Glance

[Ger. glanz, glo , brilliancy; Icel. glos, te shine; Dan. glands, splendor, lustre. Allied to GLISTEN, q. v.] A sudden shoot of light or splendor. "How fleet is the glance of the mind!" Cowper. IMG:content-0393.jpg:[graphic][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed] IMG:content-0394.png:[blocks in formation] "The jest did glance away from me." - Shaks. -To look with a sudden, rapid cast of the eye; to take a hasty glimpse; to snatch a momentary view. They sit again, and sigh and glance; then dance again, and ki ." Sir J. Suckling. -To hint; to cast a word or pa ing reflection; to censure by oblique hints; - sometimes preceding at. Glance/-coal, n. ANTHRACITE, q. v. Glance/-cobalt, n. ( Min .) Same as COBALTINE, q . v. Glance'-copper, n. ( Min . ) Chalcocite, or sulphuret of copper. It is It is of metallic lustre, blackish lead-gray color, often tarnished with blue or green. Sp . gr. 5.5 to 5-8. Comp . Sulphur 20-2, copper 79-8. Occurs in fine crystals in Cornwall, Eng., Bristol, Conn., and in many other localities. their lymphatics spring, as in the case of scarlet fever, in which the glands of the throat are affected; in gonor- rhœa, the glands of the groin, . The treatment of such absce es belongs to the ordinary principles of sur- gery. (See ABSCESS.) A much more troublesome affec- tion of the glands is the slow, comparatively painle , at first dense solid swelling which they undergo in Scrof- ula , which tends very slowly, if at all, to suppuration, and sometimes remains for years. In Syphilis and Can- cer there are also enlargements of the lymphatic glands. Scrofulous or tubercular disease of the mesenteric glands in children constitutes Tabes mesenteric a. ( Bot .) A wart-like swelling of various forms found on the surface of plants, or at the base or apex of their hairs. Lenticular glands are brown oval spots found upon the bark of many plants, especially willows, ind i- cating the points from which roots will appear if the branch be placed in circumstances favorable to their production. They are, in fact, nothing but protuber- ances formed by the pre ure upon the epidermis of sub- jacent roots attempting to pierce through it. ( Mach .) The cupped collar, lined with bra , which en- circles the piston, or air-pump rod, of a steam-engine where it pa es through the cylinder cover; it is intro- duced for the purpose of holding oil or tallow for the lubrication of the working parts, and for compre ing the packing of the stuffing-box upon which it is screwed down. The term is generally applied in the sense of a joint holding lubricating fluid, with tight packing. Glan'dered, a . Suffering from glanders, as a horse. Glan'ders, n. [From gland .] ( Farriery .) A disease of the mucous membrane in horses, in which the glands beneath and within the lower jaw are enlarged. Glandiferous, a. [Lat. glandifer - gland is , and fero , to bear or produce.] Bearing acorns or fruit; pro- ducing nuts or mast; as, glandiferous trees. Glan'diform, n. [Lat. glans , an acorn, and form a , form.] In the shape of a gland or acorn; resembling a gland. Glan'don, a harbor of Ireland, co. of Cork, abt. 3 m. W. of Rose Bay. It is abt. 1 m. wide by 3 m. in length. -A village of Ireland, co. of Cork, abt. 2 m. above the mouth of the harbor. Gland'ular, a . Containing glands; consisting of glands; pertaining to glands; covered with hairs bearing glands on their tips, as certain plants. Gland, n. [Lat. glans , glantis , the nut-like fruit of for- eign trees; allied to Gr. balanos , an acorn; Ar. ballut ; Hind. buloot .] ( Anat . ) A small, round, oval, or oblong Glan'dore, a harbor of Ireland, co. of Cork, abt 34 m. body; a small organ secreting a fluid of some special nature. - Though we style all glands as small, such is not in fact the case, as some are of considerable size, to which the term of organ is generally applied. Of this nature is the liver, which, as far as it is a secreting sub- stance, is a gland; so also is the pancreas, the spleen, and the kidneys. It is customary, however, to describe such parts as organs, and confine the word gland to those small bodies, many of them too minute for common ob- servation, but which yet perform most important func- tions in the animal economy. Of these are the system of salivary glands, situated beneath the tongue, the jaw, and in the cheeks, and without the secretion of which we should be unable to taste or enjoy our food; the per- spiratory glands, an immense congeries of minute glands lying below the skin, each one furnished with a spiral Glandulaʼtion, n. [Fr.] ( Bot . ) The situation and structure of the glands in plants. Glandule, ( gland'ūl ,) n. [Fr.; Lat. glandula .] A small gland or secretory ve el. Glanduliferous, a. [Lat. glandula , and ferra, to bear.) Bearing glands. Glandulose, Glandulous, a . [Fr. glanduleux , from L. Lat. glandulosus .] Containing glands; consist- ing of glands; pertaining to glands; glandular; as, " glandulous tumors." - Arbuthnot . hard, indehiscent, one-celled, one or two-seeded fruit, produced from an ovary of two or more cells, with one or more ovules in each cell; all of which, except one or two, becomes abortive in the progre of growth. The three layers constituting the pericarp are firmly cohe- rent and indistinguishable, and the whole is more or le inclosed by that description of involucre which is called a cupule. The acorn and the filbert are examples of this kind of fruit. tube or duct, that opens out on the surface of the cut i-Glans, n . [Lat., an acorn.] ( Bot . ) An inferior, dry, cle at what are called the pores, and discharge through these mouths the perspiration which they are constantly collecting to pour out, and not only keeps the skin healthy by that means, but at the same time carries off the refuse moisture from the body by that ingenious plan. When from any cause these glands do not pour out their fluid, the skin loses all its healthy properties, both as a breathing apparatus and as an organ of feel- ing. (See PERSPIRATION, INSENSIBLE.) The lachrymal and lymphatic glands have already been described under Eye and Digestion, q. v. There are still many other single glands and systems of glands, such as the thyroid in the neck, the seat of goitre, the mesenteric glands of the abdomen, . Dr. Carpenter very well exhibits the commencement of the progre ive complication which is observed in most of the glandular structures occurring in man and the higher animals in the accompanying diagram (Fig. 1163), where A represents a portion of the (Med.) Bronchocele; - a pe ary; - a suppository. ( Anat .) The extremity of the penis and of the clitoris. Glaphy'ra, GLAPH'YRE, wife of Archelaus, high-priest of Bell on a, at Comana, in Cappadocia, seduced Marc Antony by her beauty, and obtained from him the king- dom of Cappadocia for her sons, Sisenna and Archelaus. -Another G. , grand-daughter of the above, married suc- ce ively Alexander, son of Herod, Juba, king of Mauri- tania, and Archelaus, king of Judea, his brother-in-law. Glare, n. [Dan.glar; Icel. gler , gla ; allied to Lat. clarus , and gloná . See CLEAR and GLORY.] A bright, dazzling, overpowering light; clear brilliant lustre or splendor, that dazzles the eyes. "Maidens, like moths, are ever caught by glare." - Byron. -A fierce, piercing, penetrating look. 'A lion now he stalks with fiery glare . - Milton . -A transparent viscous substance. - See GLAIR. -0. n. To shine with a clear, bright, dazzling light. "Behold this man in a fierce glaring light." - Add is on. -To look with fierce piercing eyes. "Look, how pale he glares !" - Shaks. -To shine with ostentatious lustre; to present exce ive brightne of appearance; as, a glaring picture, a glar- ing dre . Glare, v . a. To shoot out, or cast forth, as a dazzling, overpowering light; as, her eyes glared at the suggestion. GLARUS, its capital, is situated near the Linth, 33 m. S. E. of Zurich, and 6 m. S. of Lake Wallenstadt. Manuf. Printed cotton goods, muslins, woollens, and Schabzieger cheese. Pop . (1895) 5,760. Glas'co, in New York , a post-village of Ulster co., about 48 m. S. of Albany. Pop . (1890) 907. Glas'cock, or Gla cock, in Georgia , an E. co.; area, about 90 sq. m. Rivers . Ogeechee river and Rocky Comfort creek. Surface , generally level; soil , fertile. Cap. Gibson. Pop . (1890) 3,720. Glas'cow, a village of Ontario, co. of Waterloo, on Grand river, opposite Bridge port. Pop . about 100. Gla's erite, n. ( Min .) Same as A PHT HIT A LITE, q . v. Glasgow, ( glas'go ,) the most important and populous manufacturing and commercial city of Scotland, in the co. of Lanark, on both sides of the Clyde, 42 m. E. by S. of Edinburgh. The old part of the city is badly built, dirty, and dark; but in the modern quarter the streets are large and filled with fine structures. The city contains many public buildings, among which the most celebrated is the cathedral of St. Mungo, a splendid specimen of Gothic architecture, begun in 1123, the Court-house, Royal Exchange, Trader's Hall, Town-Hall, and the Royal Infirmary. G. contains a celebrated university, founded in 1450, which has a library of 60,000 vols., and po e es a museum of natural history, paintings, medals, anatom- ical preparations, . There are besides the Anderson i an University, the College of Physicians, Mechanics' Insti- tute, . Manuf. Cottons, bandana handkerchiefs, mus- lins, soap, cordage, flint-gla , cudbear, . G. is also noted for its ship-building and engineering establish- ments, chemical works, type-foundries, and almost every kind of production in the mechanical arts. The Clyde is navigable for ve els drawing 7 or 8 ft. of water; and the wharves and docks afford extensive accommodation for ve els of every description. The origin of G. is gene- rally attributed to St. Mungo, who is said to have here founded, in 560, a bishopric, afterwards erected into an archiepiscopal see. It was here that Watt first commenced to improve the steam-engine; and on the Clyde, the Comet , the first boat in Europe succe fully propelled by steam, was launched in 1812, five years after the Cler- mont had made her way up the Hudson. Pop . (1890) 792,728; (1897) estimated 862,500. Glasgow, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Pictou, on the East river; now NEW GLASGOW. Glasgow, in Alabama , a post-office of Butler co. Glasgow, in Delaware , a post-village of Newcastle Glasgow, in Illinois , a post-village of Scott co., about 40 m. S. W. of Springfield. Glasgow, in Iowa , a post-village of Jefferson co., about 12 m. E. S. E. of Fairfield. Glasgow, in Kentucky , a post-village, cap. of Barren co., about 126 m. S. W. of Frankfort. Pop . (1890) 2,051. Glasgow, in Minnesota , a township of Wabasha co. Glasgow, in Mi ouri , a city of Howard co., on the Mi ouri river, and the C. & A. and Wabash R. Rs., about 72 miles N. W. of Jefferson City. Tobacco is largely shipped. Pop . (1897) about 2,100. Glasgow, in Ohio , a post-village of Columbiana co., about 6 m. N. W. of Wellsville. Glasgow, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Cambria co., on the P. & N. W. R. R. Glasgow Junction, in Kentucky , a post-office of Barren co. Glasgow, Port. See PORT GLASGOW. Glasnev'in, a village and parish of Ireland, in Leins- ter, about 3 m. N. N. W. of the city of Dublin. Pop . of parish (1895) 1,580. Glasnev'in, in low a , a village of Dubuque co., about 25 m. W.N.W. of Dubuque. Gla , JOHN, founder of the religious sect of Gla i tes in Scotland, B. in Fifes hire, 1,695; в. 1773. See GLASS I TES. Gla , n. [A.S. glaes ; L. Ger., D., G., Swed., and Icel., glas ; O. Ger. glas . The A.S. is from glisian , and the O. Ger. from glizan , to glisten. The old Germans called amber glas or gles , and the word seems akin to Lat. glacies, ice. See GLACIER.] A hard, brittle, transparent substance, a compound of silica and an alkali. (See below, Chem., Manuf., Hist.) Anything made of gla ; as, a small drinking ve el; a drinking-gla ; a tumbler; as, a wine- gla . "The gla of fashion, and the mould of form." - Shaks. -A ve el to be filled with sand, for measuring time; an hour-gla ; hence, by analogy, the destined time of man's life. Glar'ing, p . a . Clear; open and bold; barefaced; no- torious; palpable; as, a glaring falsehood. Glar'ingly, adv . Openly; clearly; barefacedly; no- -A telescope; a spy-gla ; a lens. -pl. Spectacles; aids to the eyesight; as, the old lady wore gla es. -The quantity of liquor that a gla ve el contains; as, a gla of water. and by succe ive heatings and blowings it is fashioned as desired. Window G. is made in two ways: One is to blow a large globe of gla , which by re-heating and Fig . 1164.- EGYPTIAN GLASS-BLOWERS. twirling is flattened into a disc of uniform thickne . This is called Crown-G. The other is to blow a long cylinder of uniform diameter, which is then trimmed at the ends, cut open lengthwise with a diamond, heated and opened on a table into a flat sheet. Bottles, ., having irregular shapes and ornamental figures, letters, ., are introduced while soft into moulds, and expanded by blowing. All G. requires to be carefully annealed, otherwise it is liable to fly to pieces upon the slightest touch of any substance hard enough to scratch its surface. When melted bottle- G . is dropped into water so as to form pear-shaped drops, the instant a portion of the small end is broken off they crumble into a fine powder. This probably arises from the unequal tension of the layers caused by the sudden cooling of the outside, while the inside of the ma is still hot. They form the well-known philosophical toy called Prince Rupert's drops. Many attempts have been made, and time spent in efforts to discover a malleable G. M. de la Bastie claimed to have discovered a method of rendering gla durable, which he termed verre trempé , or tempered G. It was done by means of a bath of melted wax, resin, and oils. This gla is very hard on the surface, and will stand much rough usage, but it is not uniform, and has come little into use. It cannot be cut with the diamond for window gla purposes. (Chem.) The substance known as gla is, when chemically considered, a very variable compound. The different qualities, however, agree in one particular; they belong to the cla called insoluble salts, and have all one acid in common, namely silicic acid. This last substance, usually simply called silex, is found in nature in the form of quartz, either crystallized or amorphous, as flint and as fine sand. In the last form it is naturally derived from the disintegration of granite and other rocks containing quartz, in which, by atmospheric influences and the prolonged solvent and mechanical action of water, the other ingredients have been washed away, and the more indestructible quartz particles are left behind. This quartz po e es all the chemical properties of an acid. It combines, like all other acids, with bases such as potash, soda, lime, magnesia, baryta, oxide of lead, and of all other metals, and forms a series of substances which, according to the adopted nomenclature, are called silicates, in the same manner as the compounds of sulphuric and nitric acids with the same bases are called sulphates and nitrates. As all compounds of this cla are called salts, the silicates are, when chemically considered, as well salts as the sulphates. The distinction is of a physical and not of a chemical nature; the silicic acid, being liquefiable not by water but by heat, communicates this quality to all its salts with a few exceptions; and its compounds are therefore, as a rule, as insoluble as the nitrates are soluble. There are two other acids, boracic and phosphoric, which also form a large number of insoluble salts called borates and phosphates; and the chemist therefore recognizes also a borax or a phosphate gla ; but in common language, the name of gla is exclusively applied to the silicates. G. made with quartz and soda alone is of a brilliant lustre, and easily fusible; but it has a bluish-green tint, and does not completely resist the action of sun and rain, which, in the course of time, tarnishes its brilliant, smooth surface. G. made with quartz and lime alone is much harder, not so easily fusible, and perfectly colorle ; it resists the action of sun and rain better. The combination of the two has been found by experience to po e great advantages over either of them alone, except for special purposes. Potash is usually added to promote the fusibility and colorle transparency of the compound, as the silicate of potash is still more fusible than that of soda, and is perfectly colorle . However, as it does not po e the brilliancy or lustre of the soda-gla , the quantity added must not be too large, as in that case the beauty of the product is impaired. Common window -G. is composed of silica 69 parts, soda 13 parts, lime 13 parts, with a little alumina. Plate -G. contains 74 parts silica, 12 parts soda, 5.5 parts lime, and 5.5 parts potash. Crown- G ., for optical purposes, has no soda, as that imparts to it a greenish tinge, but contains 62 parts silica, 12.5 of lime, and 22 of potash. Flint - G . is a double silicate of potash and oxide of lead, containing silica 52 parts, potash 13-67 parts, oxide of lead 33-28 parts. The oxide of lead increases its fusibility, renders it softer, and greatly increases its beauty and lustre. Baryta increases its fusibility, and oxide of zinc also increases its brilliancy and refracting power. Boracic acid is also sometimes substituted for a portion of the silicic acid. Flint - G . is used for ornamental and table purposes, and in optical instruments. The celebrated Bohemian G., so much valued in the laboratory for its hardne and infusibility, contains the silicate of potash and lime in predominant proportions. The more fusible Bohemian G., which is used for ornamental purposes, contains, in addition, a notable quantity of silicate of alumina. Bottle -G. is a cheaper and commoner kind, being mostly composed of silicate of lime, and containing oxide of iron, which gives it its dark color. Some varieties of G., embedded in sand and heated nearly to the point of fusion, and then allowed to cool slowly, become converted into what is called Reaumur's porcelain. It is hard, white, opaque, and somewhat le fusible. The change is due to the crystallization of its silicates, and is known as devitrification. Fusion restores it to its original transparency. G. for the manufacture of imitation gems contains a large quantity of oxide of lead, and often the borate of lead. It is called stra or paste , and is very soft, easily fused, and highly refractive. - Manuf . The materials are melted in pots of clay, which must be free from iron or lime. They are of two kinds, open like ordinary crucibles, used for common G., and closed at the top with an aperture in the side for flint- G . The pots are placed in a furnace, several on the same platform, and each one opposite a small arched opening in the side of the furnace, through which the workman fills and empties it. They are now filled with the prepared materials, called frit , mixed with a proportion of broken gla called cullet , of the same quality as that to be made. When the material is melted, thoroughly mixed, and the impurities removed, if for plate-gla it is cast in large sheets on an iron table provided with a rim around the edge. These sheets are annealed by cooling them slowly in an oven or furnace, and then ground and polished. All ordinary kinds of G. are manufactured by the proce of blowing. For this, the principal instrument used is an iron tube from 4 to 5 ft. in length, with a bore of from 11⁄2 an inch to 1 inch in diameter. This tube being heated, is introduced into the pot of fused G., and a portion of the metal gathered up. If a larger quantity is wanted, the first gathering is cooled, and another is made, and so on, until enough is accumulated for the article wanted. By blowing through the tube the plastic ma is expanded, Sul Fig . 1165.- PORTLAND VASE. of Titus, being glazed with talc, and some doubt remain ing as to the use of gla for this purpose at Pompeii. Lac tanti us, in the 3d cent. A. D., and St. Jerome, 422 A. D. mention gla windows. Under the Romans, colored as well as white gla was extensively used. Most of the precious stones were succe fully imitated in gla pastes, but the most remarkable works in gla are the cameo vases, of which one of the most celebrated is the Portland vase (Fig. 1165) in the Brit. Museum, a two-handled ve el about 10 inches high, of transparent dark blue gla , coated with a layer of opaque white gla , which has been treated as a cameo, the white coating having been cut down, so as to give on each side groups of figures delicately executed in relief. The subject is the marriage of Peleus and Thetes, and the urn held the ashes of a member of the imperial family of Severus Alexander, who died 221-235 A. D. The Romans knew the use of soda and lead as fluxes for gla , and made both crown-and flint-gla . They made most of the fancy varieties now in use, and were acquainted with the art of coloring it blue by cobalt, green by copper, rose or ruby by gold. But the great site of the G. manufacturing of the Dark and Middle Ages was Venice, whither it was transplanted on the foundation of that city in the 7th century A.D. The Venetian art, however, dates its improvements from the beginning of the 13th century only, and in 1291 the establishments were removed to the island of Murano, the manufacturers forming a guild with a libro d'oro, or register of nobility, and the secret kept with the greatest jealousy. In 1436, their color-gla came into note, and continued so till the close of the century; and in the 16th century, lace patterns and mirrors were introduced. In the 15th and 16th centuries, plain gla with nice ornaments gilt and enamelled; in the 16th, crackled lace and reticulated gla , vitrodi tri no ; and in the 17th cent., variegated or marbled gla es were produced. The Venetian gla engaged for a long time the monopoly of commerce, their mirrors, goblets, and cups being exported all over the world, but it has been superseded by manufactures of England and Germany. The forms of the Venetian G. reflected its Oriental origin, and the earlier G. of other countries of Europe in their turn show the derivation of their art from Venice. In Germany, the oldest gla (which was flint) dates from the 16th cent., and consists of goblets and tankards of wine color, enamelled with colored coats-of-arms and other devices, millefiori, and schmeltz gla . Engraved gla was first introduced by Caspar Lehmann at Prague, in 1608, under imperial protection, and continued by his pupil G. Schwanhard; and ruby gla by Kunckel in 1679. Gla is said to have been made in 1294 at Quinquengrone, in France, before the 16th cent., in the reign of Philip VI.; and John and the dukes of Lorraine established manufactories in their domains, and a conimon kind was made in Dauphiné and Provence. Cast plate is also said to have been established at Cherbourg by artists from Venice, and in 1688 the art was declared noble. Towards the same time another manufacture, for making large plates by casting the G. instead of blowing, was established at St. Gobain (in the dep. of Aisne), the busine of which proved very succe ful in the 16th century, and has continued so to the present time, the products of the establishment ranking among the first in the world. It is uncertain whether gla was made in England before the 16th century, as that mentioned may have been imported from Flanders. or Venice. Window-gla is mentioned by Bede in 674, but was not in general use for windows till the 15th century. At an early period the application of gla for magnifying lenses appears to have been known. Ptolemy II. had a telescope mounted at the Pharos, and globes filled with water were in use for the purpose of magnifying under the Romans. Lenses are mentioned in the 12th century, A. D. by Alhazan, and by Roger Bacon in the 13th century, toward the close of which Salvino d'Armato invented eye-gla es, which were subsequently improved by A le andro Spina. Within recent years gla reflectors for telescopes, of great size and accuracy, have been made in France, while refracting lenses, of sizes far surpa ing any before attempted, have been produced in the U. S.-Gla Industry in U. S. The first gla made in America was produced at James town, Va., in 1608, a small plant being established there by the early colonists, which was destroyed in the Indian ma acre of 1622. In 1683 William Penn speaks in a letter of a gla works then existing in Pennsylvania. As regards G.-making in America prior to the Revolution, no trustworthy records exist. In July, 1787, the privilege of making G. in Ma achusetts was awarded to a company, which was given prescriptive rights. The company was relieved from the payment of taxes, and its employees from militia service, while a bounty was to be paid by the State on all G. made. Yet this encouragement failed to produce any rapid results, the first G. being made in 1792. A plant begun in 1760, at Allow ays town, N. J., was abandoned in 1775, the work IMG:content-0395.png:[graphic] G. Etching on. The art of producing designs upon gla , by the corrosive power of hydro-fluoric acid. In order to effect this operation, the gla is covered with a thin ground of bees-wax; the design is then drawn upon it with the needle, as in etching upon copper. phuric acid is afterwards poured on, and fluor spar or fluoric acid sprinkled on it. The hydro-fluoric acid, which is disengaged, acts powerfully upon the exposed portion of the gla , while fumes of fluo-silicic acid are liberated. After four or five hours the acid is removed, and the bees-wax removed from the gla with oil of turpentine. The gla is then found to be etched with the design required. The operation may be reversed by drawing the design upon the gla with a mixture of bees-wax and turpentine, and then subjecting it to the action of hydro-fluoric acid. ( Hist .) Nothing is known, with certainty, concerning the invention of gla , which dates from the earliest antiquity. The oldest specimens are Egyptian, and we po e specimens of opaque gla bearing the name of the queen Hatasu of the 18th dynasty, 1445 B. c. Transparent gla does not appear earlier in Egypt than the 26th dynasty, about 750 в. с., when bottles were made of it. Under the Pharaohs, Egyptian gla seems to have been extensively exported to Greece and Italy, and its reputation still continued under the Ptolemies, when the furnaces of Alexandria produced gla vases of numberle shapes and considerable size. Egypt still retained the preeminence in the manufacture of G. under the Romans, the sand of Alexandria being indisputable for the finest qualities; and it may be said that the art has never been extinct in that country, the Fatimite Caliphs having i ued gla coins in the 10th and 11th centuries, and beautiful lamps of gla , enamelled on the surface with various colors, having been made in the 14th cent. After the Egyptians, the people of antiquity most renowned for gla were the Phoenicians, who were the legendary inventors. Certain of their merchants, it is said, returning in a ship laden with natron or soda, and having been compelled by stormy weather to land on a sandy tract under Mount Carmel, placed their cooking pots on lumps of natron on the sand, which, fused by the heat of the fire, formed the first gla . Sidon, indeed, was long celebrated for her gla -wares made of the sand brought down from Mount Carmel to the mouth of the river Belus. Although Joseph us claims the invention of the art for the Jews, no remains of Jewish G. are known, and it is probable that the Jews were principally indebted for their supplies to the neighboring cities of Tyre and Sidon. Even in Greece itself, G. was by no means ancient. In the days of Homer it was unknown. Hero dot us, indeed, mentions its employment for ear-rings, but these may have been of Phœnician fabric. It was called hyalos , crystal or ice, and lithos chyte, or fusible stone. Aris toph anes, 450 в. с., mentions gla or crystal ve els, and various inscriptions confirm its use, but its value was next to gold, which could hardly have been the case if it had been of native manufacture. The gla -making art in Italy does not date earlier than the commencement of the Roman empire; and window-gla does not appear till about the 3d cent., A. D., the houses at Herculaneum, destroyed in the reign violet or black if used in exce ; protoxide of copper gives a rich green, and the dioxide a ruby-red. The glittering appearance of aventurine, q. v., is due to the di emination of minute crystals of copper through the gla . Cobalt gives beautiful blue colors; oxide of chromium, emerald, green, or red, depending on the state of oxidation; oxide of uranium an opalescent green; and oxide of tin gives varieties of opalescent G., and when about 10 per cent. of it are present it forms a white enamel. Arsenious acid renders G. translucent and of a pale bluish-white color, with a reddish hue when viewed with certain lights. G. cutting. The kind of gla mostly used for orna- mental cutting is flint-gla . It is cut by means of wheels, of different sizes and materials, turned by a treadle, as in a common lathe; some are made of fine sandstone, some of iron, others of tin or copper; the edges of some are square, some round, and some are sharp. They are used with sand and water, or emery and water, but stone wheels are used with water only. The gla cutter also uses rods of copper, with knobs at their ends, for making round indentations; these turn on their axis, so that the end cuts a round hollow in the gla . The work is at first cut roughly, afterwards G. Painting. The art of painting designs upon gla , either stained or colorle , with substances consisting usually of metallic oxides combined with a vitreous ve- hicle. When subjected to a great heat, the colors thus applied become permanently united with the surface of the gla . Painted-gla differs materially from stained gla , although the terms are considered synonymous. In stained-gla , however, the substance of the gla itself has been colored in the proce of manufacture. The art of making colored gla has been long known. It was introduced into Greece and Rome from As syria and Egypt. Byzantine Greeks appear to have been the first persons who practised painting upon gla , and from Byzantium the art pa ed into the West of Europe, by way of Venice and Marseilles. In France, the art of gla painting was practised with great succe during the 12th century. After that time painted-gla windows were regarded as e ential in religious edifices of any pretension. Painted windows of the 13th century abound in France, Germany, and England, and belong to the First Pointed, or Early English, style of arch i- tecture. The painted-gla of the 14th century was more vivid in color, with greater breadth in style, and The Almighty's ferm gla es itself in tempests." Byron. more careful painting than that of the preceding cen- -To case in gla . - To glaze; to cover with gla . tury. It was, however, le pure in conception, and not Gla '-blower, n. One who blows gla -ve els. so strictly subordinate to the architectural effects. In the gla -painting of the 15th century a great change took place. The windows became more individualized, and still le dependent upon the architecture. The de- signs were larger, and began to be treated as pictures. After the 15th century, when Gothic architecture was declining, the med iæval spirit departed from the art of painting on gla , and palaces and domestic buildings began to be ornamented with the painted-gla windows, as well as churches. Gla began to be treated as if it were canvas or panel, and the works of Rafaelle and other celebrated artists were either copied or imitated. The results were not good. From that period, gla - painting declined more and more, and until within late years, has never shown any symptoms of revival. The method by which gla -painting is now practised differs in different places; but the general plan is as follows, for a small work on a single plate of gla : - A careful cartoon, the size of the painting, having been procured, the gla is laid on it, a tracing made from it, and the outline is carefully traced on the gla , with black or Gla '-house, n . A house where gla is made; smoothed off with the sandstone or tin wheel-the Gla to ole, or GLASSTHULE, ( gla - tool ' ,) a village of latter has to be smeared with emery and water-and Ireland, in Leinster, on Dublin Bay, abt. 5 m. S.E. of finally polished by a wooden wheel, with finely powdered Dublin. pumice-stone applied to its edge, and moistened with Gla -work, n. The manufacture of gla . water. The gla for spectacles and optical instru- -The building or buildings in which gla is manufactured ments are cut by concave or convex moulds of bra , (Usually in the plural .) moistened with emery and water, and polished by means Gla '-wort, n. ( Bot .) See SALICORNIA. of a mould of pitch, wetted with crocus and water. Great art and accuracy are required to grind the gla es ties; as in smoothne , brittlene , or transparency. for optical instruments, especially very large or very small enes, as for microscopes, the various "powers" of which constitute their chief expense - one the six- teenth of an inch in diameter costing about $60. G. IRIDESCENT is made by burning chloride of tin in the furnace; fumes are thus produced, for which warm G. has great affinity, and which immediately produce an iridescent surface upon it. To heighten the effect, a small quantity of baryta and strontia may be used. Gla , a. Vitreous; made of gla ; as, a gla bottle. Gla , v. a. To see, as in a gla . "I gla my own de- bility." (Sidney.) - To represent, as in a gla or mirror. Gla 'boro, in New Jersey , a post-village of Gloucester co., on two railroads, 19 m. S. of Camden. Has very ex- tensive gla works. Pop . of twp. (1897) about 2,750. Gla '-cutter, n. One whose trade it is to cut out sheets of gla to the sizes wanted for window-panes, . Gla '-cutting, n. See GLASS. Gla '-faced, a . Having a face like a mirror, i . e., try- ing to reflect, as in a mirror, on one's countenance, the sentiments of joy, sorrow, ., entertained by another. "A gla - faced flatterer." - Shaks. Gla 'ful, n.; pl. GLASSFULS. As much as is contained in a gla ; the contents of a gla . Gla '-furnace, n . A furnace in which the materials of which gla is composed are melted. Gla Gall, n . The scum which floats upon the sur- face of the fused materials used in the manufacture of gla . It consists chiefly of sulphate of soda and chlor- ide of sodium. It is also called Sandiver . Gla -grinder, n. One whose trade it is to polish and grind gla . with a metallic oxide, and ground extremely fine in an e ential oil. Those parts which are intended to be Glas's ily, adv . In a gla y manner. Glauber, JOHANN RODOLPH, ( glō'ber ,) a German chemist and physician of the 16th cent., who settled finally, after much travel, in Holland. Being strongly addicted to alchemy, he occupied himself with the search for the universal panacea and the philosopher's stone, and dur- ing his experiments, made some important discoveries, among others, that of Glauber's salts, q. v. D. 1688. Glauberite, n. [From GLAUBER, q. v.] (Min.) A sul- phate of soda and lime. It occurs in oblique crystals, nearly transparent, and yellowish-gray in color, some- times brick-red. Lustre, vitreous. Taste, slightly sa- line. Comp . Sulph. soda 51-1, sulph. lime 48-9. It is found in crystals in rock salt at Villa Rubia, Spain, at the salt mines of Vic in France, and at Borax Lake, Cal. Glauber's Salt, n. (Chem.) Sulphate of soda. This salt was discovered by Glauber, q . v., who called it sal mirabile. It crystallizes in long, 4-sided translucent prisms, which, on exposure to the air, lose water, and are resolved into a white powder. It is prepared in great quantities by the action of sulphuric acid on com- mon salt, or, if wanted pure, by adding dilute sulphuric acid to a solution of carbonate of soda. It has a cool- ing, slightly bitter taste, and is a good purgative. Formula . Na2SO4 +10H.O. It exists in some mineral springs, as at Cheltenham and Carlsbad. As a native product, see MIRABILITE, THENARDITE, and GLAUBERITE. Glauce, ( glaw'se .) (Myth.) A daughter of Cychræus, and wife of Actœus. - Another G. was the daughter of Creon, and married Jason. Glauces'cent, Glau'cine, a . [Lat. glaucescens , pp. of glaucescere , incept. from glaucere , from glaucus , blu- ish-gray; Gr. glaukos .] Having something of a bluish- gray, or hoary appearance. Glauchau, ( glow'how ,) a thriving and important man- ufacturing town of Pru ia, in Saxony, on the right bank of the Mulde, 8 m. N.N.E. of Zwickau. Manuf . Woollen and linen cloths, and leather; there are also extensive print-fields and dye-works. Pop 21,460. Glau'cine, n. (Chem.) A crystalline alkaloid found in the leaves of the Glaucium luteum . Glaucium, n. (Bot.) The Horn-poppy, a genus of plants, order Pap ave race a . The species chiefly native of Europe abound with copper-colored acrid juice, said to be poisonous, and to cause madne . Glau'codot, n. ( Min . ) A mineral of a metallic lustre, grayish tin-white color, found with cobaltite in Chili. Sp. gr. 5-975-6. Comp . Sulphur 194, arsenic 45-5, co- balt 23-8, iron 11.3. Glau'colite, n. [Gr. glaukos , greenish-gray or sea- green.) A silicate of alumina, lime and potash from near Lake Baikal, Siberia. Comp . Silica 48-4, alumina 28-5, lime 18-1, soda 5-0. It is a variety of Wernerite, q . v. Glaucoma, n. [Fr. glaucome ; Lat. and Gr. glaucoma , from Gr. glaukorm , to make grayish, from glaukos , bluish-gray.] ( Med .) An opacity of the vitreous humor of the eye, characterized by a bluish tint seen from without, and the absence of the peculiar characters of The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia cataract (q. v.), which, in some respects, it resembles as regards the gradual obscuration of vision. It is an almost incurable disease.