Grafter

One who grafts; one who propagates fruit, ., by ingrafting. Grafting, п. (Arboriculture.) A mode of propagating plants which is applicable to most kinds of trees and shrubs, with the exception of heaths and herbaceous vegetables, which do not so easily admit of the operation. It is principally directed towards fruit-trees, in order to continue their varieties. A tree which is grafted consists of two separate parts, the scion and the stock; the union of these two constitutes the graft, and the operation by which the union is effected is termed grafting. According to Loudon, the end of grafting consists: Firstly, in preserving and multiplying varieties of fruit-trees endowed, accidentally or otherwise, with particular qualities, which cannot be transferred to their offspring by seeds, and which would be multiplied too slowly or ineffectually by any other mode of propagation; secondly, to accelerate the fructification of trees, barren as well as fruit-bearing; thirdly, to improve the quality of fruits; fourthly, to perpetuate varieties of ornamental trees or shrubs; and lastly, to change the species of fruit on any one tree, and to renew its fruitfulne . Whip splice , or tongue - grafting , (2, 3, Fig. 1184,) is the mode most generally adopted in nurseries for propagating fruit-trees. It is nece ary, in order to perform this correctly, that the top of the stock and the scion and stock are cut off obliquely at corresponding angles, or as near the same as the operator can gue ; a slit is then made in the sloped face of the stock downwards, and in the scion upwards; the tongue thus constructed of the scion is then inserted in the cleft of the stock, the inner barks of both being made to unite closely, and the whole is then bound round tightly with ba riband from left to right. The next thing to be done is to clay all round, over the ba , from about an IMG:content-0417.png:[blocks in formation] inch below the graft to an inch above, closing up all the apertures, so that no light, wet, or wind can penetrate; for which object the clay is applied. Cleft-grafting (1, Fig. 1184) is another variety, and only differs from the above method in the scion being shaped like a wedge, and being inserted in a corresponding cavity in the stock. Shoulder - grafting (4, Fig. 1184), used chiefly for ornamental trees, is performed by cutting obliquely, and then cutting acro a small part at the top of the stock, so as to form a shoulder, the scion being cut to fit it. In grafting, it is particularly to be attended to that the alburnum of the scion is brought into contact with that of the stock. The hard wood of the one never unites with that of the other, remaining separate and marking the place of the operation even in the oldest trees. For scions or grafts, pieces of about six to eight inches long are generally taken from the shoots of the previous summer, with several buds; but portions of shoots of two years old are sometimes succe fully employed. The time for grafting is in spring, as soon as the sap begins to appear. The scion should, if po ible, be taken from a healthy and fruitful tree, but scions from the extremities of lateral branches are more likely to become speedily fruitful than those from the uppermost branches, where growth is most vigorous. The scion should be kept for a few days before grafting, so that the stock may rather exceed it, not only in vigor, but in the progre of its spring growth; and for this purpose may be placed in the ground, in a rather dry soil, sheltered from the direct rays of the sun. Scions may be kept for some time, and easily carried to a distance, by sticking their lower end into a potato. - The progre of the buds shows the union of the graft and stock, but it is not generally safe to remove the clay in le than three months; and the ligatures, although then loosened, are allowed to remain for some time longer. From some kinds of fruit-trees, fruit is often obtained in the second year after grafting. - Budding , q. v., is in principle the same as grafting; and Flute grafting is a kind of budding in which a ring of bark is used instead of a single bud, and a stock of similar thickne having been cut over, a ring of bark is removed, and the foreign one substituted. This is commonly performed in spring, when the bark parts readily, and is one of the surest modes of grafting. - Inarching , q. v., or grafting by approach , in which the scion is not cut off from its parent stem until it is united to the new stock, is practised chiefly in the case of some valuable shrubs kept in pots, in which succe by the ordinary methods is very doubtful. Grafton, a town of Ontario, in the county of North umber land, about 38 m. S.W. of Belleville. Grafton, in Illinois , a post-village of Jersey co., on the Mi i ippi river, about 85 m. S.W. of Springfield. Pop . (1890) 927. -A township of McHenry co. Grafton, in Maine , a post-township of Oxford co. Grafton, in Ma achusetts , a post-town and township of Worcester co., about 40 m. W.S.W. of Boston. The township contains several other important manufactur ing villages. Pop . (1895) 5,101. Graf'ton, in Michigan , a post-office of Monroe co. Grafton, in New Hampshire , a W.cen.county, bordering on Vermont; area , about 1,766 sq.m. Rivers . Connecticut, Pemigewa et, Lower Ammonoosuck, and the Saco rivers. There are also numerous lakes and ponds, the principal of which are Squam and Newfound lakes. Surface , hilly; soil , fertile. Capitals , Haver hill, Plymouth and Woodsville. Pop . (1890) 37,217. Concord. -A post-township of Grafton co., about 45 m. N.N.W. of Graf'ton, in New York , a post-township of Ren elaer co. Pop . (1890) 1,457. Grafton, in Ohio , post-village and township of Lorain co., about 25 m. S. W. of Cleveland. Pop . of village (1890) 600. Graf'ton, in Vermont , a post-town and township of Windham co., about 90 m. S. by E. of Montpelier. Pop. (1897) about 880. Grafton, in Wisconsin , a post-village and township of Ozaukee co., on the Milwaukee river, about 22 m. N. of Milwaukee. Grafton, in West Virginia, a post-village, cap. of Taylor Graham Station, in W. Va ., a P. O. of Mason co. Grain'-staff, n. A quarter-staff. Graham's Town, a town in the E. portion of Cape Colony, S. Africa, Lat. 33° 19′ S., Lon. 26° 30′ E. Pop. (1895) 11,250. Grahamsville, in New York , a post-village of Sulli- van co., about 20 m. S.S.W. of Albany. Grahamsville, in Ohio , a post-office of Jackson co. Graham ton, in Kentucky , a post-village of Meade co., about 30 m. S.W. of Louisville. Graham ton, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Clear field co., abt. 115 m. W.N.W. of Harris burg. Grahamville, in Pennsylvania, a P. O. of York co. Grahamville, in S. Carolina, a post-village of Beaufort dist., abt. 120 m. S. of Columbia. Graigue, ( grag , ) a town of Ireland, in the co. of Kil- kenny, on the Barrow, abt. 5 m. S. of Gores bridge; pop . 2,300. Graigue, a town of Ireland, in Queen's co., Lein- ster, on the Barrow River, opposite Carlow; pop . 1,600. Grail, n. [From L. Lat. gradale .] ( Eccl .) Formerly, in the Roman Catholic Church, a book of hymns and prayers; a gradual. (Antiq.) See HOLY GRAIL, or SANG REAL IS. Grail, n. [Fr. grêle , hail.] Small particles of earth; detritus; gravel. "This knight,... lying down upon the sandy grails."- Spenser. Grain, n . [Fr.; Lat. granum , a grain, seed, kernel; Ir. grain, corn; W. græanen, a grain.] A seed of corn; a small kernel; especially a single seed of any cereal plant which is used for food. The fruit of cereal plants in general, as wheat, rye, barley, oats, or the plants themselves; - used collectively; as, a cargo of grain. ""Tis a rich soil, I grant you; but oft'ner covered with weeds than grain ." Collier. of sand, a grain of salt; hence, by implication, any small portion or modicum; as, he has not a grain of sense, a grain of manhood, . - The body or substance of a thing, considered with respect to the size, form, or direction of the constituent particles. The form of the surface of any thing with regard to smoothne and roughne ; texture; state of the grit of any body com- posed of grain. "Stones of a constitution so compact, and a grain so fine, that they bear a fine polish." - Woodward. commanding the English forces, marched into the High--Any small, hard ma or minute particle; as, a grain lands, he set out to meet him, and the two armies met at the wild Pa of Killicrankie, July 27, 1689. Mackay's force was abt. 4,000 men, while Lord Dundee had under his command not more than 2,500 foot, with one troop of horse. The battle was decided in a few minutes; one charge of the Highlanders put the English to rout with a lo of 2,000 men; their own being 900. Dundee fell by a musket-shot in the moment of victory, and D. at Blair Castle shortly afterwards. The character and ser- vices of Lord Dundee have been greatly exaggerated and blackened by party spirit. With the Highlanders, he was the brave and handsome cavalier, - the " Bonnie Dundee" of song and story - the last of the great Scots and gallant Grahams. With the Covenanters he was "Bloody Claverse," the most cruel and rapacious of the commanders of that age. His name and deeds have been worthily commemorated by Sir W. Scott, Words- worth, Aytom, and Grant; and the Memorials of Vis- count Dundee , by Prof. Napier (Edinburgh, 1857), have -A tine; a prong. vindicated his memory from the aspersions of Macaulay -pl . -The veins or fibres of wood, or other fibrous substances; the body or substance of wood, as modified by the fibres. -A rough or fibrous texture on the outside of the skin of animals. A crimson, scarlet, . dye or tincture; sometimes used in poetry to denote Tyrian purple. "Give them grains their fill, Husks, draff to drink and swill." To go against the grain of , to be repugnant or disple as- ing to; to occasion disgust, vexation, or mortification to .- Grains of allowance, something remitted or in- dulged; something above or under the exact weight. "I would always give some grains of allowance to the sacred science of theology." - Watts . In grain, innate; fixed; established; firmly seated. "They lived as brothers, but not united in grain." - Hayward. To dye in grain, to dye with the tint called grain; or, in other words, to dye deeply, or in the raw material. "Like crimson dyed in grain." - Spenser. Graham, in Indiana , a post-township of Jefferson county. Graham, in Iowa , a township of Johnson co. Graham, in Mi ouri , a post-village of Nodaway co., on the Nodaway River, about 36 m. N. by W. of St. Joseph. Graham, in N. Carolina , a post-village, cap. of Ala- mance co., abt. 58 m. W.N.W. of Raleigh. Graham, in Texas , a post-town, capital of Young co. Pop . (1890) 725. Graham, in Va ., a post-town of Tazewell co. Pop . 1,021. Grahamite, n. ( Min ) A var. of Asphaltum (q. v.) found 20 miles S. of Parkers burg, W. Va. Graham Land, a tract of elevated land, directly S. of Terra del Fuego, between Lat. 63°and 68° S., and Lon. 61° and 68° W. Discovered in 1832 by Biscoe. Graham's Creek, (or FORK,) in Indiana , enters the Muscat a tuck in Washington co. wood; to dye, stain, or color permanently; as, to grain a wainscoting.- To form into grains, as powder; to granulate. -v.n. [Fr.grainer.] To a ume a granular form, after partial crystallization; as, coarse- grained gunpowder. Grain'age, n . Duties levied on grain. Grained, a . Formed into grains; divided into small particles. - Painted in imitation of the grain of wood. -Dyed in grain; ingrained; as, " grained in honesty." ( Bot .) Having tubercles, as the segments of the flowers of the Rumex . Grain'er, n. One who paints in imitation of wood. - A preparation used by tanners for imparting flex i- bility to skins; a lixivium. Grain'ing, n. A method of painting in which the grain or fibres of wood are imitated. - Indentation. - A proce whereby skins are softened in leather dre ing. (Zool.) An English fresh-water fish resembling the doce; Luciscus Lan cas triens is. Grain of Paradise, n. See AMOMUM. Grains, n . pl . [Dan. green, a branch, a bough, the prong of a fork. An iron instrument with four or more barbed prongs or points, used at sea for striking dolphins and other fish. Grajehu, ( gra - zha - hoo ',) a river in Brazil, prov. of Maranhão, joins the Miarim near San Bento. Length , abt. 240 m. Grakle, n. See GRACKLE. Grallatores, Grallæ, ( gral -lai-toʻreez.) n. pl. [Lat. grallæ, stilts.] ( Zool .) The Wading-birds, the fourth on the six orders into which Linnæus divided the cla Avse , or Birds. The order is thus described by him:-Bill sub-cylindrical and rather obtuse; tongue entire, fleshy; feet wading, the thighs half-naked; body compre ed; the skin very thin and sapid; the tail short. Their food consists of fishes, water-reptiles, and animalcules ob- tained in marshes, and their nests are generally found near the ground. It comprises all those birds which live both on land and sea, and to which both elements are e ential. Those which are e entially aquatic have a short web to their toes; their wings are long, and having no settled district, they fly from one shore to another as the seasons change. Several fo il remains of the families of this order have been found. In the Paris basin, bones of birds referable to the genera Scolopax, Tringa, and Ibis, have been found, and in the fresh-water formation of Tilgate Forest the remains of a wader larger than a heron were found by Dr. Mantell. The fo il footsteps of wading-birds, observed by Pro- fe or Hitch cock, in the new red sandstone valley of the Connecticut, show that formerly at least seven species of Grallatores existed, varying in size from that of a snipe to twice that of an ostrich. - The families of the order are the Graidæ or Crane ; the Aramidæ or Cour- lan ; the Ardeidæ or Heron ; the Cinconidæ or Stork ; the Tantalidæ or Ibis ; the Plataleide or Spoon - bill ; the Phœnicopteridæ or Flamingo ; the Charadridæ or Plover ; the Hæmatopodidæ or Turnstone; the Phalaropidæ or Phalarope; the Scolopacidæ or Suipe; and the Rallidæ or Rail. Grallato'rial, Gral'latory, a. [From Lat. gral- lat or. See GRADE.] Pertaining, or having reference to the Grallatores or Waders. Gram, n. See GRAMME. Gram, n. In India, a kind of grain used as food for horses. Gram'arye, n. [Fr. grimoire .] The art of necromancy. Gra'menite, n. ( Min . ) A hydrated silicate of iron, of a gra -green color, from Menzenberg. Sp. gr . 1.87. Comp . silica 42·7, sesquioxide of iron 38-0, water 19-3. Gramercy, interj . [Contracted from grant me mercy.] A phrase formerly used to expre thankfulne , at- tended with surprise. capillary; the anthers versatile (Fig. 1186). The ovary is superior and one-celled, with a solitary ascending ovule; the stigmas are feathery, or hairy. The fruit is a caryopsis. The seed has mealy albumen and a lenticular embryo, lying on one side at the base of the albumen. The form of inflorescence is a point of great importance in the cla ification of the gra es. The single flowers, or locustæ of flowers, may be arranged on a central col- Fig . 1186.-SPIKELET WITH ONE FLORET; THREE ANTHERS: umn ( rachis ), so as to form a compact head or a, the floret; b, stigmas; c, ovule; spike (as in wheat); or d, filaments; e, anthers; 1, glumes. they may be placed on a more or le branched axis, so as to form a panicle (as in the oat). Gra es are universally distributed over the globe. In temperate and cold climates they are herbaceous, and of moderate height, while in tropical climates they become shrubby and arborescent, and sometimes grow to the height of fifty or sixty feet. Gra es usually grow together in large ma es, and thus form the verdure of great tracts of soil; hence they have been termed social plants. There are 300 genera, and probably about 3,800 species. The most important genera are Triticum , wheat; Hordeum , barley; Avena , oat; Oryza , rice; Zea , Indian corn or maize; Secale , rye; Punicum , millet; Saccharum, sugar-cane; Bam bus a , bamboo; Andropogon dactyl is , and Holcus . Graminaceous, ( gram - i - na's hus ,) a. [From Lat. gra men, gram in is.] Gramineous; belonging to the gra es. Gramin'eous, Gramin'eal, a . [Lat. gramineus, from gramen, gram in is , gra . See GRASS. Gra y; like or pertaining to gra ; as, a gramineous plant. Graminifo'lious, a. [Lat. gramen , and folium , leaf.] Having leaves resembling those of gra .