SAYCE, ARCHIBALD, D. D

(the English comparative philologist and orientalist), was born in 1846. Ho became a fellow and tutor at Queen's College, Oxford, and, in 1878, was appointed deputy Profe or of Comparative Philology under Max M filler. He was also a member of the Old Testament Revision Committee, and was Hibbert Lecturer in 1887. He wrote “Principles of Comparative Philology," “Ancient Empires of the East,” “ A yrian Grammar,” etc. has C for its key-note or tonic. The diatonic scale is that which ascends by five tones and two semitones, and the chromatic that which ascends only by semitones. In the Tonic Sol-Fa system, so much used, the notes of any scale are called do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti, do, which forms the complete octave, from keynote to key-note. It is a most useful method in sight-reading. born in 1540 at Agen. He went to Paris in 1559 to study Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, Persian, and most modem European languages. Having become a Protestant he retired to Geneva after the ma acre of St. Bartholomew, but returned in 1574. In 1593 he was appointed to the Chair of Polite Literature in the University of Leyden. His most important work was " De Emend at i one Temporum.” in 1610. He became an invalid at the age of thirty, and was pensioned by the Queen and Mazarin, but his hostility to the latter and his writings in favour of the ‘ Fronde,’ lost him both patrons. In 1652 he married Francoise d’Aubign6, afterwards Madame de Main ten on. He wrote “ Roman Comique,” “ Jodelet ’’ (a play), etc. doctrin'es of the Pyrrhonists, Greek philosophers who denied the po ibility of knowing anything with certainty. The founders of the Middle Academy. Arcesilaus (315-241 B.C.) and Carneades (213-129 B.C.) employed this philosophy of doubt against the dogmatism of the Stoics. In later times Al-Ghazzali (1059-1111) taught, at Baghdad, a philosophical scepticism to enforce the truth of his Muhammedan doctrine, and among modem sceptics may be mentioned Montaigne, D’Alembert, and Hume. pher, was born in 1775. His studies were guided mainly by Fichte. In 1803 he became Profe or of Philosophy at Wurzburg; he lectured at Erlangen in 1820-26, and in 1827 became a profe or at Munich, whence he was called to Berlin in 1841. He defined positive philosophy as being not to prove the existence of God from the idea of God but, from the facts of existence, to prove the divinity of; the existent. He wrote " Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature,” “ The Soul of the World,” “System of Transcendental Idealism," etc. was born in 17^9. He first attended the military monastic school founded by Charles, Duke of Wurtemberg, then he studied medicine, being eventually appointed physician to a regiment in •Stuttgart. In 1781 he published “ Die Riiuber ” (The Robbers), which excited much attention. In 1783 he settled at Mannheim, as poet to the theatre, and he wrote “ Fiasco,” " Cabale,” and “Liebe.” In 1787 “ Don Carlos” appeared, and in 1788 a " History of the Revolt of the Netherlands.” Wiel and, Herder, and Goethe then procured for him a Profe orship of Philosophy at Jena, where he lectured, and published historical “ Memoirs from the Twelfth Century to the Most Recent Times ” and in 1790-3 his “ History of the Thirty Years' War.”; From 1799 he published