TABLES OF THE LAW

Arabic Alwāḥ ( الواح‎ ), pl. of Lauḥ . The giving of the Law to Moses on tables is mentioned in the Qurʾān, Sūrah vii. 142 : “We wrote for him (Moses) upon tables ( alwāḥ ) a monition concerning every matter.” But Muslim doctors are not agreed as to the number of the tables. The commentators al-Jalālān say that there were either seven or ten. [ TEN COMMANDMENTS .] TABŪK ( تبوك‎ ). A valley in Arabia, celebrated as the scene of one of Muḥammad’s military expeditions, and as the place where he made a treaty with John the Christian prince of Ailah. [ TREATY .] TĀBŪT ( تابوت‎ ). (1) The Ark of the Covenant, mentioned in the Qurʾān, Sūrah ii. 249 : “Verily the sign of his (Saul’s) kingship shall be that the Ark ( Tābūt ) shall come to you: and in it Sakīnah from your Lord, and the relics left by Moses and Aaron; the angels shall bear it.” Tābūt is the Hebrew ‏תֵּבָה‎ Tēbāh used for Noah’s Ark, and the Ark of bulrushes, Ex. ii. 3 , and not ‏אָרוֹן‎ Ārōn , the word in the Bible for the Ark of the Covenant. The commentator, al-Baiẓāwī, says the Sakīnah was either the Taurāt, or Books of Moses, or an idol of emeralds or rubies, the head and tail of which was like that of a goat, and the wings of feathers, and which uttered a feeble cry; and when the ark was sent after an enemy, then this was sent. But some say it was a representation of the prophets. Al-Jalālān say the relics left in the Ark were the fragments of the two tables of the Law, and the rod and robes and shoes of Moses, the mitre of Aaron, and the vase of manna. [ ARK OF THE COVENANT , SAKINAH .] (2) A coffin or bier for the burial of the dead. (3) The representation of the funeral of al-Ḥusain. [ MUHARRAM .] (4) The box or ark in which the body of the child Moses was placed by his mother for fear of Pharaoh. See Qurʾān, Sūrah xx. 39 : “When we spake unto thy mother what was spoken: ‘Cast him into the ark: then cast him on the sea [the river], and the sea shall throw him on the shore: and an enemy to me and an enemy to him shall take him up.’ And I myself have made thee an object of love, That thou mightest be reared in mine eye.” TADBĪR ( تدبير‎ ). Post obit manumi ion of slaves. In its primitive sense it means looking forward to the event of a busine . In the language of the law, it means a declaration of a freedom to be established after the master’s death. As when the master says to his slave, “Thou art free after my death.” The slave so freed is called a mudabbir . (Hamilton’s Hidāyah , vol. i. p. 475.) [ SLAVERY .] TAFAKKUR ( تفكر‎ ). Lit . “Contemplation or thought.” According to the Kitābu ʾt-Taʿrifāt , it is the lamp of the heart whereby a man sees his own evils or virtues. TAFSĪR ( تفسير‎ ). Lit . “Explaining.” A term used for a commentary on any book, but especially for a commentary on the Qurʾān. [ COMMENTARIES .] AT -TAG͟HĀBUN ( التغابن‎ ). “Mutual deceit.” The title of the 64th Sūrah of the Qurʾān, the IX th verse of which begins thus: “The day when He shall gather you together for the day of the a embly will be the day of Mutual Deceit .” That is, when the ble ed will deceive or disappoint the damned by taking the places which they would have had in Paradise had they been true believers, and vice versâ . TAG͟HLIB ( تغلب‎ ). An Arabian tribe who, on the first spread of Islām, were occupying a province in Me so pot am i a and profe ing the Christian faith. The Banū Tag͟hlib sent an emba y to Muḥammad, formed of sixteen men, some Muslims and some Christians. The latter wore cro es of gold. The Prophet made terms with the Christians, stipulating that they should themselves continue in the profe ion of their religion, but should not baptize their children into Christian faith. (Sir W. Muir, from Kātibu ʾl-Wāqidī , p. 61.) AT -TAG͟HT̤ĪS ( التغطيس‎ ). A term which occurs in the Kashfu ʾz̤-Z̤unūn for “baptism.” [ INJIL , SIGHBAH .] T̤ĀG͟HŪT ( طاغوت‎ ). An idol mentioned in the Qurʾān:— Sūrah iv. 54 : “They believe in Jibt and T̤āg͟hūt .” Sūrah ii. 257 : “Whoso disbelieves in T̤āg͟hūt and believes in God, he has got a firm handle, in which is no breaking off.” Sūrah ii. 259 : “But those who misbelieve their patrons are T̤āg͟hūt, these bring them forth to darkne .” Jalālu ʾd-dīn says T̤āg͟hūt was an idol of the Quraish, whom certain renegade Jews honoured in order to please the tribe. Mr. Lane observes that in the Arabian Nights the name is used to expre the devil as well as an idol. T̤Ā HĀ ( طه‎ ). The title of the XX th Sūrah of the Qurʾān, which begins with these Arabic letters. Their meaning is uncertain. Some fancy the first letter stands for t̤ūbā , “beatitude,” and the second for Hāwiyah , the name of the lowest pit of hell. T̤ah is also, like ṣah , and the English “hush,” an interjection commanding silence, and might be here employed to enjoin a silent and reverential listening to the revelation to follow. TAḤĀLUF ( تحالف‎ ). The swearing of both plaintiff and defendant. In a civil suit of both seller and purchaser. In a disagreement, if both should take an oath, the Qāẓī must di olve the sale, or contract. (Hamilton’s Hidāyah , vol. iii. p. 85.) TAḤANNUS̤ ( تحنث‎ ). Avoiding and abstaining from sin. Worshipping God for a certain period in seclusion. The word is used in the latter sense for the seclusion of Muḥammad on Mount Ḥirāʾ, when he is supposed to have received his first revelation. ( Mishkāt , book xxiv. c. v.) [ INSPIRATION , QURʾAN ]. T̤AHĀRAH ( طهارة‎ ). “Purification,” including waẓūʾ , tayammum , masaḥ , g͟husl , and miswāk , accounts of which are given under their respective articles. [ PURIFICATION .] T̤ĀHIR ( طاهر‎ ). A woman in a state of purity. [ PURIFICATION .] TAHLĪL ( تهليل‎ ). The ejaculation, “ Lā ilāha illā ʾllāh! ” ( لا اله الا الله‎ ), “There is no deity but God!” ( Mishkāt , book x. ch. ii.) Abū Hurairah relates that the Prophet said, “That person who recites ‘There is no deity but God,’ one hundred times, shall receive rewards equal to the emancipating of ten slaves, and shall have one hundred good deeds recorded to his account, and one hundred of his sins shall be blotted out, and the words shall be a protection from the devil.” [ ZIKR .] TAḤMĪD ( تحميد‎ ). The ejaculation, “ al-Ḥamdu li-ʾllāh! ” ( الحمد لله‎ ), “God be praised!” ( Mishkāt , book x. ch. ii.) ʿUmar ibn Shuʿaib relates from his forefathers that the Prophet said, “He who recites ‘God be praised,’ a hundred times in the morning and again a hundred times in the evening, shall be like a person who has provided one hundred horsemen for a jihād , or ‘religious war.’ ” TAḤRĪF ( تحريف‎ ). The word used by Muḥammadan writers for the supposed corruption of the Jewish and Christian scriptures. [ CORRUPTION OF THE SCRIPTURES .] AT -TAḤRĪM ( التحريم‎ ). “The Prohibition.” The title of the 66th Sūrah of the Qurʾān, which begins with the words: “Why O Prophet! dost thou forbid that which God hath made lawful to thee, from a desire to please thy wives.” The object of this chapter was to free Muḥammad from his obligation to his wife Ḥafṣah, to whom he had recently sworn to separate entirely from the Coptic slave-girl Māriyah . TAHẔĪB ( تهذيب‎ ). A book of traditions received by the Shīʿahs, compiled by Shaik͟h Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad, A.H . 466. AT -T̤ĀʾIF ( الطائف‎ ). The name of a town, the capital of a district of the same name in Arabia, which Muḥammad besieged A.H . 8, but the city was surrounded by strong battlements and was provisioned for some months. The siege was, therefore, raised by Muḥammad, after he had cut down and burned its celebrated vineyards. (Muir’s Life of Mahomet , new ed. p. 432.) T̤AIRAH ( طيرة‎ ). “Lightne ; levity of mind.” Condemned in the Ḥadīs̤. T̤AIY ( طى‎ ). An Arabian tribe who emigrated from al-Yaman to the Najd about the third century. Some of them embraced Judaism and some Christianity, while a portion remained pagans and erected a temple to the idol Fuls . The whole tribe eventually embraced Islām, A.D . 632, when ʿAlī was sent to destroy the temple of Fuls. Ḥātim at̤-T̤āʾīy, a Christian Bedouin Arab, celebrated for his hospitality, is the subject of Eastern poetry. He lived in the “time of ignorance,” viz. before Muḥammad, but his son ʿAdī became a Muslim, and is numbered among the “Companions.” Ḥātim at̤-T̤āʾīy’s most famous act of liberality was that which he showed to an amba ador of the Greek Emperor, sent to demand of him as a present for his master, a horse of very great price. The generous Arab, before he knew the object of this person’s mi ion, slaughtered his horse to regale him, having nothing at the time in his house to serve in its stead. It is also said that he often caused as many as forty camels to be slaughtered for the entertainment of his guests and the poor Arabs of the desert. TĀJ ( تاج‎ ). “A crown; a diadem.” The Muslim K͟halīfahs never wore a crown, the word is therefore not used in Muslim theology, but it is used by the Ṣūfī faqīrs for the cap worn by a leader of a religious order, which is generally of a conical shape. [ KULAH .] AT -TAKĀS̤UR ( التكاثر‎ ). “Multiplying.” The title of the CII nd Sūrah of the Qurʾān, the opening verses of which are: “The desire of increasing riches occupieth you Till you come to the grave.” TAKBĪR ( تكبير‎ ). The expre ion, “ Allāhu akbar! ” ( الله اكبر‎ ), “God is very great!” ( Mishkāt , book x. ch. ii.) The ejaculation frequently occurs in the daily liturgy and in the funeral office. [ PRAYER .] TAKBĪRU ʾT-TAḤRĪMAH ( تكبير التحريمة‎ ). The first takbīr in the liturgical prayer, said standing, after the recital of which the worshipper must give himself up entirely to worship. [ PRAYER , TAKBIR .] IMG:3048615538088815629_p626.png:Takbīru ʾt-taḥrīmah. TAK͟HĀRUJ ( تخارج‎ ). An arrangement entered into by some heirs-at-law with others for their share of the inheritance, in consideration of some specific thing which excludes them from inheritance. (Hamilton’s Hidāyah , vol. iii. p. 201.) AT -TAKWĪR ( التكوير‎ ). “The Folding-up.” The title of the LXXXI st Sūrah of the Qurʾān, which opens a solemn announcement of the Judgment Day by the words: “When the sun shall be folded up .” TAKYAH ( تكية‎ ). Lit . “A pillow; a place of repose.” Used in all Muḥammadan countries for— (1) A place in which some celebrated saint has stayed. In Central Asia, these places are often merely marked by a few stones and a flag, but they are held sacred. (2) A monastery, or religious house, in which faqīrs and ascetics reside, as the Takyahs at Constantinople and Cairo. (3) A hostel or rest-house, as the Takyah at Damascus, which is a hostel for pilgrims. Dr. Robinson describes it as a large quadrangular enclosure, divided into two courts, in the southern court of which there is a large mosque. Around the wall of the court runs a row of cells, with a portico or gallery of columns in front. This taky ah was founded by Sultan Salīm, A.D . 1516. ( Researches , vol. iii. p. 459.) T̤ALĀQ ( طلاق‎ ). (1) The sentence of divorce. [ DIVORCE .] (2) The title of the LXV th Sūrah of the Qurʾān which treats of the subject of divorce. TALBĪYAH ( تلبية‎ ). Lit . “Waiting or standing for orders.” The recitation of the following words during the pilgrimage to Makkah: “ Labbaika! Allāhummah! Labbaika! Labbaika! Lā Sharīka laka! Labbaika! Inna ʾl-ḥamd a wa-niʿamata laka! Wa ʾl-mulka! Lā Sharīka-laka! ” “I stand up for Thy service, O God! I stand up! I stand up! There is no partner with Thee! I stand up for Thy service! Verily Thine is the praise, the beneficence, and the kingdom! There is no partner with Thee!” From the Mishkāt (book xi. ch. ii. pt. 1), it appears that this hymn was in use amongst the idolaters of Arabia before Muḥammad’s time. [ HAJJ .] T̤ALḤAH ( طلحة‎ ), son of ʿUbaidu ʾllāh, the Quraish, was a grand-nephew of Abū Bakr. He was a distinguished Companion, and was honoured with the position of one of the ʿAsharah Mubashsharah , or “ten patriarchs of the Muslim faith.” He saved the life of Muḥammad at the battle of Uḥud. He was slain in the fight of the Camel, A.H . 36, aged 64, and was buried at al-Baṣrah. T̤ĀLIB ( طالب‎ ). Lit . “One who seeks.” An inquirer. A term generally used for a student of divinity, is T̤ālibu ʾl-ʿilm .