AIR

n. Ar. From Lat., aer, Gr., ajp. Lat.,aer. Fr., air, Ger., Luft. t., aere, aria. Sp.) aire. A name originally applied to any gas, Tt is now restricted to the gas forming the earth’s atmosphere. The latter is made up of a mechanical mixture of nitrogen and oxygen, with a small proportion of carbon dioxide, ammonia, free nitric acid, ozone, aqueous vapor, and various adventitious inorganic and organic substances either in the form of gas or of suspended solid particles. Of these constituents, although all are constantly present, all except the first two are regarded as impurities, chemically pure a. consisting only of nitrogen and CR The relative quantities of these elements vary with the locality, the season, and other factors, the proportion of oxygen ranging from 20°26 to 21 per cent. by volume, the mean being 20°96 per cent. by volume, or rather more than 23 per cent. by weight. A. is a colorle , tastele , and odorle gas. It exhibits the properties of its constituent gases, maintaining oxidation, combustion, and respiration, like pure GE n, but acting with le energy than the latter, on account of the Gele (Fr.). Empyreal a., oxygen. [D, 108,]—A. expiré (Fr.). © SE a.— A, fixe (Fr.), See Fixed a—A, fixe anti put ride (Fr.). À supposed modification of fixed a. having antiseptic properties. (B, 163.] A. fixe inflammable (Fr.) À supposed inflammable modification of fixed a, [B, 163.}—A. gâté (F .). Nitrogen. [D, 90.j—A. hépatique. See Hepa ic a.—A. infect (Fr.), Foul a. [D, 82.]—A. inflammable (Fr.). See Inflammable a,—A. inspiré (Fr.). See Inspired a.—A. in the veins. See Air-EMBOLISM. —A, mar in (Fr). Seaa. [D.]—A. méphitique (Fr.). See Mephitic a.—A. nitreux (Fr.). See Nitrous a.—A. of nitre. Fr., a. dunitre. It.,ariadi nitro. Priest ley’s name for the gaseous product of the decomposition of nitre; a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen monoxide. [B.|—A. of sparry fluor. An old name for impi hydrofluoric acid. [B, 86.|—A. phlogistique, A. phlogisiqué (Fr.). See Phlogisticated a.—A. puant (Fr.). Hydi i [D, 82]—A. pur (Fr.). See Pure a.—A. raréfié (Fr.). Rarefied a. [D.]—A. résiduel (Fr.). See Residual a.—A. solide de Hales. See Solid a. of Hales—A, sylvestre de Van Helmont (Fr.). Carbon dioxid D, 108.|—A. tonnant (Fr.). See ‘A. détonant.—A. vic ié, A. vic ié de Schéele (Fr.). Nitrogen. ft, 108.]—A. vital (Fr.). See Vital a.—Alkaline a. Fr., a.alcalin. It., aria alcalina. Sp., aire alcalino. Priest ley’s name for ammonia. De a. Lat.,aer atmospheric us. Fr., a. atmosphérique. Ger., atmosphärische Luft. It., aria atmosferica. Sp., aire atmosférico. Ordinary a. See A—Azotic a. Fr., a, azotique. Nitrogen. (B.}_ Breathing a. See Tidal a. and Breatn- ING a.—Complemental a., Complementary a. Fr., a. complémentaire. Ger., Complementarluft. À term introduced by Hutch in son [J, 12] to designate the volume of a. in addition to the tidal a., which may be drawn into the lungs by a forced inspiration. The average amount for an adult man is about 1,500 cu. cent. [J, 19, 40. —Dephlogisticated a. Fr., a. dephlogistiqué. Ger., dephlogisticirte Luft. It., aria def logistic at a. Sp., aire def logistic a do. Priest ley's name for oxygen. [A.]—Dephlogisticated nitrous a. Priest ley’s term for nitrogen monoxide. [B, 3, 86.|—Empyreal a. Fr., a. empyré de Schéele. Oxygen. [B, 158.]—Expiratory a., Expired a. Fr., a. expiré, exhalation pulmonaire. Ger., Ausathmungsluft, Expirationsluft. It.,ali to,len a. Sp., alien to, halito. Syn.: breath, pulmonary exhalation. The a. forced from the lungs in expiration. It differs from inspired a. in composition, an average specimen containing, at the standard temperature and pre ure and when deprived of its aqueous vapor, O 16°06 per cent. by volume, N 79°56 per cent., and CO, 4°38 per cent. The composition, moreover, varies much more than that of inspired a. Expired a. differs from the latter in the following respects also: 1. It is loaded with aqueous vapor. 2. It acquires a trace of organic matter, and frequently contains various volatile and odorous substances (alcohol, rlic, etc.) taken into the mouth and stomach or excreted by the lungs. 3. It is changed in temperature—that is, if of a lower temperature than the body it is heated, if of a higher temperature it is cooled..] See Inspired a.—Factitious a. Lat., aer fact it i us. It., aria fattizia. Sp., aire facticio. Carbon dioxide. [D, 76.|— Fixed a. Fr., a. fixe. Ger., Luft. It., aria fi a. Sp., aire fjo. A name given by J. Black to carbon dioxide. [A, 1: D, 108. —Fluor acid a. A name given by Priest ley to silicon tetrafluoride. [B, 3.| Heavy combustible a., Heavy inflammable a. Ger., schwere brennbare Luft. Methane. [B, 140.|—Hepatic a. Lat., aer hepatic us. Fr., a. hépatique. Ger., Schwefelleberluft. It., aria epatica. An old term for hydrogen sulphide. [B, 86.]-—Inilammable a. Lat., aer inflammabilis. Fr., a. inflammable. Ger., brennbare Luft. It., aria infiammabile. An old term for various inflammable gases; usually applied to hydrogen, but also to methane and ethylene. [B, 3, 86.] See Heavy inflammable a.—Inspired a. Fr., a. inspiré. Ger., Hinathmungsluft, Inspirationsluft. The a. taken into the lungs in inspiration. Its composition is that of the surrounding atmosphere (q. v.). a Marine acid‘a. An old term for gaseous eyarocnl ere acid. [B, 2, 86.]—Mephitiec a. Lat., aer mephitic us. …, a, méphitique. It., aria mefitica. Old terms for (a) nitrogen, (b) carbon dioxide; so called-because both are fatal to animal life. [B.]—Nitrous a. Fr., a. nitreux. Ger., Salpeterluft. It., aria nitros a, A term of Priest ley’s for nitrogen dioxide., 3, 86.]—Phlogisticated a. Fr.,a, phlogistique ou phlogistiqué. r., phlogisticirte Luft. It., aria flog is tic at a. Sp, aire flog is tic a do. Pnestleg"s term for nitrogen. [B, 3, 86.]—Phosphoric a. Aterm given by Kirwan (1787) to a gas obtained by heating phosphorus with an alkali, and consisting of gaseous hydrogen phosphide mixed with a small quantity of the vapor of liquid hydrogen phosphide. [B, 3, 86.|—Pure a. t. der pur us. Fr., a. pur. Ger., reine Luft. It., aria pur a, Sp., aire puro. One of voisier’s names for oxygen. [A.]—Reserve a. Fr., réserve res pir a to ire. Ger. Reserveli, ged respiratory reserve. A term introduced by, Hutch in son (1840-1850) to designate the volume of a. that may be voluntarily forced from the lungs after an ordinary respiration. The average amount of reserve a. for an adult man is about 1,500 cu. cent. [J, 18, 19, 28, 46.|—Residual a, Fr., résidu res pir a to ire, a. résiduel. Ger., Residualluft. Syn.: respiratory residue. A term introduced by Hutch in son (1840-1850) to designate the volume of a. that remains in the lungs after the most forcible expiration. It amounts in the average, for an adult man, to about 1,800 cu, cent. [J, 18, 19, 28, 46.]—Solid a. of Hales, Fr., a. solide de Hales. It., aria solid a di Hales. Sp., aire soli do de Hales. A name given to carbon dioxide on account of its proy noe forming solid carbonates with the metallic oxides. ‘i; D.|-Stationary a. Fr., capacité Per on a ires The amount of a. which remains constantly in he lungs in ordinary respiration. It includes: (a) the reserve a., which may be expelled; and (b) the residual a., which always remains even after the most powerful expiration. The average amount of stationary a. in an adult man is about 3,300 cu. cent. [J, 19, 41.]—Sup pie mental a., Supplementary a. See Reserve a.—Tidal a. Fr., capacité ins pir at rice ordinaire. Ger., Volum des mittleren Athmens. Syn.: breath, breathing a., breathing volume. The volume of a, taken in at one inspiration in ordinary tranquil breathing. This averages about 500 cu. cent. in an adult man. [J.]—Vitala. Lat., aer vital is, Fr.,a. vital. It., aria vitale. Sp., aire vital. An À applications of a. see A.-PASSAGES, A.-PUMP, 4.-BAG, A.-BATH, A.-BAT- ‘TERY, A.-BED, A.-BLADDER, A.-CANALS, A.-CAVITIES, A.-CELL, A.-CHAM- BER, A.-CURE, À.-CUSHION, A.-DOUCHE, A.-DUCT, A.-EMBOLISM, A.-GAS, A.-LACUNULE, A.-PESSARY, A.-PILLOW, A,-SAC, A.-SINUSES, A.-THER- MOMETER, 4,-TRACTOR, 4.-TRAP, A.-TUBE, 4.-VESICLE, and A,-VESSELS, AIRA (Lat.), n. f. >)i?-ra>. From alp a, darnel. Fr., aire, canche (2d def.). Ger., Schmiele, rei @a def.), 1. Amon; the Greeks, the darnel (Lolium temulentum). 2. A name applie by Linnæus (1737) to a genus of Gramineæ belonging to the tribe veneæ, distinguished by the presence of 2 perfect florets and sometimes of the rudiments of a third within the glumes. [B, 115, 170; D, 117,|—A. aquatic a [Willdenow]. Fr., canche aquatique. ‘Ger.. sti es Milizgras, Wa erschmiele. Water hair-gra ; a species found in pools, eaten by cattle and water-fowl. [B, 71, 171.]—A. cæspitosa [Willdenow]. Fr., canche élevée, canche des gazons. Ger., Ackerschiniele, Rasenschmicle. Tufted hair-gra , ‘A species with stiff erect stalks sometimes reaching the height of 6 feet, growing in marshy meadows. It is eaten by cattle. [B, 71, 173; D, 8, 117,]—A. canescens [ee ieeae Fr., canche blanchdtre, erbin cendré. Ger., dustige Schmiele. Syn.: Avena canescens [Weber], C Äzh‚orux canescens [Beauvais]. A species eaten by cattle. [B, 173,J—A. Ce Willdenow]., canche à feuilles d'œillet. Ger., Silbergras, Silberhaargras. Syn.: Avena'caryophyllea. Silver hair-gra ; an Eı Euro| i 178.]— lish an A. ftexona {Willdenow, ¥r., canche jle. Syn.: Avena montana [Weber]. Waved hair-gra . a wavy peduncle and setaceous leaves. [B, 71.|—A. hole us lanatus. Hoxcus lanatus—A. moll is. See Horcts moll is—A. montana [Scheuchz.], A. setacea [Hudson]. A. flexuosa [B, 173].