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(Benôit de). French author, b. Saint Michiel, 12 April, 1656. He was succe ively consul in Egypt and at Leghorn; and died at Marseilles, 30 Jan. 1738. After his death was published “Tell i a med” (the anagram of his name), in which he maintained that all land was originally covered with water and that every species of animal, man included, owes its origin to the sea. “ Mainlaender ” (Philipp), pseudonym of Philipp Batz , German pe imist, author of a profound work entitled the Philosophy of Redemption , the first part of which was published in 1876. It was said that “Mainländer” committed suicide in that year, but the second part of his work has come out 1882–86. He holds that Polytheism gives place to Monotheism and Pantheism, and these again to Atheism. “God is dead, and his death was the life of the world.”