Charles Astor Bristed

Benson, Edward White. Born at Birmingham England, July 14, 1829: died at Hawarden, Flint shire, Oct. 10, 1896. An English prelate. H became bishop of Truro in 1877, and was consecrated arch bishop of Canterbury in 188337 His works include "Boy Life" (1874), "Single heart" (1877), "The Cathedral" (1879 several volumes of sermons, etc, Benson, Egbert. Born at New York city, Jun 21, 1746: died at Jamaica, L. I., Aug. 24, 1835 An American jurist and politician. He wrote "Vindication of the Captors of Major André" (1817 "Memoir on Dutch Names of Places" (1835), etc. Benson, Eugene. Born at Hyde Park, N. Y 1839. An American genre and figure painter Benson, Joseph. Born at Kirk-Oswald, Cun berland, England, Jan. 26, 1749: died Feb. 16 1821. A noted English Methodist clergyma and controversialist. Bentham (ben'tham), Jeremy. Born at Lor don, Feb. 15, 1748: died there, June 6, 183: An English jurist and utilitarian philosophe He took the degree of B. A. at Queen's College, Oxfor in 1753, and of A. M. in 1766, and was subsequently a mitted to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, but he shortly gave u the practice of law in order to devote himself wholly literary pursuits. On the death of his father in 1792 he i herited a considerable fortune, which enabled him fully indulge his literary tastes. His chief works are "Intr duction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation" (1788 "Fragment on Government" (1776), "The Const it tional Code" (1830), and "Rationale of Judicial Ev dence" (1827). Bentham, Thomas. Born at Sherburn, Yorl shire, 1513: died at Eccleshall, Staff ord shir Feb. 21, 1578. An English Protestant bisho] one of the translators of the "Bishops' Bible Bentheim (bent'him). A countship include in the present province of Hanover, Pru i bordering on the Netherlands. Bentheim. A small town in the province of Har over, Pru ia, 30 miles northwest of Münste IMG:content-0226.png:[blocks in formation] roic courage and endurance, following her lover through the hardships and perils of civil war. Benzoni (ben-dzone), Girolamo. Born at Mi- hamshire, Nov. 23, 1709. A companion, con- fidential adviser, and diplomatic agent of Will an, 1519: died after 1566. An Italian traveler. liam III., created first earl of Portland. He was the son of Henry Bentinck of Diepenheim, in Overy el, Holland. He became a personal attendant of the Prince of Orange, went with him to England, and rose there to a high position in the service of the state and in the army. Bentinck, Lord William Cavendish. Born Sept. 14, 1774: died at Paris, June 17, 1839. An English statesman and general, second son of the third Duke of Portland, He was governor of Madras 1803-07; was envoy to Sicily, commander-in chief of the British forces there, and practically governor of the island, 1811-14; and was appointed governor-general of Bengal in 1827, and governor-general of India in 1833, his administration extending from 1828 (when he took his seat) to 1835. He abolished the "Suttee" in 1829. Bentinck, William George Frederick Cav endish (usually called Lord George Ben tinck). Born at Welbeck Abbey, Feb. 27, 1802: died there, Sept. 21, 1848. An English politician and sportsman, second son of the fourth Duke of Portland. He was the leader of the protec tionist opposition to Sir Robert Peel 1846-47. Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish, third Duke of Portland. Born 1738: died at Bulstrode, Nov. 30, 1809. An English Whig statesman, prime minister April-Dec., 1783, and 1807-09, and home secretary 1794-1801. Bentinck's Act, Lord George. An English statute of 1845, restricting unlawful gaming and wagers. Bentivoglio (ben-te-vol'yō), Cornelio. Born at Ferrara, Italy, 1668: died at Rome, Dec. 30, 1732. An Italian ecclesiastic and man of letters. He was archbishop of Carthage, nuncio to France, cardinal (1719), and legate a latere in Romania, and the author of sonnets, a translation of the “Thebaid" of Statius, etc. Bentivoglio, Ercole. Born about 1512: died 1573. An Italian poet and diplomatist, grand son of Giovanni The Century Cyclopedia of Names Benin Born at Bologna about 1438: died at Milan, 1508. An Italian nobleman, ruler of Bologna 1462-1506. Bentivoglio, Guido. Born at Ferrara, 1579: died 1644. An Italian cardinal, noted as a diplomatist and historian. He was papal nuncio to Flanders and France, and author of "Della Guerra di Fiandra" (1633-39), letters, memoirs, etc. Bentley (bent'li), Richard. Born at Oulton, near Wake field, Yorkshire, Jan. 27, 1662: died July 14, 1742. A noted English cla ical scholar and critic, appointed master of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1700. He was the author of "Epistola ad Millium" ("Letter to Dr. John Mill," 1691), "Boyle Lectures" (1692), "Di ertation on the Epistles of Phalaris" (1697, 1699), etc. Bentley, Robert. Born at Hitch in, Hertfordshire, England, March 25, 1821: died Dec., 1893. An English botanist. His works include "Manual of Botany,” “Medicinal Plants," etc. Benton (ben'ton), Thomas Hart. Born at Hills borough, N. C., March 14, 1782: died at Washington, April 10, 1858. An American Democratic statesman. He was United States sen at or from Mi ouri 1821-51; representative to Congre 1853-55; and author of "Thirty Years' View" (1854-56), "Abridgment of the Debates of Congre from 1789-1856" (15 vols.), etc. Benton. An iron-clad gunboat of 1,000 tons, altered in 1861 from a powerful United States snag-boat. She belonged to the Mi i ippi flotilla, and took part in the fighting at Island No. 10, Fort Pillow, Vicksburg, and on the Yazoo and Red River expeditions. Bentonville (ben'ton-vil), Battle of. A victory gained at Bentonville (south of Raleigh'in North Carolina) by the Federals under Sherman over the Confederates under Johnston, March 19-20, 1865. Lo of the Federals, 1,646; of the Confederates, 2,825. Bentzel-Sternau (bent'zel-ster'nou), Count Christian Ernst von. Born at Mainz, Germany, April 9,1767: died near Lake Zurich, Aug. 13,1849. A German politician, humorous novelist, and miscellaneous writer. He wrote "Das goldene Kalb" (1802), "Der steinerne Gast" (1808), "Der alte Adam" (1819-20), etc. IMG:content-0228.png:[blocks in formation] In 1542 he went to Spanish America, traveling over much of the regions then known, and sometimes joining the Spaniards in their raids against the Indians. Returning to Italy in 1556, he published an account of his travels, with the title "Hist or i a del Mondo Nuovo" (Venice, 1565). Beothukan (bā'ō-thuk-an). [Native beothuk , red man, or Indian.] A linguistic stock of North American Indians, comprising only the Beothuk tribe, which formerly inhabited the region of the River of Exploits in northern Newfoundland. So far as is known, the last surviving member of the tribe and stock died in 1829. Beothuks. See Beothukan . Beowulf (bā'ō-wulf). [AS. Beowulf , taken by some to mean 'bee-wolf' (from beó , bee, and wulf , wolf), i. e. 'bear,' a complimentary name for a fierce warrior; according to others prob. representing an orig. * Beadowulf (= Icel. * Böd hulfr ), war-wolf, from beado , war, and wulf , wolf.] The hero of an Anglo-Saxon epic poem in alliterative verse, of unknown authorship, represented as a thane and later king of the Swedish Geátas. The scene of action is in Danish and Swedish territory. The foundation is mythical, legendary, and historical material from the time of the Danish conquest of the Cimbrian Peninsula, in the early part of the 6th century. Danish poems embodying this material are supposed to have come to the neighboring Angles left Be ren gari us is found scattered over North Africa and the Red Sahara, from the Sea to the Atlantic the brown; their features remind one of the Egyptian type: their stature is medium. They have occupied their present habitat since the dawn of history. Never have their indomitable tribes become entirely subject to a foreign master, or lost their ethnic and linguistic characteristics, in spite of Punic, Roman, Germanic, Arabic, and Osmanli conquests. In the Kabail Mountains they are agricultural; in the Sahara, nomadic. For centuries they have been the middlemen between the Mediterranean coast and the Negro states of the Sudan. Berber, a word of Aryan derivation, signifies "alien," and so does "Ratana" or "Ertana," the name given them by the Arabs. They call themselves "Amazing"-that is "The Free." Owing to the barren nature of the soil, the Berber population, as compared with the area it covers, is disproportionately small. In religion the Berbers are nominally Mohammedan. A few tribes have adopted the Arabic, and so have a few Arabs adopted Berber dialects. The Berber languages are often called Libyan. Dr. Cust mentions nine principal languages: Old Libyan, Kabail, Tamashek, Ghat, Ghadamsi, Shilha, Zenaga, Guanch, Siwah. See Berbera (ber-bā'rä). A seaport and town in Somali Land, northeast Africa, in the "land of incense" of the ancients. It is a great market-place for inland tribes. The climate is good. It was annexed by Egypt in 1875, and by England in 1884. Berbice (ber-bes'). The easternmost of the three counties of British Guiana. It was a Dutch colony in the 17th and 18th centuries. Berbice. A river in British Guiana which flows into the Atlantic east of the E equibo. Hamites . over to England by the last migrations from the Continent. The poem was doubtle a gradual growth, and has prob- ably existed in many succe ive versions. The form that Berceo. See Gonzalo de Berceo . has come down to us dates from near the beginning of the Berchem. See Berghem . 8th century. It is preserved in a single MS. of the Cot- tonian Library in the British Museum. "Beowulf" is not only the oldest epic in English, but in the whole Germanic group of languages. Beppo (bep'po). A poem by Lord Byron, writ- ten at Venice in 1817, published in 1818. Berabra (be-rä brä). The Arabic name of the Nubas (which see). Berchta (berch'tä). [ML. Berchta, Bertha (whence E. Bertha ), from OHG. beraht , MHG. berht = E. bright .] A fairy in South German legends. She answers to the Hulda of North Germany, and was originally gracious and beautiful. She has, however, lost this character, and is a sort of witch to frighten children, like the Befana of Italy. at Paris, Aug. 19, 1780: died at Paris, July 16, 1857. A famous French lyric poet. He was the author of songs, "political, amatory, bacchanalian, satirical, philosophical after a fashion, and of almost every other complexion that the song can po ibly take. Their form is exactly that of the 18th-century chanson, the frivolity and licence of language being considerably curtailed, and the range of subjects proportionately extended" ( Saints bury ). The first collection of his songs was published in 1815. He was the son of a notary's clerk. In 1804 nece ity compelled him to seek aid from Lucien Bonaparte, which was given in the form of a clerkship in office of the Imperial University, he held until 1821. In 1848 he was elected to the Constituent A embly from the department of the Seine. His political sympathies were republican and Bona part ist, and for expre ing them he was twice prosecuted by the government (18211828). His songs have enjoyed an extraordinary popularity. Berar (bā-rär'), or Hyderabad (hi-der-a-bäd') A igned Districts. A commi ionership of British India, north of the Nizam's dominions, about lat. 19° 30′-21° 30′ N., long. 76°-79° E., under the jurisdiction of the governor-general and the immediate direction of the resident of Hyderabad. It is generally level and fertile, and produces cotton and grain. It formed part of the dominions of the Mahratta Rajah of Nagpur, was ceded to Hy derabad in 1803, and was a igned (hence its official name) by the Nizam to the British government in 1853 and 1861. Area, 17,718 square miles. Population (1891), 2,897,491. Bérard (bā-rär'), Joseph Frédéric. Born at Montpellier, Nov. 8, 1789: died April 16, 1828. A French physician and psychologist. Bérard, Pierre Honoré. Born at Lich ten berg, Alsace, 1797: died 1858. A French surgeon and physiologist, profe or of physiology at Paris. Berat (be-rät'). A town in the vilayet of Yanina, European Turkey, situated on the river Semeni in lat. 40° 45′ N., long. 19° 52′ E. Population (estimated), 12,000. Beraun (bā-roun'). A river in Bohemia which joins the Moldau south of Prague. Length, about 100 miles. Beraun. A town in Bohemia, situated at the junction of the Litamka and Beraun, 17 miles west-southwest of Prague. Population (1890), commune, 7,265. Berber (bėr'ber). A region in Nubia, near the junction of the Atbara with the Nile. Berber, or El Mekheir. A town in Nubia, sit uated on the east bank of the Nile, between the mouth of the Atbara and the fifth cataract, about lat. 18° N. It is an important point on the caravan routes to Cairo, Khartum, and Suakim, and was designated as the terminus of the proposed Suakim-Berber Railway in 1885. It was taken by Mahdists in 1884. Population, estimated, 20,000. Berbers (bėr'bėrz). A race of people (and also the name of a cla of languages) constituting, with the Cushites, the Hamitic family, which Bavaria, on Achen 15 miles south of Salzburg. It is noted for its salt mines and its wood-carving. It was the center of a principality until 1803. Berchtesgaden. An alpine district in the southeastern corner of Bavaria, near the town of Berchtesgaden. Berck (berk). A seaport and watering-place in the department of Pas-de-Calais, France, situated on the English Channel 22 miles south of Boulogne. Population (1891), 5,752. Bercy (ber-se'). A former commune of France, situated on the right bank of the Seine: now a southeastern quarter of Paris, annexed in 1860 Berdiansk (ber-dyänsk'). A seaport in the government of Taurida, southern Ru ia, situ ated on the Sea of Azov in lat. 46° 45′ N., long. 36° 47′ E. It has considerable trade, and is the center of a large salt industry. Population, 23,593. Berdichef (ber-de'chef). A city in the government of Kieff, Ru ia, in lat. 49° 55′ N., long. 28° 20′ E. It is the center of an important trade be tween southern Ru ia and Germany. Population, 78,287. Berea College (be-re'ä kol'ej). A school at the village of Berea, Madison County, Kentucky, 100 miles south of Cincinnati, founded 1856-58. It is non-sectarian and co-educational: usually 60 per cent. of the students are colored. Bereczk (ber-etsk'). A small town in the county of Háromszék, Transylvania, situated near the frontier of Moldavia 46 miles northeast of Kronstadt. Be renga ria (bā-ren-gä'rē-ä). Died after 1230. The daughter of Sancho VI. of Navarre and Blanche of Castile, and queen of Richard I. (Cœur de Lion). Be ren gari us (ber-en-gā'ri-us), or Bérenger (bā-ron-zhā'), I. King of Italy 888-924, a son of Eberhard, duke of Friuli, and grandson of Louis le Débonnaire. He was chosen king of Italy in opposition to Guido, duke of Spoleto, and, receiving the papal recognition, succeeded in maintaining himself against foreign and domestic rivals till defeated by Ru dolph, king of Burgundy, in the decisive battle of Firen zuola, July 29, 923. He was a a inated in the following year. Be ren gari us II. Died 966. King of Italy 950961, a grandson of Be ren gari us I. Italy being invaded by the emperor Otto I., Be ren gari us became a feudatory of Germany. He was eventually dethroned, and died in prison. Be ren gari us, or Bérenger. Born at Tours about 998: died near Tours, 1088. A French ecclesiastic and dialectician. He was a pupil of Fulbert of Chart res, became archdeacon of Angers 1040, began to attack the dogmas of transubstantiation and the real presence about 1045, and was condemned at (among other synods) Vercelli 1050, and Rome 1059 and 1079, in consequence of which he several times recanted. IMG:content-0229.png:[blocks in formation] The Century Cyclopedia of Names and the mother of Ptolemy Philadelphus.-2. The daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and wife of Antiochus Theos, king of Syria.-3. The wife of Ptolemy Euergetes. Having dedicated her hair in the temple of Arsinoë at Zephyrium for the safe return of her husband from an expedition to Syria, the astronomer Conon of Samos reported that it had been transformed into the constellation called Coma Berenices. nister of Cleopatra, slain by the Romans 55 в. с.-5. A niece of Herod the Great, and wife of Aristobulus, and afterward of Theudion. -6. Daughter of Agrippa I., king of Judah 3744 A. D. She was first married to her uncle Herod, king of Chalcis in Lebanon, and after his death lived with her brother Agrippa II.. it is alleged in criminal relations. To disprove this accusation she married Polemon, king of Cilicia, but abandoned him soon and returned to her brother. Joseph us relates of her that she endeavored to stop the cruelties of Florus, the last and worst of Roman governors in Judea ("Jewish Wars," II. 15, 1). In the last struggle of her country she, like her brother, was on the side of Rome. She played some part in Roman politics, supporting the elevation of Vespas i an as emperor. For some time Titus was attracted by her beauty and grace, and it was believed that he would marry her. She followed the conqueror of her country to Rome, but Titus was compelled to repudiate her. In the New Testament she is mentioned as coming with her brother to welcome Festus at Cæsarea, and as being present at the audience which Paul had with this governor (Acts xxv. 13, 23; xxvi. 30). Bérénice (bā-rā-nēs'). 1. A tragedy by Thomas Corneille, produced in 1657. The subject was taken from Mademoiselle de Scudéry's romance "Artamène, or The Grand Cyrus." 2. A tragedy by Racine, produced Nov. 21, 1670, founded on the story of Titus and Berenice. This subject was proposed to Racine and Pierre Corneille at the same time by Henrietta of England, who wished to see her own secret history on the stage. Corneille was beaten in this literary tourney, and his play was considered a sign of failing powers. Berenice. In ancient geography, a town in Egypt, situated on the Red Sea, near Ras Benaas, in lat. 23° 55′ N., founded by Ptolemy II. It was an important trading center. Berenice. The ancient name of Bengazi, on the Gulf of Sidra. Beres ford (ber'es-ford), James. Born at Upham, Hants, England, May 28, 1764: died at Kibworth Beauchamp, Leicestershire, Sept. 29, 1840. An English clergyman. He was the author of a prose satire, "The Miseries of Human Life" (1806-07), etc. Beres ford, Viscount (William Carr Beres ford). Born Oct. 2, 1768: died at Bedgebury, Kent, Jan. 8, 1854. A British general. He served with distinction in the Peninsular war; organized the Portuguese army, and commanded at the battle of Albuera, May 16, 1811. Beres in a, or Berezina (ber-e-zē'nä). A river in the government of Minsk, Ru ia, a tributary of the Dnieper. Length, about 350 miles. Beres in a, Pa age, or Battle, of the. The pa age of Napoleon's army over the Beres in a on the retreat from Moscow, Nov. 26-29, 1812. It was opposed by the Ru ians near Studienka. Many you sands the French were slain and drowned, about 16,000 were made prisoners. Berettyó (be'ret-yō). A river in eastern Hungary, a tributary of the Körös. Berettyó-Ujfalu (be'ret-yō-öy'fo-lö). A town in the county of Bihar, Hungary, 21 miles northwest of Gro wardein. Population (1890), 6,913. Berezof (ber-ez-of'). A small town in the government of Tobolsk, Siberia, situated on the Sosva in lat. 64° N., long. 65° 30′ Ε. has trade in furs, etc., and is a place of banishment for political offenders. It Berezovsk (ber-ez-ovsk'). A small town in the government of Perm, Ru ia, situated in the Urals near Yekaterinburg. It is the center of important gold-fields. Berg (berg). [G., 'mountain.'] A former duchy of Germany, situated east of the lower Rhine and west of Westphalia and Mark: the Roman Ducatus mon tens is. It was a county in the middle ages, became a duchy in 1380, and was united with Jülich in 1423. Jülich, Berg, and Cleves were united in 1521. In consequence of the contest for the Jülich succe ion, Berg and Jülich pa ed in 1666 to Pfalz-Neuburg. Berg was ceded to France in 1806. With addition of Cleves, etc., Berg was made a grand duchy for Murat, and afterward for a son of Louis Bonaparte. They were occupied by the Allies in 1813, were ceded to Pru ia in 1815, and now form a part of the Rhine Province. The district has very important manufactures and is thickly settled. Berg. A suburb of Stuttgart. It contains several noted vilias. Berg. A village and castle on the Starnberger 26, 1790: died at St. Petersburg, Jan. 18, 1874. A Ru ian field-marshal and diplomatist, lieu tenant-general of Poland 1863-74. Bergama (bėr'gä-mä). A town on the site of the ancient Pergamum (which see), Asia Minor, 50 miles north of Smyrna. Population, 6,000 (?). Bergamasca (ber-gä-mäs'kä). A district in the northern part of the province of Bergamo, Italy. It comprises the Val Brembana, Val Seriana, and Val di Scalve. It is mountainous and picturesque. Berkeley, George tha" 1825-29. Author of "Atlas von Asien" (1833-43), "Phys i kalis cher Atlas" (1837-52), etc. Berghem (berg'hem), or Berchem (ber'chem), Nikolaas. Born at Haarlem, 1624: died there, Feb. 18, 1683. A Dutch landscape-painter. Bergman (berg'män), Torbern Olof. Born at Katharinberg, West Gothland, Sweden, March 20, 1735: died July 8, 1784. A Swedish chemist and naturalist, appointed profe or of physics at Upsala in 1758. His collected works (" Opus cula physic a, chemic a et mineral i a") were published 1779-84. Bergonzi (bar-gon'tze), Carlo Died at Cre mona, after 1755. An Italian maker of musical instruments, a pupil of Antonio Stradiva Bergama sker Alps (ber'gä-mäs-kėr alps). Ds). A prius, renowned for his violins and violoncellos. division of the Alps in northern Italy which Bergsöe (berg'se), Jörgen Wilhelm. Born at extends from Lake Como eastward to the Oglio Oglio Copenhagen, Feb. 8, 1835. A Danish natu Oglio and Lake Iseo, and southward from the Val telline. Bergamo (ber'gä-mō). [L. Bergomum , Gr. Βέργομον.] The capital of the province of Bergamo, Italy, situated at the junction of the Val Seriana and Val Brembana 28 miles northeast of Milan. It contains a cathedral, several notable churches, and the Academy Carrara, and has considerable commerce and manufactures. It was destroyed by Attila. It formerly belonged to Venice, and was taken by the French in 1509 and 1796. The cathedral is a plain but well-proportioned building of the 14th to the 16th century, with a modern façade and a fine dome. The curious octagonal baptistery was built in 1341, in imitation of the antique. Population (1891), commune, estimated, 42,000. Bergamo. A province in the compart i men to of Lombardy, Italy. Area, 1,098 square miles. Population (1891), 414,795. Bergara (ber-gä'rä), or Vergara (ver-gä'rä), Convention of. The capitulation of the Car list general Maroto, Aug. 31, 1839, which put an end to the civil war between the Car lists and the Cristinos. Bergen (ber'gen). The capital of the island of Rügen, Pru ia, situated in the central part of the island. Population (1890), commune, 3,821. Bergen. A seaport and the second city of Norway, situated in the amt of South Bergenhuus, southwestern Norway. It was a trading station ralist, novelist, and poet. His chief romances ces are "Fra Piazza del Popolo" (1866), "Fra den gamle Fabrik," "I Sabinerbjergene," etc. Bergstra e (berg's träs-e). A celebrated road in Germany, exte extending from Heidelberg about 30 miles northward, skirting the Odenwald. It was built originally by the Romans. Bergues (berg), or Bergues-Saint-Winoc (berg-sant-ve-nok'). A town in the depart- ment of Nord, France, 7 miles southeast of Dunkirk. It was fortified by Vauban, and was unsuc- ce fully besieged by the English in 1793. Population (1891), commune, 5,380. Bering, or Behring (bā'ring or be'ring), Vitus. [Dan. Bering .] Born at Horsens, Jut- land, 1680: died at Bering Island, 1741. A Danish navigator, in the Ru ian service, noted for discoveries in the North Pacific Ocean. He explored the northern coast of Siberia in 1725, traversed Bering Strait (named from him) in 1728, proving that Asia and America are separated, and in 1741 explored the west- ern coast of America to lat. 69° N. Bering, or Behring, Island. The most west- erly of the Aleutian Islands, situated in the North Pacific Ocean. Bering, or Behring, Sea. That part of the North Pacific Ocean which lies between Bering Strait and the Aleutian Islands. Also called Sea of Kamchatka . Bering, or Behring, Strait. A sea pa age of the Hanseatic League 1445-1558. Populawhich connects the Arctic with the North Pation (1891), 53,684. Bergen-op-Zoom (ber'Gen-op-zom'). A town in the province of North Brabant, Netherlands, situated on the Zoom, near the East Schelde, 15 miles north of Antwerp. It was formerly strongly fortified. It was unsucce fully besieged by the Duke of Parma in 1588, and by Spinola in 1622, and was taken by the French in 1747 and 1795. In Sept., 1799, an engagement took place here between the Duke of York and the French under Brune. March 8, 1814, the British under Sir T. Graham attempted to carry the fortre of Bergen-opZoom by storm. Population (1889), commune, 13,031. Bergenroth (ber'gen-rōt), Gustav Adolf. Born at Oletzko, East Pru ia, Feb. 26, 1813: died in Madrid, Feb. 13, 1869. A historical student, noted for his researches in English history cific Ocean, and separates Alaska from Siberia. Width, in the narrowest part, 36 miles. Beringhen (ber'ing-en), De. A gourmand in Bulwer's "Richelieu," banished by the cardinal. Be ring ton (ber'ing-ton), Joseph. Born in Shropshire, England, 1746: died at Buck land, Berks hire, Dec. 1, 1827. An English Roman Catholic priest and author. He wrote a "History of the Lives of Abeillard and Heloisa, etc." (1787), a "History of the Reign of Henry II., etc.” (1790), "Literary History of the Middle Ages" (1814), and numerous controversial works. among the archives at Simancas, Spain. Bergerac (berzh-räk'). A town in the department of Dordogne, southwestern France, situated on the Dordogne 51 miles east of Bordeaux: an ancient Huguenot stronghold. Population (1891), 14,735. Bergerac, Savinien Cyrano de. Born about 1620 at the Château de Bergerac (Périgord): died at Paris in 1655. A French writer and duelist. He was wounded at the siege of Arras in 1640, and devoted himself to study. Among his works are "A grip pine," a tragedy (1653), "Le pédant joué," a comedy (1654), "His to ire comique des états et empires de la lune" (1656, after his death), and "His to ire comique des états et des empires du soleil" (1661). These two are said to have served to suggest at least "Micromégas" and "Gulliver's Travels." Bergerac, Treaty of. A treaty concluded between the Huguenots and Roman Catholics, 1577. Also called Treaty of Poitiers . Bergerat (berzh-rä'), Auguste Émile. Born at Paris, April 29, 1845. A journalist, novelist, and dramatic writer, son-in-law and biographer of Théophile Gautier. He writes under the pseudonym of "Caliban." Bergh (berg), Henry. Born at New York, 1823: died there, March 12, 1888. The founder (1866) and president of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. He was secretary of legation and acting vice-consul in St. Petersburg 1862-64. He wrote a play, "Love's Alternative," produced at the Union League Theater, Baltimore, in 1881. Berghaus (berg'hous), He in rich. Born at Cleves, Pru ia, May 3, 1797: died at Stettin, Feb. 17, 1884. A German geographer. He was profe or of applied mathematics in the Academy Architecture at Berlin 1824-55, and editor of the "Her of Berinthia (be-rin'thi-ä). 1. A young and di olute widow in Vanbrugh's comedy "The Relapse," and afterward in Sheridan's adaptation, the "Trip to Scar borough."-2. The niece of Mrs. Pipchin in Dickens's novel "Dombey and Son": called "Berry," and much afflicted with boils on her nose. Bériot (bā-rê-ō'), Charles Auguste de. Born at Louvain, Belgium, Feb. 20, 1802: died at Louvain, April 20, 1870. A distinguished Belgian violinist and composer. Berislaff (bā rē-släf). A town in the government of Kherson, Ru ia, situated on the Dnieper 46 miles east of Kherson. Population, 11,093. Beristain y Souza (bā-rēs-tä'ēnēsō'thä), José Mariano. Born at Puebla, 1756: died at Mexico, March 23, 1817. A Mexican bibliographer, rector of the College of San Pedro. His best known work is the "Biblioteca hispano-american a septentrional," a catalogue of Spanish North American auBerkeley (bėrk'li or bärk'li). [ME. Berkley , thors with their works. AS. Bercleá , Beorcleá , appar. from berce , beorc , beore birch, and leah , lea, field. Hence the surname Berkeley , in other forms Berkley , Barkley , Bar clay .] A town in Gloucestershire, England, situated near the Severn 15 miles southwest of Gloucester. See Berkeley Castle . Berkeley. A town in Alameda County, California. It is the seat of the University of California, of the State Agricultural College, and of other public institutions. Population (1900), 13,214. Berkeley, Elizabeth. Born in 1750: died at Naples, Jan. 13, 1828. An English writer. She married Lord Craven in 1767; was separated from him in 1781; married the Margrave of Ansbach in 1791. Her au to biography was published in 1825, and "Letters to the Margrave of Anspach" in 1814. Berkeley, George. Born 1628: died 1698. An English nobleman, son of the ninth Baron Berkeley, created first earl of Berkeley in 1679. Berkeley, George Berkeley, George. Born at Dysert Castle, county of Kilkenny, Ireland, March 12, 1685: died at Oxford, England, Jan. 14, 1753. An Irish prelate (of English descent) of the established church, celebrated for his philosophical writings. He was graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he held various offices, 1707-24; traveled in England and on the Continent 1713-20; became dean of Derry in 1724; obtained the patent for a college in Bermuda in 1725, of which he was appointed first president, but which never was established; sailed for Newport, Rhode Island, Sept. 4, 1728, landing there in January, and remaining in America until the end of 1731; became bishop of Cloyne in 1734; and retired in 1752. He is especially famous for his theory of vision, the foundation of the modern psycho-physiological investigation of that subject, and for the extreme subjective idealism of his metaphysical views. His works include "E ay toward a New Theory of Vision" (1709: 3d ed. bound with "Alciphron" in 1732), "A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge" (1710 and 1734), "Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous" (1713), "Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher" (1732), "Siris, a Chain of Philosophical Reflections and Inquiries concerning the Virtues of Tar water, etc." (1744: the title "Siris" was first used in the edition of 1746), etc. He was an enthusiastic advocate of the use of tar-water as an almost universal remedy. Berkeley, George Charles Grantley Fitzhardinge. Born Feb. 10, 1800: died at Poole, Dor sets hire, Feb. 23, 1881. An English sportsman, sixth son of the fifth Earl of Berkeley. He was a member of Parliament from 1832-52. He wrote "Berkeley Castle," a novel (1836), "Sandron Hall, or the Days Queen Anne" (1840), English Sportsman on the Western Prairies" (1861), "Anecdotes of the Upper Ten You sand," etc. (1867), "Tales of Life and Death" (1870), etc. Berkeley, Sir William. Born at or near London: died in England, July, 1677. A royal governor of Virginia, 1642-51, 1660-76. He crushed Bacon's rebellion in 1676. Berkeley Castle. A celebrated Norman fortre and baronial hall between Bristol and Gloucester, England. It was founded soon after the Conquest. Edward II. was murdered there in 1327. Berkeley Springs, or Bath. A watering-place in West Virginia, 30 miles east of Cumber land, Maryland, noted for its medicinal springs. Berkhampstead (bėrk'ham-sted), Great. A town in the county of Hertford, England, 27 miles northwest of London. Population (1891), 7,888. The ped Berkhey (berk'hi), Jan Lefrancq van. Born at Leyden, Holland, Jan. 23, 1729: died at Leyden, March 13, 1812. A Dutch naturalist and poet. His chief works are "Natuurlijke historie van Holland" (1769-79), poem, "Het verheerlijkt" (1774). Berks (bėrks). An abbreviation of Berks hire. Berks hire (bėrk's hir). [ME. Berkschire , AS. Bear rucs cire, Bar rucs cire , Barrocscir .] A State) County IMG:content-0231.png:[ocr errors] and Bucking ham on the north, Surrey on the southeast, Hampshire on the south, and Wilts hire on the west. The county-seat is Reading; the chief industry is agriculture. Area, 722 square miles. Pop ulation (1891), 238,446. Berks hire Hills. The mountains of Berks hire County, Ma achusetts, noted as a summer and autumn resort. Berlichingen (ber'lich-ing-en), Götz or Gottfried von. Born at Jagsthausen, Würtemberg, 1480: died at Hornberg Castle on the Neckar, July 23, 1562. A German feudal knight. His right hand having been lost in battle, it was replaced by artificial made of iron (whence he is sometimes called "Götz with the Iron Hand"). He was one of the leaders of the peasants in 1525, and subsequently served under the emperor Charles V. against the sultan Soliman and against Francis I. of France. The literary revolution of the 18th century from the artificial to the simple style was preluded by Goethe's "Götz von Berlichingen," a drama which constructed from the autobiography of the original robber knight who represented himself as an honest but much misunderstood person. See Götz von Berlichingen. Berlin (bėr-lin' or ber'lin; G. pron. ber-len'). The capital of the German Empire and of Pru ia, until 1881 in Brandenburg, situated on the Spree, in lat. 52° 30′ N., long. 13° 24' E. It is the largest city in the German Empire, and has an important commerce and extensive manufactures of metals, machinery, cotton and woolen goods, confections, musical instruments, beer, etc. It was settled by the 13th century, and was greatly improved by the Great Elector, Frederick L., by Great, and by later rulers. It was taken by the Allies in 1760, and by Napoleon in 1806. The following are among its objects of interest: Arsenal , now a Military Museum and Hall of Fame, so called. In plan it is a rectangle 295 feet square, with a large central court. Bermudez, José Manuel Porte agreed to apply to Crete the organic law of 1868; (5) Monte negro was declared independent, and the seaport of Antivari was allotted to it; (6) Servia was declared independent, and received an acce ion of territory; (7) Roumania was declared independent, and received some islands on the Danube in exchange for Be arabia; (8) Kars, Batoum, and Ardahan were ceded to Ru ia; (9) the Porte undertook to carry out without further delay the reforms required in Armenia; (10) in the event of the Greeks and the Porte not being able to agree upon a suggested rectification of frontier, the Powers reserved to themselves the right of offering their mediation." Acland and Ransome , English Political History, p. 220. Berlin, University of. A celebrated university founded in 1810. The total number of students is about 10,000; of profe ors and teachers, about 400. The number of volumes in its library is about 150,000. Berlioz (bar-lē-ōz'), Hector. Born at La Côte-Saint-André, Isère, France, Dec. 11, 1803: died at Paris, March 9, 1869. A French composer of great originality, noted particularly for that species of descriptive music known as "program music." Among his chief works are "Episode de la vie d'un artiste," "Roméo et Juliette," a dramatic symphony (1839), "L'Enfance du Christ," a trilogy (1855), "Symphonie fantast i que," "Harold en Italie," a symphony in four parts, "The Damnation of Faust," a dramatic legend in four parts, the overtures to "King Lear," "Le car naval romain," "Le corsaire," and the operas "Benvenuto Cell in i" and "Béatrice et Bénedict." He also wrote his memoirs (1870), "Voyage musical" (1844), "Grotesques de la musique" (1859), etc. Bermejo. See Vermejo. Bermondsey (ber'mond-zi). [From "Beormond's mond's eye." eye," eye," the island property of some Saxon or Danish noble in the marshes of the Thames.] A borough (municipal) of London, situated south of the Thames. It is a crowded district chiefly occupied by tanners. It formerly contained a royal country palace, which was occupied by Henry II., and a Cluniac abbey founded in 1082 by Alwyn Childe. Portions of the abbey were still standing at the beginning of the present century. Before the Conquest Bermondsey belonged to Harold, and was a royal domain until 1094, when William Rufus gave it to the Priory of St. Mary. The Cluniac monks of Bermondsey were subject to the abbey in Normandy from which Alwyn Childe had brought them until the reign of Richard II. Population (1891), 84,688. Bermondsey Spa Gardens. A place of enter miles from London Bridge. Besant. tainment in the time of George II., about 2 Bermoothes (ber-mö'Thes). An old name for the Bermudas. See Shakspere's "Tempest," act i., scene 2. Bermuda Hundred (ber-mü'da hundred). A locality on a bend of the James River in Virginia, near City Point. The peninsula was occupied by part of the Federal army under Butler in the summer of 1864 as a base of operations. For part of the time the troops were hemmed in within the lines ("bottled at Bermuda Hundred"). Bermudas bermuda), or Bermuda Islands, İslands. (Formerly also the German Empire, Austria, France, England, Italy, Ru ia, and Turkey: held at Berlin June 13,-July 13, 1878, for the purpose of settling the affairs of the Balkan Peninsula. It was occasioned by the di atisfaction of England and Austria with the peace of San Stefano, concluded between Ru ia and Turkey March 3, 1878, and convened at the invitation of Prince Bismarck, who was chosen president. Its most influential members were Prince Gortchakoff, Count Andrá y, Lord Beacons field, Lord Salisbury, M. Wadding ton, Count Corti, and Carathéodor i Pasha. See Berlin , Treaty of. Berlin Decrees. Decrees i ued in Nov., 1806, by Napoleon I. at Berlin, prohibiting commerce and correspondence with Great Britain, which was declared to be in a state of blockade. They also declared all English property forfeited, and all English men in a state occupied by French troops prisoners of war. Berlin Memorandum, The. A memorandum drawn up at Berlin, May 13, 1876, by the governments of Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Berlin (which had united in presenting to the Porte, Jan. 31, 1876, the Andrá y Note). It was approved by France and Italy, but rejected by England. It imposed an armistice of two months on Ru ia and Turkey, provided that the reforms promised by the Porte in accordance with the Andrá y Note should be carried out under the superintendence of the representatives of the European powers, and threatened force if before the end of the armistice the Porte should not have a ented to these terms. Berlin, Royal Library of. A library founded by the Great Elector, Frederick William, and at 800,000, and the number of manuscripts at 24,000. opened in 1661. The number of volumes is estimated Berlin, Treaty of. A treaty concluded July 13, 1878, between the powers represented at the Congre of Berlin (which see). "By this treaty (1) Bulgaria, north of the Balkans, was constituted an independent, autonomous, and tributary principality; (2) Bulgaria, south of the Balkans (Eastern Roumelia), It was in 1706, the exterior is a good example of the architecture and decorative sculpture of the time. The mural paintings of historical and military subjects by Geselschap in the interior are the finest work of the kind in Berlin. There is also a collection of portrait and mythological sculpture, in addition to the impre ive exhibition of arms and battle-trophies. Brandenburg ras retained under the direct rule of the Porte, but Gate , at the west end of Unter den Linden, a monumental was granted administrative autonomy; (3) the Porte gateway begun in 1789. It presents on each face 6 lofty retained the right of garrisoning the frontiers of East Doric columns and a Roman entablature, surmounted by ern Roumelia, but with regular troops only; (4) the came to be regarded as a plural form, whence the inferred singular Bermuda . They were called by the English, after Sir George Somers or Summers, Somers or Summers Islands , sometimes Summer Islands , as if in allusion to the semi-tropical climate.] A group of islands, a British crown colony, in the North Atlantic, about 600 miles east-southeast of Cape Hatter as, in lat. 32° 15′ N., long. 64° 51′ W.: an important naval and strategic po e ion. They are much visited as a health-resort, and produce onions, tomatoes, Easter lilies, etc. The chief islands are Great Bermuda and St. George's. The capital is Hamilton. The islands were discovered by Juan Bermudez about 1522, and settled by the English in 1611. They comprise about (1891), 15,123. 360 islets and rocks. Area, 20 square miles. Population of alleys and courts between the bottom of St. Bermudas, The. A cant name given to a group Martin's Lane, Half Moon, and Chandos street, in London, a resort and refuge of thieves, fraudulent debtors, and prostitutes in the 16th and 17th centuries. Also called (later) the Streights and the Caribbee (corrupted into Cribbee ) Islands . Bermudez (ber-mö'THeth), or Bermudes (bermö'Thes), Geronimo. Born in Galicia about 1530: died about 1589. A Spanish Dominican monk (profe or of theology at Salamanca), poet, and dramatist. He wrote "Nise Last i mos a" (in both of these "Nise" is an (1577), "Nise Laureada anagram of "Ines"), etc. Bermudez, José Francisco. Born at San José de Areocoar Cumaná, Jan. 23, 1782: a a inated at Cumaná, Dec. 15, 1831. A Venezuelan general in the war for independence. He de fended Cart a gena against Morillo in 1815, until forced by famine to escape. In May, 1820, he took Caracas, and on Oct. 16, 1821, occupied Cumaná after a bloody siege. He subsequently commanded in Cumaná and elsewhere.. Bermudez, José Manuel. Born at Tarma about 1760: died at Lima, 1830. A Peruvian ecclesiastic, historian, philologist, and orator. He was vicar of Huánuco, and after 1803 held various Bermudez, Pedro Pablo. Born at Tacna, 1798: died at Lima, 1852. A Peruvian general. In 1833 he was Gamarra's candidate for president, and, Or be go so being elected, he joined Gamarra in a revolt (Jan. 4, 1834), but was defeated and driven into Bolivia. He then joined Santa Cruz, and on the formation of the Peru-Bolivian confederation (1836) was elected vice-presi- dent of North Peru. Bermudez, Remijio Morales. Born at Pica, Sept. 30, 1836: died at Lima, March 31, 1894. A Peruvian soldier and statesman. He joined the army in 1854, serving under Castilla and Pardo; was commandant at Iquitos on the Amazon (1862), and after- Bern (bern), F. Berne (bern). A canton of Switzerland, capital Bern, bounded by France and Alsace on the north, Basel, Solothurn, Aar- gau, Lucerne, Unterwalden, and Uri on the east, Valais on the south, and Vaud, Fribourg, Neuchâtel, and France on the west. It is trav- ersed by the Jura and Alps, and contains the Bernese Oberland in the south. It is the largest canton in point of population, and sends 27 members to the National Council. The prevailing religion is Protestant, and pre- vailing language German. It entered the Swi Confed- separated by a pier with statues; its large tympanum is filled with sculptures of the Last Judgment; and it is flanked by statues beneath rich canopies. The organ is celebrated. The Hall of the Federal Council is a large modern building in the style of the Florentine Renais- sance. The Rathaus or town hall was built in 1406, and has lately been restored. Its most characteristic feature is the covered double stair rising from each side façade to an arcaded loggia on the level of the second Bernadotte (ber'na-dot; F. pron. ber-nä-dot'). See Charles XIV . , King of Sweden. Bernal Osborne, Ralph. Born March 26, 1808: died at Best wood Lodge, England, June 21, 1880. An English politician noted for his wit. Bernál (ber-näl'), Peak of. A steep truncated cone which rises above the outlet of the upper Pecos River valley in central New Mexico. It also bears the name of "Starvation Peak," from a tradition that several Spanish soldiers were starved to death on its summit by the Apaches. Bernalda (ber-näl'dä). A town in the prov- ince of Potenza, Italy, 33 miles west-southwest of Taranto. Population, 7,000. Bernard of Cluny, or of Morlaix. A French Benedictine monk of the 12th century, author of a Latin poem, "De Contemptu Mundi," popularly known through Neale's translations, "The world is very evil," "Jerusalem the gold- en," "For thee, O dear, dear country," etc. Bernard of Treviso. Born at Padua, Italy, 1406: died 1490. A noted Italian alchemist who a umed the title of Count of the March of Treviso. After many years of study and experiment, he is said to have declared that the secret of the philoso- pher's stone lies in the adage "To make gold one must gold." He was the author of many alchemical works. Bernard (ber-när'), surnamed "The Poor Priest." Born at Dijon, 1588: died March 23, 1640. A French monk who devoted his for- Bernard (ber-när'), Claude. Born at St. Ju- lien, Rhône, France, July 12, 1813: died at Paris, Feb. 10, 1878. A distinguished French physiolo- gist. He published "Recherches sur les usages du pan- créas," "Recherches d'anatomie et de physio logie comp a- rées sur les glandes saliva ires, etc.," "Recherches sur les fonctions du nerf spinal, etc.," "Mémoire sur le suc gas trique et son rôle dans la digestion," etc. Bernard (ber'närd), Edward. Born at Perry St. Paul, North amp tons hire, May 2, 1638: died at Oxford, Jan. 12,1697. An English scholar, Savil- ian profe or of astronomy at Oxford 1673-91. Bernard (bėr'närd), Sir Francis. Born 1711 (?): died at Aylesbury, England, June 16, 1779. A British lawyer and politician, colonial gover- nor of New Jersey 1758-60, and of Ma achu- setts Bay 1760-69. Bernard (ber-när'), Jacques. Born at Nions, in Dauphiné, Sept. 1, 1658: died April 27, 1718. A French Protestant clergyman and scholar. On the revocation of the Edict of Nantes he retired to Holland, and founded at The Hague a school of belle- lettres, philosophy, and mathematics. He continued the publication of the "Bibliothèque Universelle" of Jean Leclerc, and succeeded Bayle as editor of the "Répub- lique des Lettres." He wrote "Recueil de traités de paix, de trêves, de neutral ité,.. et d'autres actes publics faits en Europe" (1700), "Actes et mémoires des négo- ciations de la paix de Ryswick" (1725), etc. Bernard (ber'närd), John. Born at Ports- mouth, England, 1756: died at London, 1828. An English actor. He made his appearance in England in 1773. In 1797 he came to America, where Bernard, Rosine. See Bernhardt , Sarah . Bernard (ber-när'), Simon. Born at Dôle, France, April 28, 1779: died Nov. 5, 1839. A French general and engineer, in the service of Napoleon I., and (1816-31) of the United States. He was minister of war under Louis Philippe 1836-39. The chief work executed by him in the United States is Fort Monroe: he had a part in other important engineer- ing works, notably the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and the Delaware Breakwater. Bernard (bėr'närd), Mount ague. Born at Tib- berton Court, Gloucestershire, Jan. 28, 1820: died at Over ro , Sept. 2, 2, 1882. An English lawyer, profe or of international law at Ox- ford 1859-74. He was one of the high commi ioners who negotiated the treaty of Washington, and was one of the counsel of the British government at Geneva. Bernard (bėr'närd), William Bayle. Born at Boston, Ma ., Nov. 27, 1807: died at Brighton, England, Aug. 5, 1875. An English dramatist, son of John Bernard. His chief plays are "Rip Van Winkle" (1832), "The Nervous Man" (1833), "The Bernard in de Saint Pierre (ber-när-dan' dẻ san piar'), Jacques Henri. Born at Havre, France, Jan. 19, 1737: died at Eragny-sur-Oise, France, Jan. 21, 1814. A French author. He was an engineer in Ru ia, and in the Isle of France, 1767- 1771, and settled in Paris in 1771. His chief works are "Voyage à l'Île de France," "Études de la nature" (1784- 1788), "Paul et Virginie" (1788), "La chaumière indienne" (1791), "Harmonies de la nature" (1815). Bernard i no (bėr-när-dē'nō), Saint, of Siena. Born at Ma a di Carrara, Tuscany, 1380: died 1444. A Francis can monk, famous as a preacher. Bernardo (ber-när'do). An officer in Shak- spere's "Hamlet." He, with Mar cell us, first sees the murdered king's ghost. Bernardo del Carpio (ber-nür'dō del kär'pē-ō). A semi-mythical Spanish hero of the 9th cen- tury. He was a nephew of Alfonso the Chaste, fought Bernal , G. Bernhard .] Born at Fontaines, near Dijon, Burgundy, in 1091: died at Clairvaux, Aug. 20,1153. A celebrated French ecclesiastic. He entered the Cistercian monastery of Citeaux in 1113, and in 1115 became abbot of Clairvaux, near Langres, which post he continued to fill until his death. Refusing all offers of preferment, he neverthele exercised a profound influence on the ecclesiastical politics of Europe, and was the chief instrument in prevailing upon France and England to recognize Innocent II. as pope in opposition to the rival claimant, Cardinal Peter of Leon. He procured the condemnation of Abelard's writings at the Council of Sens in 1140, and preached the second Crusade 1146. The best edition of his works is that by Mabillon, Paris, 1667. with great distinction against the Moors, and, according to tradition, defeated Roland at Roncesvalles. His exploits are celebrated in many Spanish ballads, and form the subject of several dramas by Lope de Vega. His efforts to procure the release of his father when he learns who his father really is; the false word of the king, who promises repeatedly to give up the Count de Saldaña, and as often breaks his word; with the despair of Bernardo and his final rebellion after the count's death Berne Belle cour (bern-bel-kör'), Étienne Prosper. Born at Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, June 29, 1838. A French painter, especially of military subjects. Berners, Baron. See Bourchier , John . Berners (ber' nėrz), or Bernes (bėrnz), or Barnes (bärnz), Julian a. Born about 1388. An English lady, said to have been a priore of Sopwell Nunnery, near St. Albans, and re- puted author of the "Boke of St. Albans" (printed 1486, 1496), a rimed treatise on hunt- ing. See Book of St. Albans . Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar. Born at Weimar, Germany, Aug. 16, 1604: died at Neu- enburg on the Rhine, July 18, 1639. A German general. He served with distinction at Lützen in 1632, commanded a Swedish army in 1633, was defeated at Nörd- lingen in 1634, defeated the Imperialists at Rheinfelden in 1638, and captured Breisach in 1638. Bernhardt (bern härt), Sarah (Rosine Ber- nard). Born at Paris, Oct. 22, 1844. A not- ed French actre , of Jewish descent on her mother's side. She is celebrated in rôles requiring great nervous tension and bursts of pa ion, as "Fedora, "Froufrou," "Théodor a," "La Tosca," etc. "She ap- peared at the Théatre Français in 1862, but had little suc- ce . Afterward, at the Odéon, she played Zanetto in Le Pa ant of Coppée, and the queen in 'Ruy Blas,' and was admitted to the Français, where she had a very brilliant career, leaving the company some fifteen years ago for a still more brilliant one in all quarters of the globe. She studied sculpture and painting, and has exhibited works in both arts." ( F. Sarcey , Recollections of Middle Life.) In 1882 she married M. Damala, a Greek, an actor in her com- pany, from whom she has been divorced (he is since dead). Berni (ber'nē), or Berna (ber'nä), or Bernia (ber'ne-ä), Francesco. Born at Lamporecchio, in Tuscany, about 1498: died at Florence, May 26, 1535. An Italian poet, author of "Rime burlesche," and a rifacimento of the "Orlando In nam or a to" by Boiardo (1541). His poetry is marked by a "light and elegant mockery," for which his name has furnished a descriptive adjective - bernesque . Bernoulli, or Bernouilli, Jacques. Born at Basel, Dec. 27, 1654: died there, Aug. 16, 1705. A noted mathematician, profe or of mat he- matics in the University of Basel 1687-1705. He improved the differential calculus invented by Leib nitz and Newton, solved the isoperimetrical problem, and discovered the properties of the logarithmic spiral. Bernoulli, or Bernouilli, Jean. Born at Basel, July 27, 1667: died there, Jan. 1, 1748. A math- ematician and physicist, brother of Jacques Bernoulli. He became profe or of mathematics at Groningen in 1695, and in the University of Basel in 1705. Bernoulli, or Bernouilli, Jean. Born at Basel, May 18, 1710: died there, July 17, 1790. A jurist and mathematician, son of Jean Ber- the 3d century B. C. A Babylonian priest and historian, author of a history of Babylonia (in Greek), fragments of which have been pre- Served by later writers. "He was a priest of the temple of Bel at Babylon, and is said by Eusebius and Ta- tian to have been a contemporary of Alexander the Great, had, therefore, special opportunities of knowing the his bad the nah, Ga., Jan. 1, 1856. An American lawyer and politician, attorney-general of the United States 1829-31, and United States senator from Georgia 1825-29, 1841-52. Berro (bār'rō), Bernardo Prudencio. Born at Monte video about 1800: died there, April, 1868. An Uruguay an politician and journalist (editor of "La Fusion"). In 1852 he was president of the Senate and vice-president; minister of govern- ment under Giró until the revolution of Sept., 1853; again president of the Senate 1858; and president of Uru- guay 1860 to 1864. The revolution of Flores, begun dur- ing his term, was succe ful soon after its end. In 1868 Berro headed a revolt against Flores, was imprisoned, and during the disorders that followed was shot through the window of his cell. Berry, or Berri (ber'i; F. pron. be-re'). An ancient government of central France: the an- cient Biturica, the land of the Gallic Bituriges. It was bounded by Orléanais on the north, Nivernais on the east, Bourbonnais on the southeast, Marche on the south, Poitou on the west, and Touraine on the northwest, and is chiefly included in the departments of Indre and Cher. It was formerly a county and duchy, and was frequently an appanage of the king's younger son. It was united to the crown in 1465 and again, definitely, in 1601. Born Dec. 28, 1446: The second son of Berry, Duche e de (Prince Caroline Fer- dinande Louise of Naples). Born Nov. 5, 1798: died April 17, 1870. Wife of Charles Ferdinand, duc de Berry, and mother of the Comte de Cham- bord. She promoted an unsucce ful attempt at revolution in favor of her son in 1832. Berry, Charles, Duc de. died May 24 (28%), 1472. Charles VII. and Marie of Anjou, duke of Berry, Normandy, and Guienne. Berry, Charles, Duc de. Born Aug. 31, 1686: died at Marly, May 4, 1714. The third son of Louis, the Grand Dauphin, selected as succe or to the Spanish throne in case the Duke of An- jou, named his succe or by Charles II., should become king of France. Versailles, Jan. 24, 1778: a a inated at Paris, Feb. 13, 1820. The second son of the Comte d'Artois (later Charles X. of France), and father of the Comte de Chambord. He emigrated during the Revolution, and served in the army of Condé and later in that of Ru ia. He went to England in 1801, and there married a wife whom he afterward repudiated, again marrying on his return to France. His second wife was the Prince Caroline of Naples. Berry (ber'i), Sir John. Born at Know est on, Devons hire, 1635: died at Portsmouth, England, about 1690. An English naval officer. He en- tered the merchant service, pa ed to the royal navy in 1663, and attained the rank of vice-admiral. In 1667 he de- feated the French and Dutch fleet off Nevis, West Indies. In 1682 he commanded the Gloucester, which was wrecked with the Duke of York and train on board the duke es- caped, and Berry was relieved from all blame. Berry, Marie Louise Elisabeth d'Orléans, Duche e de. Born Aug. 20, 1695: died July 21, 1719. The eldest daughter of Philippe d'Or- léans and wife of the Duke of Berry, the grand- son of Louis XIV.: notorious for her profligacy. Bertie (ber'ti), Peregrine, Lord Willoughby de Eresby. Born at Lower Wesel, Cleves, Oct. 12, 1555: died June 25, 1601. A noted English soldier and statesman. He served with English liberal statesman and political writer. He opposed the war with America 1775-83, and the policy which led to it, and sympathized with the French Revo- Intion. He wrote "Thoughts on Mr. Burke's Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol on the Affairs of America" (1777), etc. Berry (ber'i), Mary. Yorkshire, March 16, 1763: died at London, Nov. 2018 An English authores. She and her sis. Paris, 1853. A French anthropologist, chief ter Agnes (1764-1852) were the friends, and she was lit erary executor, of Horace Walpole. Her chief work is "England and France, a Comparative View of the Social Condition of both Countries" (1844), originally published in two volumes: the first (1828) entitled "A Comparative View of the Social Life of England and France, etc.," and the second (1831) entitled "Social Life in England and France, etc." Berry, William. Born 1774: died at Brixton, July 2, 1851. An English genealogist. He pub- lished "Introduction to Heraldry" (1810), "Gene alogia Antiqua, etc." (1816), “Encyclopedia Heraldic a, etc." (1828- 1840), etc. Berryer (ber-yā'), Pierre Antoine. Born at Paris, Jan. 4, 1790: died Nov. 29, 1868. A French advocate and political orator, a leader of the legitimist party. goiran, near Bordeaux, 1749: died at Paris, Bert (bar), Paul. Born at Auxerre, Yonne, Dec. 21, 1791. A French man of letters, es- pecially noted as a writer of juveniles: sur- named "the Friend of Children." "L'Ami des enfants" tician, ship in Gambetta's cabinet 1881-82. He was gov- ern or-resident of Tonquin in 1886. He wrote "Revue des travaux d'anatomie et de physio logie, 1864" (1866), "Notes d'anatomie et de physio logie comparées," etc. Berta (bar'tä). An African tribe inhabiting the lowland beneath the western flank of the Aby in i an plateau. They seem to be neither entirely Hamitic nor Nigritic. Their language has been included, by Dr. Cust, in the Nuba-Fulah group. Bertaut (ber-to'), Jean. Born at Caen, 1570: died June 8, 1611. A French ecclesiastic and poet, secretary to the king, bishop of Séez, and almoner to Marie de Médicis. IMG:content-0232.png:[blocks in formation] Merchant's Second Tale," but now rejected. 1423; studied under the Platonic scholar George Gemistus 2 The author is unknown. Berytus. See Beirut . Berzelius (bėr-zēʻli-us; Sw. pron. ber-zil'e-ös), Johan Jacob, Baron. Born at Westerlösa, near Linköping. Östergötland, Sweden, Aug. 29, 1779: died at Stockholm, Aug. 7, 1848. A celebrated Swedish chemist. He was appointed profe or of medicine and pharmacy at Stockholm 1807; became perpetual secretary of the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm 1818; was created a baron 1835; and became a royal councilor 1838. He introduced a new nomencla- ture of chemistry; discovered selenium, thorium, and ce- rium; first exhibited calcium, barium, strontium, colum bium, or tantalum, silicium, and zirconium as elements; was one of the originators of the electro-chemical theory; and contributed much toward the perfection of the atomic theory after Dalton. His most important work is "Läre- bok i Kemien" (1808-28), which has been translated into every European language. most delicate sense of rhythm and the most exquisite power of poetical suggestion, did not appear until after his death. Saints bury , French Lit., p. 546. Bertrand de Born. See Born , Bertrand de . Bertrand de Goth or Got. See Clement V. Bertrand du Guesclin. See Du Guesclin . Bertuccio (ber-tö'c (ber-tö'chō). A deformed court jester in Tom Taylor's tragedy "The Fool's Revenge." His gratified revenge on the duke culm i nates in the terrible conviction that through a mistake he has compa ed the abduction and dishonor of his own child instead of that of the wife of his enemy. His hys- terical efforts to play the fool, when maddened with agony, in order to gain admittance to the banquet-room into which his daughter has been carried, form a powerfully Besontio ( n- ), L. Vesontio ( n- ), from a tribe name Besontii .] The capital of the department of Doubs, France, situated on a peninsula nearly surrounded by the Doubs, in lat. 47° 14′ N., Crowe, in Smollett's "Sir Launce lot Greaves." long. 6° 1' E. It is an important fortre , and Be emer (bes'e-mer), Sir Henry. Born at seat of an artillery school. the chief place in France for the manufacture of watches. It contains the cathedral, archbishop's palace, Palais Granvella, li- brary, museum, citadel, the triumphal arch Porte de Mars, and other Roman antiquities. It is the birthplace of Granvella, Pajol, Moncey, Nodier, and Victor Hugo. It was the capital of the Sequani, and under the Romans the capital of Maxima Sequanorum. From 1184 to 1648 it was a free imperial city, and later the capital of Franche- Comté. In 1648 it was ceded to Spain, and to France in 1679. It was unsucce fully besieged by the Austrians in 1814, and was the base of Bourbaki's operations 1870-71. Population (1901), 55,266. Besant (bes ́ant), Sir Walter. Born Aug. 14, 1836: died June 9, 1901. An English novelist, knighted in 1895. He was appointed profe or in the Royal College of Mauritius, but returned to England on account of ill health. From 1871 to 1882 he wrote in collaboration with James Rice. Since the death of the latter he has written many novels and short stories. It was due to "All Sorts and Conditions of Men" (1882) that the People's Palace in the East End of London was built. Besborodko (bes-bō-rod ́kō), Prince Alexan- der Andreyevitch. Born at Stolnoi, Little Ru ia, March 25, 1747: died at St. Petersburg, Aug. 9, 1799. A Ru ian statesman, made sec- retary of foreign affairs in 1780, and imperial chancellor in 1796. Bescherelle (besh-rel'), Louis Nicolas. Born at Paris, June 10, 1802: died at Auteuil, Feb. 4, 1883. A French grammarian, lexicographer, and librarian. His works include "Grammaire na- tionale" (1834-38), "Dictionnaire national" (1843-46), "Les cla iques et les rom antiques" (1838: with Ch. Martin), "La grammaire de l'Académie" (1825: with La- motte), etc. Besika Bay (bes'i-kä bā). A small bay on the northwestern coast of Asia Minor, near the entrance to the Strait of Dardanelles. Beskow (bes'kov), Bernhard von. Born at Stockholm, April 22, 1796: died at Stockholm, Oct. 17, 1868. A Swedish dramatist and poet. His chief dramas are "Erik den Fjortonde" (1827-28), "Torkel Knut on," "Birger och hans Ätt," "Gustav Adolf i Tyskland" (1838). Be (bes), or Be ee (be-se'), the Blind Beg- gar's daughter of Bethnal Green. The subject of a favorite popular ballad, and introduced by Chettle and Day, and Sheridan Knowles, in their plays "The Beggar of Bethnal Green." Be , Good Queen. A popular epithet of Queen Elizabeth of England. Be araba (bes-sä'rä-bä). A family of Walla- chi an waywodes, prominent in the politics of southeastern Europe from the 13th to the 18th century, which has given the name of Be a- rabi a to the region comprised between the Pruth and the Dniester. Be araba (bes-säʼrä-bä), Const an tine Bran- covan. Died Aug. 26, 1714. A waywode of Wall a chia 1688-1714. He acted as the secret agent of Leopold of Austria in the war which terminated with the peace of Carlowitz in 1699, while ostensibly supporting his suzerain the Sultan of Turkey; and served as the ally of Peter the Great in the war against the Turks in 1711, with the result that he was put to death with his four sons by was extinguished. order of the sultan. With his death the Be araba dynasty Be arabia (bes-a-rā'bi-a). A government of of Rumania. Capital, Kishineff. It was overrun southwestern Ru ia, lying east and northeast by nomadic races from the 2d to the 13th century; was ceded to Ru ia by Turkey in 1812; was ceded in part to Moldavia in 1856; and was restored to Ru ia in 1878. Area, 17,619 square miles. Population (1897), 1,936,403. Be arion (be-sā'ri-on), Johannes or Basilius. [MGr. Βεσσαρίων.] Born at Trebizond, 1395 (1403%): died at Ravenna, Nov. 19, 1472. A Greek scholar and Roman Catholic ecclesiastic, notable as a patron of learning and a collector Be ières (bes-yar'), Jean Baptiste, Duke of Istria. Born at Prei ac, Lot, France, Aug. 5 (69), 1768: killed near Lützen, Germany, May 1, 1813. A famous marshal of the French em- pire. He served with distinction at Acre, Abukir, Ma- ren go, Austerlitz, Jena, Eylau, Fried land, E ling, etc.; and commanded at the victory of Medina del Rio-Seco, in Spain, July 14, 1808. Be in (be-san'). An ancient district in the northwestern part of Normandy, France, bor- dering on the English Channel east of the Co- tent in. Its chief town is Bayeux. Be us (bes'us). [Gr. Βῆσσος.] 1. A satrap of Bactria. He commanded the left wing of the Persian army at the battle of Arbela, 331 в. с. He murdered Darius delivered to Oxathres, the brother of Darius, by whom he III. in 330, and was soon after captured by Alexander, and Bestuzheff (bes-tö'zhef), Alexander. Born Nov. 3 (N. S.), 1795: killed near Yekaterino- dar, in the Caucasus, June, 1837. A Ru ian soldier, poet, and novelist. Bestuzheff-Riumin (bes-töʻzhef-rē-ö'min). Count Alexei Petrovitch. Born at Moscow, June, 1693: died April 21, 1766. A Ru ian di- plomatist and statesman. He became imperial chan- Be tan court (be-ton-kör'), Agustin de. Born in Mexico City, 1620: died 1700. A Francis can monk and historian, curate of the parish of San José. His principal work, "Teatro Mejicano," is primarily a history of his order in Mexico, but contains much of general interest. Betanzos. See Betanços . Betanzos, Juan José de. A Spanish soldier who went to Peru, probably with Pizarro in 1532. He settled at Cuzco, and married a daughter of the Inca Atahualpa. He became an adept in the Quichua laries, now lost. By order of the viceroy Mendoza he language, and wrote in it a doctrina and two vocabu- wrote an account of the Incas and of the conquest. was finished in 1551, but remained in manuscript until 1880, when it was printed for the "Biblioteca Hispano- Incas." Ultra marina," with the title "Suma y Narracion de los Bethany Jerusalem, on the road to Jericho, southeast of the Mount of Olives. It is often mentioned in the New Testament as the home of Lazarus, Martha and Mary, and of Simon the Leper (Matt. xxi. 17, xxvi. 6; Mark xi. 1 ff.; Luke xix. 29; John xi. 1: A. V.). It is iden tified with the modern El-Azariyeh, a village with forty huts, inhabited by Mohammedans exclusively. Beth -Arbel (beth-är'bel). A place mentioned in Hos. x. 14 as the scene of a sack and ma acre by Shalman: probably identical with the modern Irbid, east of the Jordan and northeast of Petta. Shalman may be either Shalmaneser III., king of As syria 782-772 B. C., who made a campaign against Damascus, or Salaman, king of Moab, who is mentioned in the A yrian inscriptions as having paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III., king of As syria (745-727 B. с.). IMG:content-0233.png:[ocr errors] Bethel (beth'el). [LL. Bethel , Gr. Βαιθήλ, Heb. Beth-el, house of God.] In scriptural geography, a town (originally named Luz) in Palestine, 12 miles north of Jerusalem, m, the resting place of the ark, and, later, a seat of idolatrous worship: the modern Be it in. Up to the last, customs that had originated in a primitive period of Semitic belief survived in Phœnician religion. Stones, more especially aerolites, as well as trees, were accounted sacred. The stones, after being consecrated by a libation of oil, were called Beth - els , "habitations of God," and regarded as filled with the indwelling presence of the Deity. The Caaba at Mecca is a curious relic of this old Semitic superstition, which is alluded to in the Gisdhubar Epic of Chaldea, and may have suggested the metaphor of a rock applied to the Deity in Hebrew poetry. Prof. Robertson Smith, again, has pointed out that numerous traces of an early totemism lasted down into the historical period of the Semitic race, more especially among the ruder nomad tribes of Arabia. Sayce , Anc. Empires, p. 200. Bethel, Slings by. Born 1617: died Feb., 1697. An English merchant and politician of republican views. He was tried and heavily fined in May, 1683, for an a ault during an election of sheriffs. Bethell (beth'el), Richard. Born at Bradford on-Avon, England, June 30, 1800: died at London, July 20, 1873. An English jurist and states other clergy, but have never been formally adopted with out modification by the whole Orthodox Eastern Church. Sometimes called Synod of Jerusalem . Bethlehem Hospital. See Bedlam . Bethlehemites (beth'le-em-its). A religious order founded in Guatemala in 1653, extended to Mexico a few years later, and ultimately to other parts of Spanish America. The members lived according to the monastic rules of the August in i ans. Bethnal Green (beth'nal gren). A borough (municipal) of London, on the left bank of the Thames, east of Spital fields, formerly occupied by silk-weavers partly descended from the Hu- guenot refugees. It is noted as being the locality men- tioned in the old ballad "The Blind Beggar's Daughter of Bethnal Green." The beggar's house is still shown. ( Hare .) The Bethnal Green Museum is a branch of the South Kensington Museum, and was opened in 1872 in Victoria Beth phage (beth faj; properly beth'fa - jē). [Heb., 'house of unripe figs.'] In scriptural geography, a village in Palestine, situated on the Mount of Olives eastward from Jerusalem and near Bethany. The exact site is in dispute. "The traditional site is above Bethany, halfway between that village and the top of the mount." Smith . Beth said a (beth-sā'i-da). [Heb., 'fishing- place.] In scriptural geography, a place in Palestine, probably situated on the shore of the Sea of Galilee between Capernaum and Mag- dal a. Beth-she an (beth's he'an). [Heb., ‘house of rest' or 'of security.'] See Scythopolis . Béthune (bā-tün'). A town in the depart- ment of Pas-de-Calais, Calais, France, situated on the Brette in lat. 50° 30′ N., long. 2° 35' E.: the seat of an ancient barony. It has a noted belfry and church (of St. Vaast). It was taken by Marl borough and Prince Eugene in 1710. Population (1891), commune, 11,098.