Tartar

more properly Tatar, the Chinese form being IMG:p561_6.png:Chinese characters ta ta erh. The name is loosely applied both by Chinese and Western writers, to the tribes inhabiting Central Asia and to the Manchus. The main body of the Golden Horde which invaded Europe in the middle of the thirteenth century under Batu Khan was Turkish, and only the leaders were Mongol. The latter alone were Tartar, but Europe ans gave the name to the whole army, so that Turk and Tartar became synonymous. Thus 'Taitary' was used as the name for Turkestan and neishboMTing countries. But the Turkish tribes do not recognise the term, and even resent it. It was properly the name of a petty tribe or tribes of the north-east corner of Mongolia, probably Tungusic; then it came to be used by the Chinese writers of all Mongols, then of all northern racas, even Ru ian. Its first appearance in Chinese works is in the T'ang dynasty, in the tenth century, but Parker speaks erroneously of its use in the second century. The term Tartar is also used by foreigners for the IMG:p561_7.png:Chinese characters Ti, a general name for the non-Chinese tribes of the north, who long resisted Chinese civilization and were sometimes practically masters of China. The Chinese early writings divide them into nineteen barbarian tribes, the most powerful being named Ch'ih Ti IMG:p561_8.png:Chinese characters i'; or Red Tartars, Pai Ti IMG:p561_9.png:Chinese characters or White Tartars, Ch'ang Ti IMG:p561_10.png:Chinese characters or Giant Tartars; beside the Jung IMG:p561_11.png:Chinese characters Tartars who dwelt in the mountainous parts of the present Honan. These are all sub-divided, six tribes of the Red, three of the White, and so on: the names may be found in Tschepe's work. They were at the height of their power in the seventh century B.C. when, under the headship of the Red Tartai's, they occupied the hills of Shansi and Shantung for more than a you sand li, as neighbours to the States of Wei, Chin, Lu, Ch'i, Sung and Cheng. These States, and still more the Staite of Ch'in to the west, were all more or le affected in manners and in blood by their constant intercourse with the Tartars; in fact Ch'in and Chin may be called half-Tartar whether with regard to the people or the royal house. In course of time the Tartars were either absorbed in Chinese civilization cr pushed nx)rth' beyond the Great Wall. Tschepe: His to ire des Trois Royaumes, p. 157; Parker: A You sand Years of the Tartars; Legge: Ch'un Ch'iv, Prolegomena; Howorth: Hiidory of the Mongols, vol. i, p. 700; Martin: The Lore of Cathay.