scaldino (skaldeno)

[It., MALCOLAN FRASER Old Venetian Scaldino. A man who had lived for forty years in the pungent atmosphere of an air-tight stove, succeeding a quarter of a century of roaring hearth fires, contented himself with the spare heat of a scaldino , which he held his clasped hands over in the very Italian manner. W. D. Howells, Indian Summer, xi. An aged crone with a scaldino in her lap, a tattered shawl over her head, and an outstretched, skinny palm, guards the portal of every sanctuary. The Century , XXX. 208. scaldragt (skâld'rag), n. [ For to be a laundres imports onely to wash or dre e lawne, which is as much impeachment as to cal a justice of the peace a beadle, a dyer a scaldragge , or a fishmonger a seller of gubbins. John Taylor , Works (1630), II. 165. ( Hall i well .) scald weed (skåld'wēd), n. Same as scaldō . scalel (skal), n . [Early mod. E. also skale ; scale , also a ibilated shale , schale , sceale , a scale, husk, = MD. schaele, D. schaal, a scale, husk, = MLG. schale = OHG. scala (ǎ or ā), MHG. schale, schal ( ă or ā), G. schale, a shell, husk, scale, = Dan. skal, shell, peel, rind, skæl , the scale of a fish, = Sw. skal , a shell, peel, rind, Goth. skalja, a tile; cf. OF. escale, F. écale , écaille = It. scaglia , a shell, scale ( scale , scăle , MHG. scale, scole, E. scale , etc., a bowl, dish of a balance, etc. (see scale2 ), to AS. scyll, scell , E. shell , etc. (see shell ), to G. scholle, a flake (of ice), a clod, etc.; skal , * skel , separate, split; cf. OBulg. skolika , a mu el ( -shell ), Ru . skala , bark, shell, Lith. skelti , split, etc. From the same root are ult. E. scale, shalel (a doublet of scalel ), shale2 , shell, scall, scalp1 , scallop = scollop, scull1 = skull , scull2 = skull2 , skill , etc., skoal (a doublet of scale2 ), etc., and prob. the first element in scabbard1 . Cf. scalel, v.] 1. A husk, shell, pod, or other thin cover ing of a seed or fruit, as of the bean.-2. In bot., a small rudimentary or thin scarious body, usually a metamorphosed leaf, scale-like in form and often in arrangement, constituting the covering of the leaf-buds of deciduous trees in cold climates, the involucre of the Compos itæ, the bracts of the catkin, the imbricated and thickened leaves which constitute the bulb, and the like. Also applied in the Coniferæ to the leaves or bracts of the cone, and to the chaff on the stems of ferns. See also cuts under imbricate and rosin-plant.-3. In zoöl., IMG:content-0208.jpg:[ocr errors] C a, the scale-like leaves of the stem of Lathræa Squa maria; b, the cone with the scales of Cupre us sempervirens; c, the imbricate scalelike bracts of the spike of Cy per us badius. 5368 an epidermal or exoskeletal structure that is thin, flat, hard or dry, and of some definite extent; a piece of cuticle that is squamous, scaly, or horny, and does not constitute a hair, a feather, or a horn, hoof, nail, or claw; a squama; a scute; a scutellum. All these structures, however, belong to one cla , and there is no absolute distinction. Scales are often of large size and great comparative thickne or solidity, and may be reinforced by bone, in which case they are commonly called shields or plates. Specifically-(a) In ichth., one of the particular modifications of epidermis which collectively form the usual covering, more or le complete, of fishes; a fish-scale. They are of many forms and sizes, but have been sometimes considered under the four heads of cycloid, ctenoid, ganoid, and placoid, and fishes have been cla ified accordingly, as by Aga iz. (See cycloid, etc.) They are developed on the inner side of the general epidermis, but vary greatly in form and other characteristics. In most living fishes they are expanded horny lamellæ, and imbricated, the posterior edges of one transverse row overlapping adjacent parts of the succeeding row. Growth takes place from a central, subcentral, or posterior nucleus by increase at the periphery. Generally the anterior part, or base of insertion, is provided with str iæ or grooves diverging backward. (1) In numerous fishes growth takes place in layers and at the posterior edges as much as at the anterior, and there are no teeth or denticles at the posterior margin: such are called cycloid scales. (2) When the posterior margin is beset with denticles, a ctenoid scale is the result. When vestiges of such teeth or denticles are retained on the surface between the nucleus and the posterior margin, the surface is to that extent muri C a, Cycloid Scale of Caranx, enlarged. b, Ctenoid Scale of Lepomis, cated. In other forms the dosteus trist ach us, three fifths nat growth is almost entirely ural size. sideways and forward, and the nucleus is consequently near the posterior edge. (3) Still other fishes have a hard enameled surface to the scale, which is generally of a rhomboidal form, and such a scale is called ganoid; but few modern fishes are thus armed, though scales of this kind were developed by numerous extinct forms. enlarged. c, Ganoid Scale of Lepi Placoid Scales of a Shark ( Odontaspis littoral is). Be (4) When the scales are very small, or represented by o ified papillæ of the cutis, they are called placoid ; such are found in most of the sharks. tween these various types there are gradations, and there are also numerous modifications in other directions. The presence or absence of scales becomes also of slight systematic importance in some groups, and the same family may contain species with a scalele body and others with scales of the ctenoid and cycloid types. The scales of various fishes, as the sheepshead, mullet, and drum, are used in the manufacture of ornamental work, as mock jewelry, flower-sprays, etc. Pearl-white or e ence d'Orient, used in making artificial pearls, is prepared from the scales of Alburnus lucid us and other cyprinoid fishes. (b) In herpet., one of the cuticular structures which form the usual covering of reptiles proper, as distinguished from amphibians, as a snake or lizard. These scales are commonly small, and are distinguished from the special shields or plates which cover the head, and the large specialized gastrosteges or urosteges of the under parts, as of a serpent. They are usually arranged in definite rows or series, and are also called scutes or scutella. In the Chelo nia or turtles one of the thin plates of tortoise-shell which cover the carapace is a scale. See tortoise-shell. (c) In or nith.: (1) A reduced feather, lacking locked barbs, and with flattened stem: as, the scales of a penguin. (2) A feather with metallic luster or iridescence, as those on the throat of a humming-bird. (3) A nasal opercle; a naricorn: as, the nasal scale. (4) One of the large regular divisions of the tarsal envelop; a scutellum: the smaller or irregular pieces being usually called plates. (d) In mammal., one of the cuticular plates which may replace hairs on much of the body: as, the scales of a pangolin. 4. Something like or likened to a scale; something desquamated or exfoliated; a flake; a shell; a scab. In the spiritual conflict of S. Pauls conversion there fell scales from his eyes that were not perceav'd before. Milton, Church-Government, i. 7. Specifically-(a) A thin plate of bone; a scale-like or shell like bone: as, the human lacrymal bone is a mere scale; the squamosal is a thin scale of bone. (b) A part of the periostracum, or epidermal covering of the shell of a mollusk. (c) One of the broad flat structures, or hemielytra, which cover some annelids, as the scale backs, with a kind of defensive armor. (d) In entom.: (1) One of the minute structures which constitute the covering of the wings of lepidopterous insects, as the furrine of a butterfly or moth. These are modified hairs which when well developed are thin, flat plates, pointed at the end where they are attached to the surface and generally divided into a number of long teeth at the other end; they are set in rows overlapping each other slightly, like tiles or shingles on a roof. These scales are ornamented with microscopic lines, and are of various and often very bright colors. By covering the transparent membrane of the wings they form the beautiful patterns much admired in these insects. See cut in next column, and cut under Lepi doptera. (2) One of the plates, somewhat similar to those on a butterfly's wing, covering the bodies of most Thysanura ( Lepismatidæ, Poduridæ ). (3) One of the little flakes which, scattered singly or close together, so as to cover the whole surface in a uniform manner, ornament the bodies and IMG:content-0209.jpg:[subsumed][merged small][graphic][merged small] IMG:content-0210.jpg:[graphic] IMG:content-0211.jpg:[blocks in formation] wing-covers of many beetles, especially species of Curcu lionidæ. These scales are frequently mingled with hairs; they are often metallic and very beautifully colored. (4) One of the rudimentary wings of some insects, as fleas, or some similar proce or formation on the thorax: as, the covering scale, the operculum or tegula of various insects. See tegula. (5) The shield covering the body of most female scale-insects ( Coccidæ ), and subsequently, when the insect dies and shrivels up, serving to protect the IMG:content-0212.png:[graphic][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][ocr errors][ocr errors][subsumed][merged small] eggs and young which are concealed beneath it. (See accompanying cut.) It is formed either by an exudation from the body of the female, or by her cast-off larva-skins cemented together. Hence - (6) A coccid; a scale-insect: as, the barnacle scale, Ceroplastes cirriped i form is, common in Florida. See cuts under coccus, cochineal, and scale - insect. (7) A vertical dilatation of the petiole of the abdomen, found in some ants. Also called nodus or node. (e) One of the large hard scabs which form in some diseases of the human skin. (f) One of the metal plates which form the sides of the frame of a pocket-knife, and to which the outer part, of ivory or other material, is riveted. (g) The crust of oxid formed on the surface of a metal heated with exposure to the air: used chiefly with reference to iron, as in the terms mill-scale, hammer-scale, etc. - Black scale, Lecanium oleæ, which feeds on the olive, oleander, citron, etc. It originated in Europe, but is now found in California and Australia. [California.] - Chaff scale, Par lat or i a pergandei, an enemy of the orange and lemon. [Florida.] Cottony maple-scale. See Pulvinar i a . Flat scale, Le canium hesperidum, a common greenhouse pest on many plants in all parts of the world. - Fluted scale. See cush ion-scale.-Long scale, My til aspis glover i, a pest of citrus plants, common to southern Europe and the southern United States. [Florida.] - Mining scale, Chi on aspis bi clavis, which burrows beneath the epidermal layer of leaves and twigs of various tropical plants. - Oleander scale, Asp idiot us nerii, a cosmopolitan enemy of the oleander. - Pine-leaf scale, Chi on aspis pinifoliæ. See figure above. - Purple scale, My til aspis citricola, a pest of citrus plants in southern Europe and the southern United States. [Florida.] - Quince scale, Asp idiot us cydoniæ, which infests the quince in Florida. - Red scale, Aonidia aurantii, a cosmopolitan enemy of the orange. - Rose scale, Di aspis rose.- San José scale, Asp idiot us perniciosus, infesting the apple and pear on the Pacific coast of the United States. - Scales scaled. See scaled. - Scurfy scale, Chi on aspis furfur us, a common pest of the apple in the United States. - White scale. Same as cushion scale. Willow scale, Chi on aspis salic is, the common white-willow bark-louse of Europe and North America. scalel (skal), v.; pret. and pp. scaled, ppr. scal ing. [Formerly also skale (Sc. skail ); IMG:content-0213.png:[blocks in formation] Our American neighbors neither allow set-nets, or driftnets, on their shores, as they say nets break up the schulls of herring, and destroy them by scaling - that is, rubbing off their scales, when they are in a large body. Perley . 2. To peel; husk; shell: as, to scale almonds. -3. To pare down or off; shave or reduce, as a surface. If all the mountains and hills were scaled and the earth made even, the waters would not overflow its smooth surface. T. Burnet, Theory of the Earth, i. 7. 4. In metal., to get rid of the scale or film of oxid formed on the surface of (a metal), as of iron plates, in order to obtain a clean surface for tinning.-5. To clean (the inside of a cannon) by firing off a small quantity of powder. The two large guns on the after tower were first scaled with light blank charges. Sci. Amer. Supp., p. 8695. 6. To cause to separate; disperse; scatter: as, to scale a crowd. Ah, sirrah, now the hugy heaps of cares that lodgèd in my mind Are scaled from their nestling-place, and pleasures pa age find, For that, as well as Clyomon, Clamydes broke his day. Peele, Sir Clyomon and Sir Clamydes. 7. To spill: as, to scale salt; to scale water.8. To spread, as manure or some loose substance. [In the last three senses obsolete or prov. Eng. or Scotch.] II. in trans. 1. To separate and come off in thin layers or lamine; become reduced by the separation or lo of surface scales or flakes. The creatures that cast their skin are the snake, the viThose that cast their shell are the lobster, the per. crab. The old skins are found, but the old shells never; so as it is like they scale off and crumble away Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 732. by degrees. The pillar [Pompey's] is well preserved, except that it has scaled away a very little to the south. Pococke , Description of the East, I. 8. 2. To separate; break up; disperse; scatter. [Obsolete or prov. Eng. or Scotch.] They would no longer abide, but scaled, & departed Holinshed, Chron., III. 499. awaie. See how they scale , and turn their tail, And rin to flail and plow, man. The Battle of Sheriff - Muir, st. 5.