Crouch, Frederick

WILLIAM NICHOLLS, musician, was born in London, July 31, 1808. Studied with William Watts, Hawes, Atwood, Crevalli, and at the Royal Academy of Music. In 1849 came to the U. S., where he afterward resided. At the commencement of the Civil War he joined the Confederate army. He is the author of the famous song Kathleen Mavourneen, and has written other songs and some church music. Died Aug. 18, 1896. Crows, or Crow Indians. ( Ethnol .) A divis on of the Dakota family of American Indians, comprising tribes known as the Ahnahaways, All aka we ahs, and Kikatsas, for many years located in the region of the Yellow stone, Tongue, and Big Horn rivers. Originally they were probably closely allied to, if not identical with, the Min it a rees, or Gros Ventres. The C. have made treaties with the U. S. Government in 1825, 1851, 1866, and 1868. They are of a naturally peaceful disposition, and yield readily to civilizing influences. In 1883 the remnant of the race, not 3,000 in all, was removed to the Crow reservation, in the valleys of the Big and Little Horn rivers, where they are largely engaged in agriculture. Many hold their lands in severalty. The C. are remarkable for their long hair, skill in hunting, and cleanline of habits. Cruelty to Animals. Societies for the prevention of C. to A. originated in England, the original society being organized in 1824, while the first in Scotland dates from 1839. In 1879 the Fellowship of Animals' Friends was organized, under the presidency of the Earl of Shafts bury. A similar organization was founded in the U. S. in 1866, of which numerous branches now exist. Legislation has been procured, prescribing penalties for ill-treating horses or other draught animals, working horses with sores, and other forms of inhuman conduct to animals. Homes for stray dogs and cats have been provided, and severe punishment has been prescribed for the torturing, wounding or maiming of any domestic animal.