Punderpur

See Panderpur. Punic Wars, or Cart hag in i an Wars. The three wars waged between Rome and Carthage. The first began in 264 B. C. Its nominal cause was the interference of the Romans in behalf of the Mamertines (besieged in Me an a, Sicily, by Hiero of Syracuse). The leading events were the following: naval battles of Mylæ and Ecnomus; unsucce ful invasion of Africa by Regulus; battles of Panormus and Drepanum; campaigns of Hamilcar in Sicily; final Roman victory (ending the war) at the Ægates 241 B. C. By the peace Carthage ceded western Sicily and paid a large indemnity. The seat of war was Sicily, Africa, and the Mediterranean. The second war conquest of Saguntum (ally of Rome) in 219. It was B. C. Its immediate cause was Hannibal's carried on in Spain, Italy, Sicily, and Africa. The following were the leading events: Hannibal's invasion of Italy after cro ing the Alps in 218; battles of Ticino, Trebbia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannæ; campaigns in Spain; conquest of Syracuse by Mar cell us; invasion of Italy by Hasdrubal, defeated at the Metaurus; final defeat of Hannibal at Zama in 202. By the peace, 201 B. C., Carthage ceded po e ions in Spain and the Mediterranean, and paid a heavy tribute; Numidia became an ally of Rome; and the Cart hag in i an fleet was reduced. The chief commanders were Hannibal for Carthage and Scipio African us and Fabius Maximus for Rome. The third war began in 149 B. C. Its cause was the attack by Carthage on Ma ini a. Carthage was besieged by land and sea by the younger Scipio African us, and was taken and destroyed in 146. Its territory was divided between Rome and Numidia. Punitz (pö'nits). A town in the province of Posen, Pru ia, 44 miles south of Posen. Near it, in 1704, the Swedes under Charles XII. defeated the Saxons. Population (1890), 2,004. Punjab, or Punjaub. See Panjab . Punnah. See Panna . Punnak. See Bannock . Puno (pö'nō). 1. A department in southeastern Peru, bordering on Bolivia. Area, 20,190 square miles. Population (1876), 256,594.- 2. The capital of the department of Puno, situated near Lake Titicaca. Population (1889), 5,000. Punt (pönt). In Egyptian antiquity, a region identified by Maspero and Mariette with that part of the Somali country which is situated on the eastern coast of Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden. Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 276. Punta Arenas (pön'tä ä-rāʼnäs). [Sp., 'Sand Point.'] A Chile an colony on the Strait of Magellan, in lat. 53° 9′ 42′′ S. It is the southernmost town in America. Population, about 2,000. Punta de Obligado (pöntä da ob-le-gä'тно). Alow projecting biuff on the western side of the river Paraná, Argentine Republic, at the boundary between the provinces of Buenos Ayres and Santa Fé. In 1845 the dictator Rosas had this place strongly fortified with batteries commanding the river and defended by 4,000 men under Mansilla. On Nov. 20 the position was bombarded and taken by the combined English and French fleets. Punt arenas, or Punta Arenas. The principal seaport on the Pacific side of Costa Rica, situated on the Gulf of Nicoya, about lat. 9° 59′ N., long. 84° 46′ W. It has considerable foreign commerce. Population, about 5,000. Puntarvolo (punt-ärvō-lō). In Ben Jonson's "Every Man out of his Humour," a knight affecting fantastic romanticism. Pupienus Maximus (pū-pi-ē'nus mak'si-mus), M. Clodius. Died 238. A Roman emperor. He was appointed by the Senate joint emperor (August us) of Rome with Decimus Cælius Balbinus in 238, in opposition to Maximin, who was shortly after killed by his own soldiers at the siege of Aquileia. Pupienus and his colleague were murdered by the pretorians at Rome before the beginning of August in the same year, after having reigned from about the end of April. Puquinas (pö-kēʼnäs), or Urus (ö'rös), or Ochozomas (ō-cho-thō'mäs). A singular race of Indians who live about the southern end of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. Large parts of the lake are shallow and covered with reeds, and among these the Puquinas have their retreats, as they have had for centuries. They navigate the lake in balsas (rafts made of rushes), and subsist on fish, or on vegetables which they obtain by barter. The approaches to their haunts are through winding pa ages which they conceal with jealous care: thus they have been able to retain their independence both under the Incas and the Spaniards, whom they resisted bravely in the 17th century. Little is known of their language, which is quite distinct from the Quichua and Aymará. A few you sands remain. Purana (pö-rä'na). [Skt., from purāna , old, ancient, and so, literally, 'an old traditional story.'] The name of each of a cla of Sanskrit works, important in their connection with the later phases of Brahmanism, as exhibited in the doctrines of emanation, incarnation, and triple manifestation. They are the Veda of popular Pungwe (pöng'we). A river in Portuguese East polytheistic and yet e entially pantheistic. Their form Africa which flows into the Indian Ocean north of Sofala. It rises in Man i cal and, and the railroad con- Hinduism, and contain the history of the gods, interwoven with every variety of legendary tradition on other subjects. Though nominally tritheistic, they are practically is in general that dialogues in which a well-known and inspired sage answers the questions of his disciples, while others are monologues. They are written in the Shloka cup in 1885. This she did succe fully in two races with the Genesta, Sept. 14 and Sept. 16. Puritan, The, or the Widow of Watling Street. A play published as "written by W. S." (William Shakspere) in 1606. According to Fleay, the author of the play is undoubtedly Middle ton, the whole style, plot, and meter being his. Swinburne thinks it is probably by Rowley. Dyce thinks that it was mayan , measure: 'having full measure, full-ince of Bari, Apulia, Italy, 24 miles south-south grown, rich, precious.'] In the Shahnamah, the east of Bari. Population (1881), 12,161. wonderful cow, with the colors of the peacock, Put-in-Bay (put'in-bā'). A summer resort in that nourished the infant Faridun; also, a South Ba Island, Lake Erie, 14 miles north of brother of Faridun who, with another brother Kayanush, sought to kill Faridun by rolling up on him in his sleep a rock which was arrested by Faridun's magic power. Purniah (per'ni-ä), or Purneah (per'ne-ä). 1. A district in Bengal, British India, intersected by lat. 26° N., long. 88° E. Area, 4,993 square miles. Population (1891), 1,944,658.-2. The capital of the district of Purniah, in lat. 25° 46′ N., long. 87° 31′ E. Population (1891), 14,555. Purple Island, The. An allegorical poem on the human body by Phineas Fletcher, published Pursh (pėrsh), Frederick. Born at Tobolsk, Siberia, 1774: died at Montreal, June 11, 1820. A Ru ian botanist. He wrote "Flora Americæ Sep ten tri on a lis, or a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America" (1814), etc. Purupurus (pö-rö-pö-rös'), or Purus (pö-rös'), or Pamarys (pä-mä-rēz'). Brazilian Indians living about the lower course of the river Pu- rús, an affluent of the Amazon which takes its name from them. They are wandering in habit, con- struct ing rude temporary huts on the swampy islands, and subsisting principally by fishing. Lazy and timid, they have never resisted the whites, and are among the most despised of the Amazonian tribes. The name Purupurus, (Tupi piru - puru ) refers to a disease, almost universal among them, in which the skin turns bluish and then white in patches. Martius supposed that these Indians Purús (pö-rös'). A river which rises in Peru, flows through the northern part of Bolivia and the western part of Brazil, and joins the Ama- zon about long. 61°30′ W. It was first explored by Chandle in 1864. Length, along its numer- ous windings, about 1,900 miles; navigable for a great part of its course. Pusey (pū'zi), Edward Bouverie. Born near Oxford, 1800: died Sept. 16, 1882. An English theologian. His name was originally Edward Bouverie: the family, of Huguenot origin, became lords of the manor of Pusey, near Oxford, and from it took that name. In 1818 he entered Christ Church, Oxford, and in 1824 became a fellow of Oriel. He was a ociated with John Henry Newman and John Keble. In 1828 he was regius profe or of Hebrew at Oxford and canon of Christ Church. In 1835 he took part in the tractarian movement, and later was suspended for three years (1843-46) from the function of preaching for publishing "The Holy Eucharist a Comfort to the Penitent." The movement thus started took the name "Puseyism." The practice of confe ion among the extreme ritualists of the Church of England dates from his two sermons on “the entire absolution of the peni tent" (1846). Among his works are "Parochial Sermons," "Doctrines of the Real Presence," "The Real Presence," and "The Minor Prophets." He was one of the editors of the "Library of Translations from the Fathers" and the "Anglo-Catholic Library." Pushan (pö'shan). [Skt., from push , thrive, make thrive.] A god frequently invoked in the Vedic hymns. He is a protector and multiplier of cat- tle and of human po e ions in general. As a cowherd he carries an ox-goad and is drawn by goats. As a solar deity he beholds the universe and guides on journeys, in- cluding those to the other world, and aids in the revolu- tions of day and night. In the marriage ceremonial he is besought to take the bride's hand and lead her away and ble her. Pushkin, or Poushkin (pösh'kin), Alexander. Born at Moscow, May 26 (O. S.), 1799: died at St. Petersburg, Jan. 29 (O. S.), 1837. A cele- brated Ru ian poet. His mother was of negro de- scent. He was repeatedly employed in the admin i str a- tive service of the government, in spite of his liberal sen- timents. He was mortally wounded in a duel. His works include "Ruslan and Liudmilla," "Prisoner of the Cauca- sus," "Fountain of Bakhtchisarai," "The Gipsies," "Rob- ber Brothers," "Count Nulin," "Poltava," "Angelo" (a play, from "Measure for Measure"), "House in Kolomna," tragedy "Boris Godunoff," "Eugene Onyegin" (showing Byron's influence); odes; the novels "Captain's Daugh ter," "Queen of Spades," etc.; and a "History of the Con- spiracy of Pugatcheff." Pu -in-Boots (pus'in-böts'). [ F.Lechatmaître , ou le chat botté .] The hero of a nursery tale, translated in the 18th century from the French tale published about 1697 by Perrault, who took the plot from Str a parol a's "Piacevole Notte." This cat, by his cleverne , makes the fortune of his mas- ter, a miller's son. Tieck published the story in 1795 as "Der Gestiefelte Kater." Pusterthal (pös'ter-täl). An Alpine valley, one of the largest in Tyrol. It comprises the valley of about 60 miles. the Rienz and the upper valley of the Drave. Length, Putbus (pöt'bös). The largest place in the isl- and of Rügen, Pru ia, situated in the southern part, south of Bergen. Puteoli. See Pozzuoli . The Century Cyclopedia of Names Pyat the Constituent A embly in 1848; as a member of the Legislative A embly in 1849 signed the appeal to arms, and escaped from France; returned in 1870; and was a leader of the Commune in 1871. Pyatigorsk, or Piatigorsk (pyä-te-gorsk'). A town in the Terek Territory, Ciscaucasia, Ru ia, situated on an affluent of the Kuma in lat. 44° 4' N., long. 42° 8′ E. It is noted as a watering-place on account of its sulphur springs. Population (1889), 13,114. Pydna (pid'nä). [Gr. Πύδνα .] In ancient geography, a town in Macedonia, situated near the Gulf of Saloniki 30 miles southwest of Saloniki. It is notable for the victory gained near it in 168 B. c. by the Romans under Æmilius Paulus over the Maced on i ans under Perseus, causing the overthrow of the Maced on i an Pye (pi), Henry James. Born at London, July 10, 1745: died near Harrow, Aug. 13, 1813. An English poetae was educated at Oxford Magdalen College), and became member of Parliament in 1784. In 1790 he succeeded Wharton as poet laureate. In 1792 he was a London police magistrate. He wrote "Alfred," an epic, in 1801, and several volumes of poems and translations. Pyeed. See Paiute . Pygmalion (pig-ma'li-on). [Gr. Πυγμαλίων.] In Greek legend: (a) The brother of Dido. See Dido. (b) A sculptor and king of Cyprus. He fell in love with an ivory statue which he had made, and at his request Aphrodite gave it life. Marston's first publication was "The Metamorphosis of Pygmalion's Image: and Certain Satires," which was printed in 1598. "Pygmalion's Image" was a poem of 243 lines, not a satire. William Morris has also told the story in his "Earthly Paradise." Pygmalion and Galatea (gal-a-te'ä). A fairy comedy by W. S. Gilbert, produced in 1871. Pygmies (pig'miz). An African race of dwarfs. The existence in Africa of an undersized race, with a stature averaging that of a boy of 12 to 13 years, was known to the earliest writers, as Homer and Hesiod, who must have heard of it through Egyptian channels. Sataspes the Persian found, at the terminus of his voyage along the African west coast, a tribe of dwarfs wearing leaves and owning cattle. The Pygmies are found all the way from Egypt to the Cape (Bushmen), and from Kamerun to Zanzibar, in sporadic bands of timid and nomadic hunters and fishermen, paying tribute to Bantu or Hamitic chiefs. In Aby in i a are found the Doko, who make good servants; on the Blue Nile, the Sienietye; in Gall a land, the Was an i a and Watua; on the Aruwimi River, the Akka and Wambuti; in French Kongo, the Obongo and Bakkebakke; on the Kuangu River, the Bachwa; on the Lulua and Sankuru and in the horseshoe bend of the Kongo River, the Batua (also Batekke or Bayekke); in the Nguru Mountains near Zanzibar, the Wadidikimo; at the head of Lake Nya a, high up in the mountains, the Wanena or Wapanga. Finally, the var i ous tribes of Bushmen south of the Zambesi are also Pyg mies. See Hottentot - Bushmen , Hottentots , Bushmen , Khoi khoin, and African ethnography (under Africa ). Pylades (pil'a-dēz). [Gr. Πυλάδης.] In Greek legend, the friend of Orestes and husband of Electra. Pylus (pi'lus). [Gr. Πύλος.] In ancient geography, a town in Me enia, Greece, situated at the northern entrance to the Bay of Navarino, 5 miles northwest of the modern Navarino. It is the traditional seat of Nestor and other Neleids. It was fortified by the A then i ans under Demosthenes in 425 в. с. Pylus, Bay of. See Navarino , Bay of . Pym (pim), John. Born at Brymore, Somersets hire, 1584: died at London, Dec. 8, 1643. An English statesman and Parliamentary leader. He entered Broad gates Hall (now Pembroke College), Oxford, in 1599, and became a member of Parliament for Calne in 1621. He was one of the managers of Bucking ham's impeachment in 1626, and advocated the Petition of Right in 1628. His authority began in the Short Parliament. In the Long Parliament he a isted in impeaching Str afford and Laud. He was one of the "five members" whose ar rest was attempted by Charles I. in Jan., 1642. Pyncheon (pinʻchon), Clifford. In Hawthorne's "House of the Seven Gables," the brother of "old maid Pyncheon," who has returned from a prison to find himself at odds with a matter of-fact world. IMG:content-0950.png:[blocks in formation]