Celestines

pl. (Eccl. Hist.) A religious order founded in Italy, by Pietro di Morone, afterwards Celestine V. in 1254. It was approved by Urban IV. in 1264, and called the order of the Hermits of St. Damian, or Moronites. Raised to the pontificate in 1294, Pietro di Morone favored the new order, who thereupon took the name of Celestines. They spread through Italy and France, and were suppre ed in the latter country in 1778. Celiac, a. Pertaining, or relating, to the belly; as, the celiac arteries. See CCLIAC. Celibacy, (sel'e-bäs-e,) n. [Lat. cælibatus , from cælebs , unmarried.] State or condition of being of single or unmarried life; bachelorship; as, the celibacy of the Roman Catholic clergy. "They look upon celibacy as an accursed state, and generally are married before twenty." -Spectator . This condition was subjected by the laws of the Roman emperors to a variety of penal consequences. The most remarkable of their enactments, and that on which the subsequent jurisprudence on this subject was in a great measure founded, was the Lex Julia or Papia - Poppœa , enacted under the authorization of August us. By these laws unmarried persons could receive nothing by will from strangers, and were subjected to many other legal disabilities; from which, however, they were succe ively relieved by later laws pa ed in the decline of the empire, and especially after the mistaken zeal of the Christian divines of that age had invested C. with attributes of sanctity. It was at an early period in the history of the Christian church that ministers were exhorted to C. by those who laid claims to a higher degree of sanctity. At the council of Nice, in A. D. 325, the proposition to enforce it as a general law was rejected. But at that of Arles, in 340, it was adopted; married persons being indeed held admi ible into the church, but only on the terms of separating from their wives on ordination. It had become the common practice of the Latin church in the reign of Gregory the Great (end of the sixth cen ( Arch .) An enclosed space within the walls of an ancient temple. Sce CELLA. (Physiol.) The structural unit of plants and animals, consisting of a minute ma of organic substance, po e ed of a definite organization, and composing the whole structure of the lowest forms, the protozoa and protophytes, or single-celled animals and plants, while higher forms are made up of a multitude of cells, variously specialized to serve the several duties of the animal and plant economy. In animals, the least specialized of cells are the white corpuscles of the blood, which po e in a measure an independent existence, like that of the single-celled animals. In the latter, all the physiological activities are carried on by a single cell, which has the powers of independent motion, respiration, deglutition, digestion, secretion, and reproduction. The many-celled animals and plants are made up of groups of cells, called ti ues, each group specialized to perform some separate function, there being thus what is known as a "physiological division of labor." A cell, minute as it is (3 to oo of an inch in diameter), is a composite structure. It is composed of a more or le defined cell - wall , a central part called the nucleus, and around this a ma of substance termed protoplasm. This protoplasm is not uniform in structure, but consists of two distinct parts, a net-work of fine fibres, which will stain with certain reagents, in whose meshes lies a more liquid, non-stainable material. The latter usually contains particles of other substance, such as oil globules, food granules, or grains of pigment. The nucleus is generally, perhaps always, present. In some cases it has not been discovered, but physiologists believe it to be e ential to the activity of the cell, the nutritive proce perhaps taking place within it, while it is certainly the center of the reproductive proce . It is a very minute round or oval body in the interior of the C., sometimes free, sometimes attached to the cell wall. The nucleus, like the outer protoplasm, is made up of two distinct substances, a fibrous nucleo plasm , or chromatin , which may be stained, and an interstitial, non-staining substance, called achromatin . Within the nucleus are frequently one or more minute globules, called nucleoli, whose function is not yet understood. Reproduction is usually effected by division of the cell into two halves, the proce beginning at the nucleus, which is at this time very active. The division extends from the nucleus through the outer protoplasm of the cell, the nucleus dividing into two halves, around each of which the protoplasm gathers, two new cells being thus formed. The division of the nucleus is in some cases direct, no subsidiary changes being visible. Usually it is indirect, being preceded by a complicated and curious series of changes in the chromatin, known by the name of karyokinesis . In this the intricate ma of fibres arrange themselves definitely, forming a spindle shaped figure with rayed, star-like extremities. Division takes place acro the center of the spindle, the divided fibers gather round the stars, and these gradually develop into new nuclei. In plants, the ti ues are composed of cells whose walls are usually in contact, these walls being composed of cellulose. In animals, other material may lie between the cells. It has, however, been ascertained that the cells are connected by fine fibrous proce es. Free cells have a power of motion, through the extrusion and withdrawal of pseudopodia, or portions of their protoplasmic substance. Cell, v . a. To place or confine in a cell. Cella, n . [Lat.] ( Arch . ) In the architecture of the ancients, a term applied to the body or principal part of the interior of a temple; or in Greek, the nuos . The part of the temple in front of the C. was called the pro naos; the part in the rear of it, the post i cum.