was guaranteed to him by the Italian parliament, but he has never accepted it. (The Syllabus, § ix. deals with "Errors concerning the Roman Pontiff 's civil princedom.") "The Popes have not ceased to declare, on all fitting occasions, that the preservation of their temporal inde in contest to the free and full exercise of their spiritual authority. It has been argued that the rais on d'être of the temporal power has ceased in modern times, because the lay power has ceased to be, as it often was in the middle ages, arb i. trary, corrupt, violent, and ill-informed, but on the contrary is administered on fixed and equitable principles which ensure equal justice for all."-Addis & Arnold: Cath. Dict ., p. 774. 2. The power exercised by the Popes in the middle ages of excommunicating, and after excommunication deposing or procuring the deposition of a sov ereign who had fallen into heresy. According to Addis & Arnold ( Cath . Dict . , p. 257), "The common opinion teaches that the Pope holds the power of both swords, the spiritual and the temporal, which jurisdiction and power Christ himself committed to Peter and his succe ors (Matt. xvi. 19). contrary opinion is held to savor of heresy." But The IMG:content-0892.png:[blocks in formation] Anat.: The upper portion of the space bridged over by the zygomatic or malar arch.