Cabrera Bobadilla Cerda y Mendoza

Chinch on (chen-chōn'), Ana, Counte of. Born at Astorga, Castile, in 1576: died at Cart a gena, Dec., 1639. A Spanish lady, daughter of the eighth Marquis of Astorga. She married Don Luis de Velasco, marquis of Salinas, twice viceroy of Mexico and once of Peru; and, after his death, Don Luis Geronymo de Cabrera, count of Chinch on, who was appointed viceroy of Peru in 1629. During her second res i dence in Lima she was attacked with a tertian ague, and was cured by some powdered Peruvian bark which had been sent to her physician by the corregidor of Loxa, Don Juan Lopez de Canizares. When the counte embarked for Spain she carried a quantity of the bark with her. She died on the voyage, at Cart a gena, Dec., 1639, but it was through her cure that the cinchona bark was first introduced into Europe. In honor of her Linnæus named the genus of quinine-bearing plants Cinchona , or, as it should have been written, Chinch on a . Chindwara (chind-wä'rä). 1. A district in the Nerbudda division of the Central Provinces, British India, situated about lat. 22° N., long. 79° E. Area, 4,630 square miles. Population (1891), 407,494.-2. The chief town of the district of Chindwara. Chinese (chi-nēs' or-nēz'). [From China and -ese; = F. chino is = Sp. chino = Pg. chinez = G. chinesisch, etc.] 1. sing . and pl . (plural also formerly Chineses). A native or natives of China; specifically, a member or members of the principal indigenous race of China proper, as distinguished from other Mongoloids, such as the Manchus, the present ruling race in the Chinese empire.-2. The language of China. Chinsura It is a monosyllabic tongue, and on this ground is generally cla ed with the other languages of the same character in southeastern Asia, in Further India and the Him a lay as, as constituting the monosyllabic family. It exists in many dialects, of which the so-called Mandarin is the leading and official one. It is composed of only about 500 words, as we should distinguish them in writing, all of them ending in a vowel-sound or in a nasal, although some of the dialects still retain final mutes, lost in Mandarin. This small body of words, however, is raised to 1,500 by differences of the tone of tterance, as rising, falling, even, abrupt, and so on. The language is without inflection, and even without distinction of parts of speech; but words are cla ed as "full" or "empty," according as they are used with their full meaning or as auxiliaries in forming phrases: like our will have in "I will it," "they have the one hand, and have they wil have seen it have the other Chinese records go back to about 2000 B. Cand writing is by signs that represent each a single word in immense and varied. mode of its senses or in a certain set of senses. The signs are of ideographic or hieroglyphic origin; but the greater part of them at present are compound, and many contain a phonetic element along with an ideographic. They number in the dictionaries about 40,000; but only the smaller part of these are in current and familiar use. They are written in perpendicular columns, and the columns follow one another from right to left. The language and mode of writing have been carried to the neighboring nations that have received their culture from China, especially Japan, Corea, and Annam, and have been more or le borrowed or adopted by such nations. Chinese Empire. An empire of Asia, bounded by Asiatic Ru ia on the north, the Pacific on the east, Tongking and India on the south, and the Pamirs and Asiatic Ru ia on the west. It includes China proper, or the eighteen provinces, and its dependencies, Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, Eastern Turkestan, and Dzungaria. The independence of Korea is now acknowledged. See China . Chinese Gordon. See Gordon. Chinese Tatary. A name given vaguely to a vast region in the northern and northwestern parts of the Chinese empire, including Mongolia, Dzungaria, Eastern Turkestan: sometimes restricted to Eastern Turkestan. Chinese Turkestan. A dependency of China, sometimes called Little Bokhara, or East Turkestan (which see). Ching-hai (ching-hi'), or Chin-hae (chin-hi'). A seaport in the province of Chekiang, China, 12 miles northeast of Ningpo. It was taken by the English in 1841. Chingiz Khan. See Jenghiz Khan . Chingleput (ching-gle-put'), or Chengalpatt. 1. A district of India, in Madras.-2. The chief town of the district, situated 35 miles southwest of Madras. It was taken by the French in 1751, by Clive in 1752, and was besieged by Hyder Ali 1780-81. Chingú River. See Xingú . Chin-kiang (chin-ke-äng'). A city in the province of Kiangsu, China, in lat. 32° 10' N., long. 119° 28′ E., situated at the junction of the Grand Canal with the Yangtsz'. It is a treaty port. It was taken by the English July 21, 1842. Population, 135,000. Chingtu (ching-tö'). The capital of the province of Szechuen, China, situated on the river MinKiang. Chin-India. See Indo - China . Chinon (she-non'). A town in the department of Indre-et-Loire, France, situated on the Vienne 26 miles southwest of Tours. It contains a ruined castle, a royal residence from the 12th century to the reign of Henry IV. The remains occupy a large rock platform. The exterior walls are ruinous, except the high towers. The royal apartments are chiefly of the 12th century, and include armory, kitchen and other commons, the king's room, the great hall, where Charles VII. first saw Jeanne d'Arc, etc. The great keep is of the 13th century. Chinon has a considerable trade. Population (1891), commune, 6,119. Chinook (chi-nuk'), or Tchinuk, or Tsinuk. [Pl., also Chinooks .] The principal tribe of the Lower Chinook division of North American Indians. Its former habitat was from Gray's Bay, Washington, on the north shore of Columbia River to its mouth, and the strip of coast northward as far as and including Shoal water Bay. There were 100 left in 1857. There still remain three or four families about six miles above the mouth of the Columbia. See Chinook an . Chinook an (chi-nuk'an). [From Chinook and -an .] A linguistic stock of North American Indians, named after the Chinook, the leading tribe. Their former habitat was Oregon and Washington, on both sides of the Columbia River from the Dalles, about 200 miles from its mouth, to the Pacific Ocean, and along the coast in both directions, northward nearly to the northern extremity of Shoal water Bay, Washington, and southward to about Till a mook Head, Oregon, 20 miles from the mouth of the Columbia River. The stock is di vided into Upper and Lower Chinook. The principal tribes remaining are the Artsmilsh, Chinook, and Clatsop of the Lower Chinook; and the Cathlamet, Clackama, Wasco, and Watlala of the Upper Chinook. They number between 500 and 600, and are now chiefly on reservations in Oregon and Washington. Chinsura (chin-sö'rä). Atown in Bengal, British India, situated on the Hugli 24 miles north Chios (ki'os), or Scio (sī'ō or she'ō). [Turk. Sakı - Ada i .] An island in the Ægean Sea, west of Asia Minor, in lat. 38° 20′ N., long. 26° E., formerly celebrated for its wines and figs. It forms part of the vilayet Jesairi-Bahri-Sefid, Turkey. It was settled by Ionians; joined the A then i an Confederation about 477 B. C.; revolted 412; came under IMG:content-0340.png:[ocr errors] Chippenham (chip'n-am). Atown in Wilts hire, England, situated on the Avon 12 miles north- east of Bath. It has trade in grain and cheese, and manufactures cloth, etc. Population (1891), 4,618. Chippewa. See Ojibwa . Chippewa (chip'e-wä), or Ojibway (ō-jib'wā). A river of Wisconsin which joins the Mi is sippi 64 miles southeast of St. Paul. Length, stock. They inhabited the lowlands and valleys south and east of the present site of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and were partially conquered by the Incas of Peru about 1450. In 1572 they repulsed an invasion of the Spaniards under century, and their descendants, to the number of 15,000 the viceroy Toledo. They were Christian i zed in the 18th or more, inhabit the eastern highlands of Bolivia, in the provinces of Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Chuquisaca. Chiriqui (chē-rē-kē'). A lagoon on the north- ern coast of the isthmus of Panama, west of Asp in wall. Chiron, or Cheiron (ki'ron). [Gr. Χείρων .] In Greek mythology, a centaur, son of Kronos and Philyra. He was the pupil of Apollo and Artemis, the friend and protector of Peleus, and the instructor of Achilles. He was renowned for his wisdom and skill in medicine, hunting, music, and prophecy. He dwelt on Mount Pelion, and on his death was placed by Zeus among Chiron. A son of Tamora, queen of the Goths, in Shakspere's (?) "Titus Andronicus." Chisedec. See Montagnais . England, 9 miles south of London. It was the residence of Napoleon III. 1871-73, and of Eugénie until 1880. Chisleu (kis-lu'). The ninth month of the He- brew year, corresponding to November-Decem- ber, mentioned in Zach. vii. 1; Neh. i. 1; 1 Mac. i. 54 and iv. 59; 2 Mac. i. 9, 18, x. 5. In A yro- Babylonian, from which the Hebrew names of the months are derived, it is Kislimu or Chislev (R. V.). The name is explained by Haupt to mean 'month of wrath,' by Fried. Delitzsch month of clouds.' Chiswick (chiz'ik). A suburb of London, in Middle sex, situated on the Thames 6 miles west of Charing Cro . Population (1891), 21,964. Chiswick House. A villa belonging to the Duke of Devons hire, situated at Chiswick. Fox died here in 1806, and Canning in 1827. Chit i machan (shet-i-mash'an). [Choctaw, 'they po e cooking-ve els."] A linguistic stock of North American Indians, represented by the She tim ash a, a once populous and pow- erful tribe which inhabited the shores of Grand or Chetimashes Lake, and bayous Plaque mine and Lafourche, Louisiana. In 1718, after a treaty with the French, by whom they were overcome, they re- moved to the mouth of Bayou Lafourche on the Mi is sippi, near the present Donaldsonville, where their vil- lage still existed in 1784. The remnants of the tribe, about 50 half-breeds, are now on Bayou Plaque mine and at Char ent on, St. Mary's parish, on the southern shore of Chitradurg (chit-ra-dörg'), or Chit tel drug (chit-tel-drög'). The capital of the district of Chitradurg, in Maisur, British India, in lat. 14° 13' N., long. 76° 23′ E. It contains a re- mark able rock-fortre . It was besieged by Hyder Ali in 1776, and taken by him in 1779. Chitrakuta (chit-ra-kö'tä). [Bright peak.'] A hill and district, the modern Chitrakote or Chatarcot, in lat. 25° 12′ N., long. 80° 47′ E. It was the first habitation of Rama and Lakshmana in their exile after leaving Ayodhya, and, as the holiest spot of the worshipers of Rama, was crowded with temples long. 72° E.- 2. A town in the state, on the Kunar (or Kashgar) River. Chittagong (chit-ta-gong' 1. A division in eastern Ber Bengal, British India. Area, 12,118 square miles. Population (1881), 3,574,048. - 2. A district in the Chittagong division, in lat. 21°-23° N., long. 91° 30′-92° E. Area, 2,563 square miles. Population (1891), 1,290,167.- 3. A seaport and chief town of the Chittagong district, situated on the Karnafuli in lat. 220 20′ N., long. 91° 50′ E. It has considerable trade. Also called Islam a bad . Population (1891), 24,069. Chittagong Hill Tracts. A district in the Chit- tagong division, Bengal, British India, east of the Chittagong district. Area, 5,419 square miles. Population (1891), 107,286. Chittenden (chit'en-den), Martin. Born at Salisbury, Conn., March 12, 1766: died at Wil- list on, Vt., Sept. 5, 1840. An American pol i- tician, governor of Vermont 1813-15. He was a son of Thomas Chittenden. Chittenden, Thomas. Born at East Guilford, Conn., Jan. 6, 1730: died at Will is ton, Vt., of southeastern Arizona, south of the Southern Aug. 25, 1797. An American politician, gov- Pacific Railroad. During the wars with the Apaches, ern or of Vermont 1790-97. and earlier, the Chiricahui were the refuge and strong- Chittim (kit'im). See Kittim . hold of some of the wildest bands, and they gave their Chitty (chit'i), Joseph. Born 1776: died at London, Feb. 17, 1841. A noted English legal writer and special pleader. His works include "A Treatise on Bills of Exchange" (1799), "A Treatise on the Law of Nations" (1812), "A Treatise on Criminal Law" (1816), "A Treatise on Commercial Law" (1818), "Reports Chivery (chiv'e-ri), John. son of a turnkey" in Charles Dickens's "Little Dorrit." He pa ed his time in composing heartbreak- ing epitaphs. He was very weak and small, but "great of soul, poetical, expansive, faithful," and in love with Little Dorrit. Chladni (chläd'nē), Ernst Florens Fried rich. Born at Wittenberg, Pru ia, Nov. 30, 1756: died at Breslau, Pru ia, April 4, 1827. A Ger- man physicist, noted for his discoveries in acoustics. His works include "Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges" (1802), "Die Akustik" (1802), "Über Feuermeteore" (1819), etc. Chloe (kloe). [Gr. Χλόη, the verdant or blooming.] 1. A country maiden in love with Daphnis, in the Greek romance "Daphnis and Chloe," written in the 4th or 5th century. -2. A shepherde in Sidney's “Arcadia."-3. The ambitious wife of an honest, commonplace citizen in Ben Jonson's comedy "The Poet- aster." - 4. A wanton shepherde in Fletcher's "Faithful Shepherde ," intended as a con- trast to the chaste Clorin. Chlopicki (chlō-pits'kē), Józef. Born in Ga- licia, March 24, 1771: died at Cracow, Sept. 30, 1854. A Polish general. He fought on the side of the French in the Napoleonic wars, and joined the Ru ian service in 1815, but resigned in 1818. He acted as dicta- for Dec. 5, 1830, Jan. 23, 1831, in the revolution which deference to the opposition aroused by his policy, which sought to attain the objects of the revolution by diplo- macy rather than by war, he fought with distinction against the Ru ians until wounded in Feb., 1831. Chloris (klo'ris). [Gr. Χλωρίς : χλωρός , pale, pallid.] 1. In Greek mythology, the godde of flowers, wife of Zephyr us: identified with the Roman Flora. - 2. In Greek legend, a daugh- ter of Amphion and Niobe, who with her bro- ther Amyclas escaped when the other children of Niobe were slain by Apollo and Artemis. In her terror she turned perfectly white (whence her Chlotharentain Chmielnicki (chmyel-nits'kē), Bogdan. Born 1593: died Aug. 25, 1657. A Co ack hetman of Polish descent, leader of the Co ack revolt about 1648. Choate (chot), Rufus. Born at E ex, Ma ., Oct. 1,1799: died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, July 13,1859. A distinguished American lawyer, ora- tor, and statesman. He was graduated at Dart mouth in 1819, was admitted to the bar in 1823, was elected n representative to Congre from Ma achusetts in 1830, Choco (chō-kō). A province of the Spanish viceroyalty of New Granada, embracing the Atrato valley and the region westward to the Pacific. It forms a portion of the present de- part ment of Cauca. Chocolate, Paso de. See Paso de Chocolate. Chocolatière, La Belle. The portrait by Jean Etienne Liotard of Annette Beldauf, a servant Diet rich stein. The picture is in the Dresden gallery. Chocorua (chō-kōr'ū-ä). One of the principal outlying peaks of the White Mountains in New Hampshire, north of Lake Winnepesaukee Height, 3,508 feet. Chocos (cho-kōs'). A race of South American Indians in western Colombia. They were formerly Choisy-le-Roi (shwä-zēʻlė-rwä'). A suburb of Paris, situated on the Seine 7f miles south of the city. Population (1891), commune, 8,449. Choke (chōk), General Cyrus. In Dickens's "Martin Chuzzlewit," an American, "one of the most remarkable men in the country," en- countered by Martin Chuzzlewit. Choleric Man, The. A play by Richard Cum- berland, produced in 1774. Choles (choʻles). A tribe of American Indians of the Maya stock, formerly very numerous in southeastern Guatemala. After the Spanish con- quest they abandoned their homes, and led a wandering life in the mountains and forests. In the 17th century they gradually became amalgamated with the Spanish speaking population. Some Indians called Choles, prob a- bly of the same stock, now live in Chiapas, Mexico. Chorazin (kō-rāʼzin). In New Testament ge- ography, a city of Palestine, situated near the northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee, 2 miles north of Tel Hum: the modern Kerazeh. Choris (chō'ris), Ludwig. Born at Yekaterino- slaff, Ru ia, March 22, 1795: murdered near Jalapa, Mexico, March 22, 1828. A Ru ian traveler and painter. He illustrated the works "Voy age pit to res que autour du monde" (1821-23), "Vues et paysages des régions équinoxiales" (1826). Chorizontes (kō-ri-zon'tēz). [Gr. Χορίζοντες , separatists, a party among Island to England, and of Louisiana to Spain, at the peace of Paris in 1763. He negotiated the "Family Compact" between the Bourbon sovereigns of France, Spain, and the Two Sicilies in 1761, and in 1764 expelled the Jesuits from France. He was dismi ed from office in 1770 through the influence of the king's new mistre , Madame du Barry. Choiseul-Gouffier, Comte de (Marie Gabriel Florent Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier). Born at Paris, Sept. 27, 1752: died at Aachen, Germany, June 20, 1817. A French diplomatist and archæologist. His chief work is "Voyage pit to res que de la Grèce” (1782, new ed. 1841). Choiseul-Praslin (-prä-lan'), Comte Horace Eugène Antoine de. Born Feb. 23, 1837. A Cholet (sho-la'). A town in the department of Maine-et-Loire, France, 33 miles southwest of Angers. It has considerable trade in cattle, and manu- factures of cotton and linen. It was the scene of various conflicts in the Vendean wars, including a Vendean defeat, Oct. 17, 1793. Population (1891), commune, 16,891. Chollup (chol' up), Major Hannibal. In Dick- ens's "Martin Chuzzlewit," an American, a worshiper of freedom, lynch-law, and slavery. Cholmondeley (chum'li), George. Died May 7, 1733. The second Earl of Cholmondeley, an English general and poet. Cholovone (cho-lo-võ'ne), or Tcholovone. The northern division of the Mariposan stock of North American Indians, formerly on lower San Joaquin River, California. See Mariposan . Cholula (cho-lö'lä). [Nahuatl of central Mexi- co, probably.] A considerable Indian town of Mexico, inhabited, at the time of the conquest, by an independent tribe of Nahuatl Indians. It lies about 60 miles southeast of the city of Mexico, about and, in a direct line, 5 or 6 miles west of the city of Pue- 15 miles from the foot of the great volcano on the east, bla. The town of Cholula in 5,765 inhabi times that number. All those villages except two are modern. Previous to the 16th century Cholula had a population of not over 25,000 souls, and these were con- gregated in the central settlement. The tall mound, er- roneously called the "Pyramid of Cholula," was probably a very ancient settlement erected on an artificial basis of sun-dried brick, with a second platform of le er extent and greater elevation, and a central mound, the average elevation of which is now 170 feet. Of the fate of this prehistoric settlement there are not even definite trad i- tions. There are, besides the great mound, several other Chonos Archipelago (cho'nos är-ki-pel'a-gō). A group of about 120 islands on the coast of Chile, between lats. 44° and 47° S. Chons. See Khons . Chon tales (chon-tä'les). A department of Nicaragua, Central America, east of Lake Ni- caragua, noted for its mineral wealth. Chontals (chon-tälz'), or Chon tallis (chon-täl'- yes), or Chon tales (chon-tä'les). [Nahuatl, strangers,' 'foreigners.'] The name given in southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Nicaragua to various Indian tribes which are not ethni- cally related, but were originally distinguished by the Nahuatls as different from themselves. Chosroes. See Khusrau . Chota (chō'tä), or Chutia, Nagpur (chö'te-ä näg-pör'). A division in Bengal, British India, lying south of Behar. Area, 26,966 square miles. Chota, or Chutia, Nagpur Tributary States. A collective name for the seven states Udai- pur, Sirguja, Gangpur, Bonâi, Koriâ, Chang and Bhakâr, situated west of the Chota Nagpur division. Area, 16,054 square miles. Popula- tion (1891); 883,359 (chiefly aboriginal tribes). Chotin (chō-tēn'), or Chocim (cho'chim), or Khotin (cho-ten'). A town in the govern- ment of Be arabia, Ru ia, situated on the Dniester in lat. 48° 33′ N., long. 26° 28′ E. The Turks were defeated here by the Poles in 1621 and 1673, and by the Ru ians in 1739 and 1769. Population, 20,070. Chotusitz (chō'tö-zits), Czech. Chotusice. A Chopin (shō-pan'), Frédéric François. Born at Zelazowa-Wola, near Warsaw, Poland, March 1, 1809: died at Paris, Oct. 17, 1849. A cele- brated Polish composer and pianist. His father was French, his mother a Pole. His earliest compositions were dances, mazurkas, polonaises, etc. At nineteen he Zwyny, and Elsner, the director of the School of Music at Warsaw. He began at this age, with his two concertos and some smaller works, to give concerts in Vienna, Mu- nich, and Paris. In the latter place he settled. In 1837 began his romantic connection with George Sand. In 1838 she took him to Majorca for his health, and nursed him there. She depicted him as "Prince Karol" in her novel "Lucrezia Floriani," as a "high-flown, consumptive, and exasperating nuisance." She left him after a friendship of eight years, and he lived in retirement, giving le ons and composing. His works include two concertos for piano and orchestra, and 27 études, 52 mazurkas, and many pre- ludes, nocturnes, rondos, etc., and 16 Polish songs. Grove. Choptank (chop'tangk). A river and estuary in eastern Maryland which flows into Chesa- peake Bay about 25 miles southeast of Annap- olis. Length, about 100 miles. It is navigable for 45 miles. Chopunnish (cho-pun'ish), or Nimapu (nim'- a-pö), or Nez Percé (nā per-sā'), or Shahaptan (shä-hap'tan), or Sahaptin (sä-hap'tin). The leading tribe of the Shahaptian stock of North American Indians. Their former habitat (in 1804) was western Idaho, northeastern Oregon, and southeast- ern Washington, on the lower Snake River and its tributa- ries. They cro ed the Rocky Mountains to the head waters of the Mi ouri. Of late years the Nez Percé ('pierced nose') have not pierced the nose for ornamental purposes. Chouans (shöʻanz; F. pron. shö-on'). [Per- haps from Jean Cotter eau, called Chouan , one of their leaders: Chouan being a corruption of chat - huant , a screech-owl.] During the French Revolution, a name given to the royalist insur- gents of Britt any. Chouans, Les. A novel by Balzac, published in 1829: properly "Le dernier Chouan." It has been dramatized. Chouman. See Comanche . Chouteau (shö-to'), Auguste. Born at New Orleans, 1739: died at St. Louis, Mo., Feb. 24, 1829. One of the founders of St. Louis. With his brother Pierre, he joined in August, 1763, the expedition of Laclède to establish the fur-trade in the Chowanoc Christ is on Tuscarora outbreak in 1711, and afterward the survivors, about 240 in number, were settled on a small reservation on Bennett's creek. Also Chowanock . See Iroquoian . Chrestien (kra-te-an'), Florent. Born at Orléans, France, 1541: died at Vendôme, France, 1596. A French satirist, composer of Latin verse, and one of the authors of the "Satyre Ménippée" (which see). Chrestien, or Chrétien, de Troyes (dė trwä). Born at Troyes (?), France, about 1140-50: died before 1191 (?). A noted French poet (trouvère) attached to the courts of Hainault and Champagne and of Philip of Alsace, count of Flanders. Little is known of his life beyond the fact that he was under the patronage of Mary, daughter of King Louis VII., who was married in 1164 to Henry L., to write after the model set by the troubadours in southern France, and in his Arthur i an legends he set forth the theo count of Champagne. He was among the first trouvères ries of love as accepted by the noble ladies of his day. His extant Arthur i an works are "Le Chevalier à la Charrette," taken from a prose Lance lot du Lac" (concluded by Geoffrey de Ligny, or Godefroy de Lagny), "Le Chevalier au Lyon, (attributed by the Abbé de la Rue to Wace), "Erec and Enide" (the same legend that Tennyson used in the "Idylls of the King"), "Le roman de Cligès or Cliget," "Percevale (a work continued by succe ive versifiers to the extent of some fifty you sand lines, and probably representing in part a work of Robert de Borron). He also translated Ovid, and wrote a poem on "William the Conqueror." Chriemhild. See Kriemhild . Christ (krist). [L. Christ us , Gr. Χριστός (ὁ Χριστός, the Anointed).] The Anointed One, the Greek translation of Me iah (Hebrew mašiah ): a title of Jesus of Nazareth. Christ a bel (kris'ta-bel). 1. The daughter of the king who secretly betrothed herself to Sir Cauline, in the old ballad of that name. The king discovered it, and Sir Cauline performed prodigies of valor to win her He was at length freeing her from the soldan, and she "burste her gentle hearte in 2. The heroine of Cole ridge's poem of that name, published in 1816. The gentle and pious spell to bring into her father's enchantre who calls herself the Lady Geraldine. listen werful Christ à la Paille. [F., 'of the straw.'] A painting by Rubens, in the Museum of Antwerp, Belgium. It represents the dead Christ lying on a stone bench covered with straw, supported by Joseph of A rima the a, with the Virgin, St. John, and the Magda len grieving. On the side panels are St. John the Apostle and a Virgin and Child. Christ among the Doctors. A highly esteemed painting by Ingres, in the Musée Municipal at Montauban, France. Christ bearing the Cro . A celebrated statue by Michelangelo, in Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome. Christ church (krist' cherch). A seaport in Hampshire, England, situated at the junction of the Avon and Stour, 20 miles southeast of Southampton. It contains a priory church. Population (1891), 3,994. Christ church. A city in New Zealand, situated in the county of Selwyn, South Island, in lat. 43° 35' S., long. 172° 35' E. Its haven is Port Lyttelton. Population (1891), with suburbs, 47,846. Christ Church. One of the largest and most fashionable colleges of Oxford University, founded in 1525 by Cardinal Wolsey as Cardinal College, remodeled as King Henry VIII.'s College in 1532, and refounded as Christ Church by Henry VIII. in 1546. The fine Perpendicular gateway to the great quadrangle ("Tom Quad"), which is the largest in Oxford, opens beneath the Tom Tower, whose upper stage was built by Wren in 1682. On the south side of the quadrangle is the beautiful Perpendicular hall, 115 by 40 feet, and 50 high to the carved oak ceiling. It po e es many fine old and modern portraits. Christ Crucified between the Two Thieves. A famous fresco by Fra Angelico, in the Convent of San Marco, Florence. The mourning spectators include the most prominent figures of the church, and particularly of the order of St. Dominic. Christ, Entombment of. A noted painting by Titian, in the Louvre, Paris. Christian (kristian). [L. Christian us , Gr. Χριστιανός, F. Chrestien, Chrétien , It. Sp. Pg. Cris trano, G. Dan. Christian .] The hero of Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progre " (which see). Christian (kristian) I. Born 1426: died at Copenhagen, May 21, 1481. King of Denmark, the founder of the house of Oldenburg in Denmark. He was a son of Theodoric, count of Oldenburg, and Hedwig, heire of Schleswig and Holstein. He was elected in 1448 to succeed Christopher III., who had died the same year without i ue, and was crowned king of Norway in 1450. He took po e ion of the government of Sweden in 1457, but was expelled from the country by Sten Sture in 1470. He was elected duke of Schleswig and count of Holstein 1460, and founded the University of Copenhagen June 1. 1479. 2, 1481: died at Kallundborg, Denmark, Jan. 25, 1559. King of Denmark and Norway 1513-23, surnamed "The Cruel," son of John whom he succeeded. He married Isabella, sister of the emperor Charles V., in 1515. He conquered Sweden in 1520; but by his ma acre of the Swedish nobility at Stockholm the same year provoked an uprising under Gustavus Vasa, which resulted in the liberation of Sweden. He was posed in 1523, and driven out of Denmark. He made a descent on Norway in 1531, but was captured in 1532 and detained in prison till his death. Christian III. Born 1502: died at Kolding, the 18th century. Master's mate and leader of the mutineers of the Bounty, younger brother of Edward Christian. See Bounty . After the known: according to Adams, the survivintimutineer ship reached Tahiti, what became of found on Pitcairn Island, he was murdered by the TahiEngland. tians. It is po ible that he escaped and returned to Christian a (kris-ti-an'ä). [Fem. of Christian .] The wife of Christian, and the chief female character in the second part of Bunyan's "Pil grim's Progre ." She also left the City of De Denmark, Jan. 1, 1559. King of Denmark and struct i on after Christian's flight. Norway 1534-59. He introduced the Reformation into Christian Cicero. An epithet given to Lactan- Denmark and Norway, destroyed the influence of the Hanse towns in his dominions, and reduced Norway to a province. tius. mark, April 12, 1577: died at Copenhagen, Feb. 28, 1648. King of Denmark and Norway 15881648, son of Frederick II. He carried on a succe ful war against Sweden 1611-13. As duke of Holstein he was invited in 1625, in the Thirty Years' War, to take the lead in the rising of the Protestants in northern Germany. He was defeated by Tilly at Lutter am Barenberge, in Brunswick, Aug., 1626, and forced to accept the peace of Lübeck May, 1629. In a second war with Sweden, begun 1643, and concluded Aug., 1645, by the peace of Brömsebro, he lost the Norwegian districts of Jemtland and Herjeland, and the islands of Gothland and Ösel, and was forced to make other important conce ions. He promoted commerce and enterprise, founded the Danish settlement at Tranquebar in the East Indies, and by his courage and magnanimity acquired in a high degree the favor of his subjects. The well-known ballad "King Kristian stood by the lofty Mast" commemorates his heroism in the sea-fight with the Swedes before Kiel, July, 1644. Steele, published in 1701. Christiania (kris-të-ä'ne-ä). [Named from Christian IV. of Denmark.] The capital of Norway, and the chief seaport and city of the country, situated on Christiania Fjord in lat. 59° 55′ N., long. 10° 44′ E. It has a large foreign and coasting trade, and exports lumber, fish, etc. It is the seat of a university. It takes the place of the old medieval and commercial town Oslo, and was founded by Christian IV. in 1624. Population (1900), 227,626. Christiania. A diocese (stift) in southeastern Norway. Christiania Fjord (kris-te-ä'nē-ä fyôrd). An arm of the sea on the southern coast of Norway, south of Christiania. It is very picturesque. Length, about 50 miles. Christian of Troyes. See Chrestien de Troyes . Christians and (kris'te-än-sänd). A diocese (stift) in southern Norway. Christian V. Born April 15, 1646: died at Copenhagen, Aug. 25, 1699. King of Denmark and Norway 1670-99, son of Frederick III. He Christians and. [Named from Christian IV. of carried on an unsucce ful war against Sweden 1675-79, and published in 1683 a code which bears fis name. Christian VI. Born Nov. 30, 1699: died Aug. 6,1746. King of Denmark and Norway 17301746, son of Frederick IV. He was completely under the influence of his wife, Sophie Magdalene of Branden burg-Kulmbach, who squandered his revenue in magnifi building operations, including the palace of Chris tiansborg. Christian VII. Born at Copenhagen, Jan. 29, 1749: died at Rendsburg, Holstein, March 13, 1808. King of Denmark and Norway 17661808, and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein: son of Frederick V. by Louisa, daughter of George II. of England. Christian's reason having become im paired as a consequence of di ipation, the royal physician in ordinary, Struensee, supported by the queen, Caroline Matilda, sister of George III. of England, ob tained, through his appointment in 1770 as prime minis ter, the paramount influence in the government. Struensee was deprived of power Jan. 17, 1772, and put to death (while the queen was banished) by the queen-dowager and the minister Ove Hoegh-Guldberg. The crown prince Frederick a umed the government April 14, 1784, and had himself declared regent. Christian VIII. Born at Copenhagen, Sept. 18, 1786: died at Copenhagen, Jan. 20, 1848. King of Denmark 1839-48, and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg: eldest son of Frederick, stepbrother of Christian VII. He was governor of Norway when the peace of Kiel, con repudiated by the Norwegians, Jan. 28, 1814. He came cluded Jan. 14, 1814, which ceded Norway to Sweden, was forward as the champion of the national independence, collected an army of 12,000 men, convened a diet at Eidswold April 10, which adopted a constitution May 17, and was proclaimed king of Norway under the title of Chris tian I. May 19, 1814. Unable, however, to maintain his position against the Swedes, supported by the allied powers, he concluded a truce at Mo Aug. 14, and relinquished the crown Oct. 10, 1814. He i ued a proclamation July 8, 1846, in which he declared Schleswig and Holstein to be indi olubly united to Denmark. Christian IX. Born near Schleswig, April 8, 1818. King of Denmark, fourth son of Fred erick, duke of Schleswig-Holstein-SonderburgGlücksburg. He succeeded Frederick VII. Nov. 15, 1863. He proclaimed himself sovereign of Schleswig and Holstein, the succe ion to which duchies was claimed by Prince Frederick of Sonder burg-Aug us ten burg, who was supported by the inhabitants, and on Nov. 18, 1863, he ratified a constitution incorporating Schleswig with Denmark. The Schleswig-Holstein dispute finally involved him in a war with Pru ia and Austria, whose forces invaded Schleswig Feb. 1, 1864, and after an obstinate resistance occupied Jutland. By the treaty of Oct. 30, 1864, Christian formally renounced all claims to Schleswig, Holstein, and June 3, 1843); Alexandra, queen of England (born Dec. 1, Lauenburg. He has i ue Crown Prince Frederick (born 1844); George I., king of Greece (born Dec. 24, 1845) Dag mar, dowager empre of Ru ia (born Nov. 26, 1847); Thyra, duche of Cumber land (born Sept. 29, 1853); Prince Waldemar (born Oct. 27, 1858). Christian. Died at Tusculum, Italy, Aug. 25, 1183. A German prelate, made archbishop of Mainz Sept., 1165, general of Frederick Bar baro a in Italy 1167-83. Christian, Edward. Died at Cambridge, England, March 29, 1823. An English jurist, profe or of laws at Downing College, Cambridge, and chief justice of the Isle of Ely. Denmark.] A seaport and the capital of the diocese of Christians and, situated on Christians and Fjord in lat. 58° 10' N., long. 7° 58′ E. It has a good harbor and a large trade, and contains a cathedral. It was founded by Christian IV. Population (1891), 12,541. Christian Seneca. An epithet given to Joseph Hall (1574-1656). Christians tad (kris'tē-än-städ). A læn at the southern extremity of Sweden. Area, 2,507 square miles. Population (1893), 218,752. Christians tad. [Named from Christian IV. of Denmark.] The capital of the læn of Christians tad, Sweden, situated near the Baltic in lat. 56° N., long. 14° 12′ E. Its seaport is Åhus. It was founded by Christian IV. of Denmark. Population (1890), 10,670. Christian sted (kris'te-än-sted), or Ba in (bas's in). A seaport of the island of Santa Cruz, West Indies, situated in lat. 17° 45′ Ν., long. 64° 41′ W. It is the seat of the Danish governor-general. Population, about 5,000. Christians und (kris'te-än-sönd). A seaport in the amt of Romsdal, Norway, built on four islands in lat. 63° 10' N., long. 7° 45′ E. It exports fish. Population (1891), 10,130. Christian Vergil. An epithet given to Marco Girolamo Vida (14907-1566). Christ i as (kris'ti-as). An epic poem on the life of Christ, written in Latin (1535) by Marco Girolamo Vida. Christie (kris'ti), Alexander. Born at Edinburgh, 1807: died May 5, 1860. A Scottish painter, elected an a ociate of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1848. Christina (kris-tē ́nä). Born at Stockholm, Dec. 18, 1626: died at Rome, April 19, 1689. Queen of Sweden, daughter of Gustavus II. Adolphus, whom she succeeded in 1632 under a regency composed of the five chief officers of the crown. She a umed the government in 1644, terminated by the treaty of Brömsebro in 1645 the war which had been waged against Denmark since 1643, and contrary to the advice of Oxenstierna hastened the conclusion of peace in Germany. Having in 1649 secured the election of her cousin Charles Gustavus as her succe or, she abdicated the throne in 1654, and shortly after embraced the Roman Catholic faith. She eventually settled in Rome, where she patronized men of letters and science, and collected a library which was purchased after her death by Pope Alexander VIII. Christina, Maria. See Maria Christina. Christine de Pisan (kres-tēn' dė pē-zon'). Born at Venice about 1363: died after 1431. A writer of Italian parentage (daughter of Thomas de Pisan, councilor of the Venetian cated in Paris. republic and astrologer of Charles V.), edu She wrote "Le livre des faicts et bonnes moeurs de Charles V.," and many poems. Christ i nos. See Cristinos. Christ is on (kris'ti-son), Sir Robert. Born July 18, 1797: died Jan. 23, 1882. A noted Scottish physician. He was profe or of medical jurisprudence at Edinburgh 1822-32, and of materia medic a and therapeutics 1832-77. He received a baronetcy in 1871 The Century Cyclopedia of Names Christmas Carol, The. A Christmas tale by Charles Dickens, which appeared in 1843. Christmas Island (kris'mas i'land). 1. A small island in the Pacific, in lat. 1° 57′ N., long. 157° 28′ W. It is a British po e ion. 2. A small island in the Indian Ocean, about lat. 10° 31′ S., long. 105° 33′ E. It is a British po e ion. Chris top he, or Cris top he (kres-tof'), Henri. Born Oct. 6, 1767: died Oct. 8, 1820. A negro of Haiti. He took part in the revolution of 1790, and became the most trusted general of To us saint Louverture, serving the French. Subsequently he commanded IMG:content-0342.png:[blocks in formation] Highland Widow," "Two Drovers," and "The Surgeon's Daughter." The second series ("The Fair Maid of Perth") was published in 1828. The tales are supposed to be nar- rated by Mr. Chrystal Croft angry, to whom they are told by Chronicles of the Schönberg-Cotta Family (shèn'bėrg-kot'tä fam'i-li). A historical novel by Mrs. Charles, published in 1863. Chronon hot on tho logos (krō-non hō-ton-thol'- o-gos). A burlesque by Henry Carey, "the most tragical tragedy ever yet tragedized," first performed in 1734. It was imitated to some degree from Fielding's play "Tom Thumb." Chrononhotonthol- sionally used as a nickname for any particularly bombastic Chrudim (chrödim). A town in Bohemia, sit- uated on the Chrudinka in lat. 49° 57′ N., long. 15° 47′ E. Population (1890), 12,128. Chrysal (kris'al), or the Adventures of a Guinea. A novel by Charles John stone, pub- lished in 1760. Chrysal is an elementary spirit whose abode is in a piece of gold converted into a guinea. In that form the spirit pa es from man to man, and takes accurate note of the different scenes of which it becomes a witne . Tucker man , Hist. of Eng. Prose Fict., p. 240. Chrysalde (krē-zäld'). A character in Molière's comedy "L'Ecole des femmes.” Chrysale (krē-zäl'). A good, stupid citizen of the middle cla , the husband of Philaminte, in Molière's comedy "Les femmes savantes." See Philaminte . Chrysaor (kri-sā'or or kris'ā-or). [Gr. Χρυ- σάωρ .] 1. In cla ical mythology, a son of Poseidon and Medusa, and father (by Callir- rhoe) of the three-headed Geryones and Echid- na. He sprang forth from the head of Medusa when Perseus cut it off. 2. The sword of Africa, embracing many tribes, and occupying not only British Bechuanaland, but part of the Transvaal. The language is called Se-chuana, and differs but dialectally from Se-Suto. The Bechuana are darker, le tall and brave, but more progre ive than the Zulus. They build round houses with verandas, and wear a karo . The western Bechuana are rather pastoral than agricultural. The principal eastern tribes are the Basuto, Ba-tlaka, Ba-Mapela, Ba-Pedi; the western are the Ba-Hlapi, Ba-Tlaro (Kuruman), Ba-Rolong (Mafeking), Ba-Ngwaketsi and Ba-Kuena (Molopolole), Ba-Mangwato, between Ngami and Limpopo (Khama's people). Chuapa (chö-ä'pä), or Choapa (chō-ä'pä). river in Chile which separates Coquimbo from Aconcagua, flowing into the Pacific Ocean 100 miles north of Val para i so. Length, 120 miles. Chubar (chö-bär'), or Charbar (chär-bär'). 1. A bay on the southern coast of Persia, in lat. 25° 20′ N., long. 60° 30′ E.-2. A port on the Bay of Chubar. Chucuito, or Chucuyto, or Chuquito (chö-kwe'- tō). A town in southern Peru, situated on Lake Titicaca 15 miles southeast of Puno. Under the Incas this was the most important town of the Collao, and ancient ruins still exist near it. Population, estimated at 5,000. Chudleigh (chud'lē). A town in Devons hire, England, 8 miles southwest of Exeter. Chudleigh, Cape. A cape at the entrance of Hudson Strait, on the northern coast of Labra- IMG:content-0343.png:[ocr errors] Chronicle of the Kings of England from the Time of the Romans Government unto the Death of King James. The principal work of Sir Richard Baker. It was published in 1643, and its popularity is attested by its many editions, a ninth ap- pearing in 1696. It was continued by another to the time of George I., and i ued in 1730. Chronicles (kron'i-klz). Two books of the Old Testament, supplementary to the books of Artegal, in Spenser's “Faerie Queene." Chryseis (kri-se'is). [Gr. Χρυσηίς.] In Ho- meric legend, Astynome, the daughter of Chry- ses, seized as a slave by Agamemnon. When the king refused to give her up, Chryses prayed to Apollo for vengeance, and the god sent a plague upon the camp of the Greeks, which was not stayed until the maiden was taken back to her father by Ody eus. Chryses (krī'sēz). [Gr. Χρύσης .] In Homeric legend, a priest of Apollo at Chrysa. Chumaia (chö-mi'ä). A tribe of North Ameri- can Indians living in Eden valley and on the Middle Eel River, California. See Yukian . Chrysippus (kri-sip'us). [Gr. Χρύσιππος.] Born at Soli, Cilicia, 280 в. с.: died at Athens, 207 B. c. A Greek Stoic philosopher, a disciple of Cleanthes. He invented the logical argument called sorites , and was, next to Zeno, the most eminent philoso- pher of his sect. He is said to have died from an im- moderate fit of laughter on seeing an a eating some figs destined for his own supper. ""Give him a bumper of wine,' he cried to the old woman who attended him, and was so amused by the incident that he sank under the ex- haustion of his own merriment." K. O. Müller , Hist. of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 27. ( Donald son .) Chrysoloras (kris-ō-lō'ras), Manuel. [Gr. Μανουὴλ Meyso ὁ Χρυσόλωρας.] Born at Constant i no- ple (?) about 1355: died at Con stance, Ger- many, April 15, 1415. A celebrated Greek scholar, teacher of Greek in Italy. Many dist in- Chumbaba. See Khumbaba . guished scholars were his pupils. He wrote "Erotemata Chumbul (chum-bul'). See Chambal . sive Quæstiones," one of the first Greek grammars used in Italy. fornia, and also upon the islands of Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz, and such other of the Santa Barbara islands as were permanently inhabited. Only about 40 individuals of the once populous stock survived in 1884 of these about 20 live near the outskirts of San Buenaventura. Chumash, from which the stock name is derived, is the native name of the Santa Rosa islanders. Chrysopolis (kri-sop'ō-lis). [Gr. Χρυσόπολις , golden city.] An ancient town on the site of the modern Scutari, in Asia Minor. Chrysostom (kris'os-tom or kris-os'tom), Saint John. [Gr. χρυσόστομος, golden-mouthed.] Born at Antioch, Syria, probably in 347 A. D.: died near Comana, Cappadocia, Sept. 4, 407. A celebrated father of the Greek Church. He was preacher and prelate at Antioch, was patriarch of Con- stantinople 398-404, and was exiled to Cappadocia 404- 407. The chief editions of his works are the "Benedic- tine" (13 vols. fol. 1718), and that of the Abbé Migne (13 vols. 1863). He is commemorated in the Greek Church on Jan. 27 and Nov. 13, in the Roman Church on Jan. 27. The last of the great Christian sophists who came forth from the schools of heathen rhetoric was John, the son of Secund us, a general in the imperial army, who is gener- ally known by the surname Chrysostomus, given to him, as to the eminent sophist Dio Cocceianus, on account of his golden eloquence. He was born at Antioch, about A. D. 347, and was taught rhetoric in his native city by Libanius, who would gladly have established him in his school as his a istant and succe or, if Chrysostom had not been drawn away from secular pursuits by his reli- gio us convictions. K. O. Müller , Hist. of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 341. Chun (tchön), Karl. Born Oct. 1, 1852. German zoölogist. Chunar (chun-är'), or Chunarghur (chun- är'ger). A fortified town in the district of Mir- zapur, Northwestern Provinces, British India, situated on the Ganges 19 miles southwest of Benares. It was taken by the English in 1763. treaty of Chunar between Hastings and the Nabob of Oudh was concluded in 1781. IMG:content-0344.png:[blocks in formation] of the 4th century B. C. by another, probably a Levite. Chrzanowski(chzhi-nov'skē), Adalbert. Born in the waywode ship of Cracow, 1788: died at Paris, March 5, 1861. A Polish general in the revolution of 1830-31. He was commander of Chungu (chön gö), or Ba-Chungu (bä-chön gö). A Bantu tribe settled on the highland between Lakes Nya a and Tanganyika, central Africa. Chupas (chöpäs). An elevated plain west of Guamanga (now Ayacucho), Peru, about mid- way between Cuzco and Lima. Here the younger Almagro was finally beaten by the royalist forces under Vaca de Castro, Sept. 16, 1542. See Almagro , Diego de. IMG:content-0345.png:[ocr errors] Chupra - Chupra (chup'rä). The capital of the district of Saran, Behar, British India, situated near the junction of the Gogra and Ganges in lat. 25° 46′ N., long. 84° 40′ E. Population (1891), 57,352.