A us on i us, Decimus

MAGNUS, son of a physician of Bordeaux, was born in the beginning of the 4th century. He devoted himself to the cultivation of letters. In A. D. 369, his reputation caused him to be selected by the Emperor Val ent in i an as tutor to his son Gratian. In A. D. 377, he was appointed prætori an præfect of Italy, and of the Gauis in the following year, and made consul Austin, in Indiana, a post-village of Scott co., 33 m. 8. of Columbus. Aus'tin, in Iowa , a village of Fremont co., about 8 m. E. of the Mi ouri River. Aus'tin, in Michigan , a post-village of Oakland co. -A township of Sanilac county, situated near Lake Michigan. Aus'tin, in Minnesota, a post-township of Mower co., containing Austin, the county seat. -A flourishing city, cap. of Mower co., on Red Cedar river, 90 m. S. of St. Paul, and 40 m. S.W. of Rochester. Pop . (1890) 3,901; (1898) 6,250. Austin, in Mi i ippi , a post-village of Tunica co., on the Mi i ippi, about 50 m. S.W. of Memphis. Aus'tin, in Mi ouri , a village in At chis on co. -A post-village of Ca co., abont 50 m. S.S.E. of Kansas City. Austin, in Nevada , a mining city, cap. of Lander co., about 160 m. E. of Virginia City, at the E. base of the Toiyabe Mountain. Austin, in Tenne ee , a village of Wilson co. Aus'tin, in Tezas , a county in the S.E. part of the State. Area , 950 sq. m. The Brazos river flows through the county, which is also watered by the Bernard, East, West, Middle, and Mill creeks. The soil is fertile toward the IMG:content-0421.png:[graphic] N., but sandy in the S Prod . Cattle and sheep, butter, poultry, . Hogs are raised in large quantities, and almost without cost, owing to the abundance of feed. Cap. Bellville. AUSTIN, capital of Texas, and seat of justice of Travis co., on the Colorado river, about 230 m. W.N.W. of Galveston. It is a picturesque city, rapidly increasing in wealth and population. The capitol, situated upon an eminence, is a fine Texas-marble structure. There are 7 churches, and 18 schools. Pop . in 1880, 10,960; in 1897, 14,575. Austin burgh, in Ohio , a post-village and township of Ash tabula co., 50 m. E.N.E. of Cleveland, and 10 from Ash tabula Harbor on Lake Erie. Aus'tin's Mills, in Tenne ee, a P.O. of Hawkins co. Aus'tintown, in Ohio, a township of Mahoning county. Austinville, in Mi ouri, a post-village of Livings ton co., 140 m. N.W. of Jefferson City. Austinville, in Pennsylvania , a post-village of Bradford co., about 18 m. S. by W. from Elmira, in New York. Austinville, in Virginia , a village of Wythe co., lò m. E.S.E. of Wytheville. Aus'tle, St., or A US TELL, ST., a town and parish of Cornwall, England, 13 m. from Truro. Pop . about 11,000. In the neighborhood are extensive tin and copper mines. Aus'tral, a . [Fr.; Lat. australis - auster , the south.] Southern; lying in, or belonging to the south. Austral Signs. (Astron.) An expre ion applied to the last 6 signs of the zodiac, viz.: the autumnal signs Libra, Scorpio, and Sag it tar i us; and the winter signs Capric or nus, Aquarius, and Pisces; because they lie to the south of the equinoctial. Austral a's ia, ("Southern Asia,") a term used by most modern geographers to denote the archipelago of islands lying between 35° N. and 56° S. Lat., and between 94° and 105° E. Lon.; the entire extent of which is estimated to be not much le than Europe, and forms the fifth great division of the globe. This term, however, is said, by some, to be both politically meaningle , and geographically incorrect. It is used in Great Britain to expre her antipodean po e ions in the aggregate. In this sense it comprises Australia (or New Holland), Tasmania (or Van Diemen's Land), New Zealand, New Britain, New Ireland, the Solomon Islands, . In the colonies themselves, the name A. is almost unknown, or when used, is intended to embrace Australia and Tasmania, rather than Australia and New Zealand. The latter islands are as far apart from each other as England and Ma achusetts; and the distance from Wellington, N. Z, to Sydney, (opposite ports,) is as great as that from Africa to Brazil. A. forms one of the three divisions of what is termed Oceanic a; the other two being Polynesia , and Malaysia , or the Malay group of islands. For a general designation the British have adopted Austral asia ; the French, Oceanic a; and the Germans, Australia. The first discovery made by Europe ans in this quarter of the globe was that of Papua (q. v.), by the Portuguese, in 1512; and the first settlement that of the English, in 1787. Austral a's ian, a . Pertaining to Austral asia. -n. A native, or an inhabitant of Austral asia. Australia, (the "Southern region,") formerly called NEW HOLLAND. The largest island in the world; so large, indeed, that it may be very properly termed a continent. It lies to the S. of Asia, between the Indian and Pacific oceans; and is bounded on the N. by Torres Straits, the Sea of Timor, and the Papuas, or islands of New Guinea; on the E. by the S. Pacific; on the S. by Ba 's Strait, Tasmania, and the S. Pacific; and on the W. by the Indian ocean. A. lies between 10° 35 and 30° 11′ S. Lat., and extends from 113° 5' to 153° 16 E. Lon. Its average length and breadth may be estimated at 2,500 and 1,800 m. respectively. Area , estimated at about 3,000,000 sq. m. The continent of A. is divided into 5 different states or territories, all belonging to Great Britain, - viz., S. Australia , W. Australia (or Swan River), Queensland (or More ton Bay), New South Wales, and Victoria . Following out the plan laid down in our treatment of Asia ( q . v .), we request the reader's reference to those several divisions (as they shall appear in their due places), for such geographical and physical peculiarities of configuration as may belong to them; contenting ourselves here with a panoramic view of the continent in its concrete form.TOPOGRAPHY. A. po e es a coast-line of 8,000 m., which forms a great series of promontories, the chief of which are, on the N., Capes London derry, Bougainville, Coburg, and Arnhem; N.E., York; E., Melville, Bedford, TownBhend, Capricorn, Byron, Hawke, and Howe; S., Wilson's Promontory, Capes Otway, North umber land, Willoughby, Jervis, and Radstock; and on the W., Capes Leeuwin, Natural i ste, Preston, and N.W. Cape. Notwithstanding the many excellent harbors found on its coasts, great indentations of the sea are in A. not numerous. Of such, the principal are the Gulfs of Carpentaria and Cambridge, on the N., and Spencer's Gulf on the S. The first has a breadth of 400 miles, and penetrates inland for a distance of nearly 700, while the last-named is in no part wider than 80, nor extends inland further than about 180 m. Shark's Bay on the W., and Harvey's on the E., are of much smaller dimensions. Straits . That of Torres, on the N., separates this continent from the island of New Guinea; on the S., Ba 's Strait intervenes between it and Tasmania.- Desc . The interior of this vast country has been only partially explored, and therefore cannot be fully and accurately described. It is, so far, understood to form an immense plain, composed largely of sandy and stony deserts, though with large areas of some degree of fertility. Captain Sturt, who, in 1845, explored it as far as Lat. 25°33′S., and Lon. 138° E., describes the country as a series of sand-hills, of a fiery red color; but later travellers give more favorable descriptions of the central expanse. It is on the S. and E. coast-land that the best soil, and most picturesque scenery, are found. In these portions of the continent are situate those extensive pasture-lands, called downs , which are somewhat equivalent to the American prairies; on these gra y plains you sands upon you sands of cattle and sheep are reared; while the river-bottoms, again, have an unsurpa ed richne of soil and vegetation, yielding abundant crops of grains and fruits. All these best lands of A. are already taken up by settlers; the continent has three-quarters the area of Europe, but it is doubtful if A. will ever be able to support a dense population throughout even half her limits. The central part of A. , to the extent, perhaps, of half the entire continent, lies too far N. for winter rains, too far S. for tropical wet seasons, and in these vast solitudes agriculture may be pronounced impo ible, and even sheep-farming difficult. Once in a while, a heavy winter rain falls in the interior; gra springs up, the gullies are filled, the up-country squatters make their fortunes, and all goes on prosperously for a time. Two or three years of drought then follow, and all the more enterprising squatters are ruined; with a gain, however, sometimes, of a few you sand square miles of country to civilization.- Mountains . The Australian Alps, or Warragongs, the Blue Mountains, and the Liverpool Range, form the principal mountain-chain. This system extends from Wilson's Promontory on the S., and terminates at Cape York, on Torres Straits. The culminating point of the Blue Mountains is Mount York, an altitude of 3,292 feet above the sea. The loftiest summits of the Liverpool Range are computed at from 4,000 to 7,000 ft., while Mount Kosciusko, in the Australian Alps, attains a maximum elevation of 6,500 ft., commanding a coup d'œil of 7,000 sq. m. of country. On the S. coast, are the Australian Grampians, connecting with the Australian Pyrenees, which, starting from Portland Bay, and skirting the coast, take a course to the N., and ultimately form a junction with the Australian Alps. In the S., still another mountain-chain is found, which, rising at Cape Jervis, advances N., and becomes lost in the depre ion of Lake Torrens. Among these mountains are traced many evidences of an extinct volcanic system. Rivers. Of these, the most noticeable are the Murray, which great stream receives the Darling, Castlereagh, Peel, Macquarie, Bogan, Lachlan, and Murrumbidgee. The extent of the basin drained by this fluvial system is not accurately known. Falling into the Pacific on the E. are the Hunter and Hawkesbury rivers; the Blackwood and Glenelg empty into it on the S.; while on the W., embouching into the Indian ocean, are the Swan and the Canning, with the Adelaide, the Liverpool, and the Alligator rivers on the N. - Lakes . The largest inland sheet of water is Lake Torrens in the S., which is estimated to have an entire length of 400 m., with an average breadth of from 15 to 20. In the dry season, however, this lake is little better than a salt-marsh. Lakes Victoria and Dambeling may also be mentioned; the first, traversed by the Murray river, being also in the S.; and the latter, (discovered in 1843,) in the W. division of the continent. Bot . Our knowledge of the flora of A. is, as yet, circumscribed. Parts in the W. and S. may be found teeming with a luxuriant and even gigantic vegetation, forming, in places, bowers of almost tropical density of growth, and beauty of efflorescence. One of the finest orna. ments of the Australian forest is the fern-tree, which, when it has reached a height of 15 to 20 feet, throws out in every direction gigantic leaves measuring 4 to 5 feet. On the E. and N. shores, where the vegetation is more Indian-like, the palm flourishes in juxtaposition with the rarer examples of the tropical arboretum. It is affirmed that one-eighth of all the known species of vegetables are peculiar to A. Zool . The wild animals of the Australian continent are not so numerous as they are peculiar: such as the kangaroo, wombat, dingo or wild dog, and the ornithorhynchus, which is one of the most remarkable animals in existence, being aquatic in its habits, as the pheasant and partridge, have become acclimatized. Of reptiles, the most formidable are a large lizard, many kinds of serpents, more or le vemonous, as the diamond snake, the black, gray, brown, yellow and whip snakes. There are also found scorpions, centipedes and tarantulas. Fish is found in great plenty all along the coasts. Clim . The climate is, in general, dry and healthy, except during the winter rains, which are of but brief duration. Exce ive droughts are, as before stated, the prevailing drawback to the prosperity of the country. Prod . Sheep-farming is the staple industry of A. , and is conducted on the most gigantic scale, some squatters owning as many as 500,000 sheep. As a nece ary result, wool forms the leading article of export. Wheat, maize, fruits, tobacco, flax, sugar, grapes for wine making, ., are also extensively cultivated. Min . The great discoveries of gold in New S. Wales, in 1850, and in Victoria, in 1852, have eclipsed all other mining operations. The yearly value of gold exp., on av. of 40 years (18511890), has been $40,000,000. Silver, tin, lead, and copper abound; the Burra-Burra mines yielding annually large returns of the latter metal. Coal, slate, potter's clay, and statuary-marbles are also found in quantities. - Inhab . The aborigines are of the Papuan Negro race; of a deep coffee-color; nomad character; disgusting in their habits; and blindly superstitious, -believing in a kind of Fetichism represented by two wooden deities, named Koyan (good), and Potoyan (bad), respectively. Like other savages, they are frequently at war among themselves, The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia 1. with the U. S. is relatively small, though it and third in point of population (after Ru ia and the! se es many famons mineral anringa an those of Conte IMG:content-0423.png:[merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small] The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia IMG:content-0425.png:[blocks in formation] course of A. with the U. S. is relatively small, though it is steadily increasing, and promises eventually to become an important part of our foreign trade. Our exports thither are particularly on the increase. It appears from a general view of Australian progre in the last 20 years, that the provinces le rich in gold than Victoria have been enabled to advance in prosperity by other means. Wool continues the great staple of A. But New South Wales, po e ing both coal and iron, is becoming a seat of manufactures; while Queensland is also favored with much mineral wealth, including tin. Meantime South A. , besides its production of copper and a fair share of wool, has become the great wheat growing province of the continent.-HISTORY. The first authentic knowledge of A. was acquired in 1606, from Torres, a Spanish voyager, who, pa ing through the strait that now bears his name, discovered the N. part of the continent. The Dutch continued to be the chief explorers for the next 40 years, and between 1642 and 1644, Tasman completed the discovery of a large portion of the A. coast, together with Van Dieman's Land, or, as it is now very properly termed, Tasmania. The Dutch gave to different sections of their newly found country the names of Carpentaria, De Witt's Land, Arnhem's Land, . It was late before the English people entered on the path of Austral asian discovery: but when they did, they followed it with characteristic energy. Dampier, between 1684 and 1690, explored and completed a survey of the W. and N.W. coasts. Wallis, Carteret, and Cook succeeded to his exp lor a to rial career, and the latter, in 1770, traced the whole E. coast of the continent. In 1788, the British established a colony at Sydney, and also a penal settlement. During succe ive years, new discoveries in A. were made by quite a host of explorers, as Ba , Flinders, Oxley, King, Sturt, Mitchell, Grey, Eyre, Lander, Leichardt, and Roe. On the 8th of May, 1851, Hargreaves discovered the existence of gold in Ophir, near Bathurst, in the colony of Victoria. The local government claimed the right of search for the precious metal on behalf of the crown on the 17th; and, before two days had elapsed, the Ophir diggings had a population of 600 miners. Dr. Kerr, in one day, July 14th, discov ered a cwt. of gold, and at the end of 1857, the total value of the article derived from A. had amounted to $330,677,420. From 1855 onward A. was further explored by Gregory, Stuart, War burton and various others, and knowledge of it greatly increased. The expedition sent to Central Australia in 1895 by W. A. Horn made valuable scientific and geographical observations. It was found that though wide areas were desert, yet that a vast tract of country is watered by streams which at times of flood overflow their banks and produce a luxuriant growth of vegetation over broad regions. This country has been named the Australian Steppes. In 1864, the colonists obtained from the English government the abolition of the penal system as regarded the transportation of convicts to their country. The uninterrupted and rapid progre of the country since that time was made known to the world in the two International Exhibitions held at Sydney in 18791880, and at Melbourne in 1880-1881. More specific information on the separate colonies of A. is given under their respective names. See AUSTRALIA, SOUTH, NEW SOUTH WALES, and QUEENSLAND. Australia, in Mi i ippi , a post-office of Bolivar co. Australian, a . Pertaining to Australia. -n. A native or denizen of Australia. Aus'tralize, v. n. To tend toward the south, as one pole of a magnet. Austra's ia, (the "East Kingdom.") The name given, under the Me roving i ans, to the eastern po e ions of the Franks, embracing Lorraine, Belgium, and the right bank of the Rhine. These districts, thickly inhabited by Franks, and forming the connection with the German mother-country, were of great importance at the time of the rise of the Frankish power. A. was allotted to Thierry I. on the death of his father Clovis I., A. D. 511. Siegbert I. transferred the capital from Rheims to Metz, in 561. It was united to Neustria by Clotaire II. in 613, and separated from it by Dagobert I. in 622. Charles Martel annexed it to his dominions in 737. Carlo man received A. on the death of Charles Martel in 741, and Charlemagne annexed it to his empire in 772. From this time the division of the Frankish kingdom into Α . and Neustria lost its political importance. Aus'tri a (Archduchy of), or, as it is frequently termed, the "Hereditary States," forms the two provinces called, respectively, UPPER AUSTRIA, and LOWER AUSTRIA, belonging to the Austrian empire. It is bounded N. by Bohemia and Moravia; E. by Hungary; S. by Styria and Carinthia; and W. by Bavaria and Salzburg. The river Enns divides the two provinces into which A. is divided, and which have an area of 11,612 sq. m. A. (or Austria Proper ) has a fertile soil, and is for the most part well cultivated, yielding excellent crops of wheat, oats, and barley. It also po e es large forests and vineyards, the latter producing annually about 25,000,000 gallons of wine.- Min . Gold, silver, lead, copper, iron, alum, arsenic, and graphite.- Manf . Woollens, cottons, and fabrics of flax.- Chief Towns . Vienna (the capital of the empire), Linz, and Wiener-Neustadt. Pop . 3,447,630. Aus'tri a, or, more correctly, Austria-Hungary, an empire in the southern portion of Central Europe, lying between 9o and 26° E. Lon., and 42° and 51° N. Lat., and thus extending through 17 degrees of lon. and 9 degrees of lat. With the exception of the islands in the Adriatic, and the narrow projecting tract of Dalmatia, it forms a compact region of country, but of an irregular shape. It ranks second in extent among the countries of Europe, exceeded only by Ru ia, IMG:content-0426.png:[blocks in formation] GENERAL DESC. The empire of A. exhibits every variety of surface; and the geographical features and physical characteristics of the many countries comprised within its limits are so various and individually peculiar, that we shall here but group together the more salient features of their natural appearance as a whole. By referring the reader to the several divisions and states as they will appear under their alphabetical heads in this work, we shall better present a more intelligible and succint account of their special topographical attributes.- Mountains . The principal mountain systems are: 1. The Hercyno - Car path i an chain, which divides the regions of the German Ocean and Baltic Sea from those of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. Rising in Switzerland, this range traverses the Vorarlberg and Bavaria to the N.E. frontier of Bohemia, where it throws out an offshoot called the Erzgebirge , stretching into the latter country, and into Saxony. Proceeding S.W., this chain runs, under the name of the Bohemian Forest, nearly to the Danube, where, dividing Moravia from Bohemia, it sends out a branch into Silesia, called the Riesengebirge. The central Car path i ans extend through Hungary as far as the sources of the Save and Dniester, and their eastern link covers N.E. Hungary, the Bukowine, and Transylvania. 2. The second mountain range, covering a larger tract of country, and po e ing more elevated summits than the Car path i an chain, divides the region of the Mediterranean from that of the Black Sea; it stretches in three chains from the frontiers of Switzerland and Italy, which, through the Tyrol, run nearly parallel to each other. Its summits, above the line of 8,000 feet, are covered with eternal snow. The central chain takes a N.E. direction through Styria into Hungary; the northern covers Northern Tyrol and the greater portion of Austria Proper; the southern strikes out from S. Tyrol into Italy, and pa ing through Illyria and Croatia, joins the Balkan in Bosnia. Three important branches spring from the latter chain, one of which, called the Bakony Forest , penetrates Hungary; a 2d divides the region of the Drave from the valley of the Save; and the 3d, stretching along the Adriatic through Dalmatia, forms the range called Monte negro, from its black color.- Valleys and Plains. The chief valleys are situated in the S. provinces, principally in Tyrol, Salzburg, Styria, and Illyria. Large plains are also found forming the basins of the principal rivers, as those of Vienna, the two great plains of Hungary, and the plain of the Vistula in Galicia.Rivers and Lakes . The more noticeable rivers are those of the Danube, with its numerous affluents; the Oder, Vistula, Dniester, and Adige. The Rhine bounds the extreme W. frontier of the empire for a small portion of its course. The principal lakes are those of AtterGmünden or Traun, Hallstadt, and Augsee, Monelsee, and the Neusiedler and Balaton lakes in Upper Hungary.- Clim . Four distinct climates are found within the limits of this empire. The air is for the most part clear and salubrious, but the heats of summer and the colds of winter are both in extremes. Heavy rains occur in Tyrol and Vorarlberg, while, on the other hand, Hungary and Dalmatia often suffer from exce ive drought.- Nat . Prod . and Min . Gold and silver, iron, coal, salt, titan, tellurium, precious stones; about 100 kinds of marble; quartz, and porcelain clays. A. pos se es many famous mineral springs, as those of Carls bad, Toplitz, Marienbad, .- Zool . All the common domestic animals are indigenous. The brown bear roams in the Alps and the Car path i ans, along with the wolf and the lynx. The chamois, red and fallow deer, wild boars, and many varieties of feathered game, are objects of the chase. Herds of small wild horses formerly ranged in Hungary. The golden eagle inhabits Slavonia, and other large species are found in the Rhætian and Noric Alps. Bot . and Veg. Prod. All kinds of cereal and cultivated gra es, vines, flax, hemp, tobacco, hops, saffron, galls, and an immense variety of fruits, . The forests are of vast extent and great value. Beech, pine, larch, alder, and oaks of gigantic size abound.- Inhab . The Austrian Empire naturally comprises a greater variety of races, religions, and languages. than, perhaps, any other of the great divisions of Europe. Of the first, we may mention Germans, Bohemians, Moravians, Slavacks, Magyars, Poles, Ru ians, Slavonians, Croats, Servians, Bulgarians, Italians, inclusive of Latins and Hiauls, Eastern-Romans, Jews, and Gypsies. The state religion is the Roman Catholic, but there are, besides, vast numbers who profe the doctrines of the Greek and United Greek churches, Luther an ism, Calvin ism, Unitarianism, Judaism, . The German, Slavonic, and Hungarian (or Magyar), are the ruling languages, each with their distinct sub-languages or dialects. The most advanced of the populations are those of the German provinces, while the Dalmatians stand on the lowest footing of civilization in Europe.- Gov . Since the year 1867, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy forms a bipartite state, consisting of a German, or 'Cis-leithan,' monarchy, and a Magyar, or 'Trans-leithan,' kingdom, the former officially designated as Austria, and the latter as Hungary. Each of the two countries has its own parliament, ministers, and government, while the connecting ties between them consists in the person of the hereditary sovereign, in a common army, navy, and diplomacy, and in a controlling body known as the Delegations. The Delegations form a parliament of 120 members, one half of whom are chosen by and represent the legislature of Austria, and the other half that of Hungary. Their jurisdiction is limited to foreign affairs and war, on which they have a decisive vote. Each of these has its own executive department, the finances of the two being in charge of a third. The constitution of Austria was put in force in Dec., 1867. Its main features are a double Legislature, consisting, first, of the Provincial Diets, representing the various states of the monarchy, and secondly, a Central Diet, called the Reichsrath, or Council of the Empire. The Provincial Diets are competent to make laws concerning local administration. The Reichsrath, or Congre , consists of an Upper and a Lower House. The Upper House (Herrenhaus) is formed, 1st, of the princes of the Imperial family who are of age; 2d, of a number of nobles po e ing large landed property, in whose families the dignity is hereditary; 3d, of the archbishops, ten in number, and bishops, seven in number, who are of princely title, inherent to their episcopal seat; and 4th, of any other life-members nominated by the emperor, on account of being distinguished in art or science, or who have rendered signal services to Church or State. The Lower House (Abgeordnetenhaus), consists of about 350 members, elected for 6 years by the direct vote of all citizens po e ed of a small property qualification. The constitution of the eastern part of the Empire, or the Kingdom of Hungary, dates from the foundation of the kingdom, about 895. There exists no charter, or constitutional code, but in place of it are fundamental statutes, published at long intervals of time. The present sovereign, on the 8th of June, 1867, swore to maintain the Constitution, and was crowned King of Hungary. The legislative power rests conjointly in the King and the Diet, or Reichstag. The latter consists of an Upper and a Lower House, the first known as the House of Magnates, and the second as the House of Representatives. The House of Magnates was composed of about 700 Princes, Archbishops, Bishops, Peers, and dignitaries of Hungary. The House of Representatives, consisting of about 450 members, of representatives of the nation, elected for 3 years by the vote of all citizens, of full age, who pay direct taxes.- Fin . The revenue and expenditure of A. Proper are very intricate, and show generally large deficits. In 1890 the totat amt. of the debt of A.-including that of the whole Empire, exclusive of the special debt of Hungary-was $2,028,410,703, including a floating debt est i. at $325,000,000. The total annual interest was $66,648,000. To this Hungary contributed $15,087,635, as per agreement made in May, 1868, by the Delegations and the govt. of the A. and H. parts of the monarchy, by which H. had to pay 30 per cent. towards the common debt. This was renewed with some modifications in 1877. From May, 1868, all loans were made separately by either A. or H. The special debt of H. in 1890 was $837,928,836.- A . and N. The army, as actually organized, is, on a peace footing, Infantry, 189,084; Cavalry, 38,640; Artillery, and other troops, 50,941; total, 279,285. War footing, 1897: Officers, 46,554; Non-com. officers and men, 1,667,755; total war forces, 1,714,309. The army is founded on the principle of universal military service, embracing 3 years of active duty and 7 years in the reserve. The military forces of the whole empire are divided into the Line, the Landwehr (or militia), and the Lands turm. The regiments of the Line are under the control of the Minister of War of the empire, and the Landwehr under that of the Austrian and Hungarian ministers of war. A. has 24 fortre es of the 1st and 2d rank; of which Pola, on the Adriatic, is the chief naval fortre and arsenal of the empire. The navy consists of 15 armored, and 14 unarmored ve els, 28 gun boats, 77 torpedo boats, with store-, receiving-, and other ships. These carry a total of 871 guns, of which 181 are heavy and the remainder light guns. This navy is manned by 1,121 officers and 12,590 men. Com. Nearly two-thirds of the commerce of the empire is carried on with Germany; next to which the chief share is absorbed by Turkey.- Exports . Grain and flour, hemp, tallow, beads, oil, quicksilver, wool, . -Imports . The principal are cotton, woollen, and other manufactured goods. Value of imports, $250,000,000; exports, $300,000,000. The chief articles of import are vegetable fibres and manufactures; exports, food-stufis, fuel, . The commercial intercourse of A. with the U. S. is very small; and it appears in the official returns even smaller than it is in reality, owing to the geographical position of the empire, which nece itates the transit of many American and Austrian goods through other countries, as the imports and exports of which they come to figure. The Austrian Lloyds, of Trieste (the principal seaport of the empire), absorbs the greatest part of the trade of A. with the East. This Co. owns a large fleet of steamers. The total length of railroads in the Empire, open to traffic and under construction, is 18,664 m., of which about two-thirds the total are in A. proper. There are in Austria and Hungary more than 40,000 m., of telegraph lines.-HIST. Noricum, bordering on Pannonia, and made a Roman prov. B.C. 15, was the original seat of the Austrian empire. The two provinces of Noricum and Pannonia consisted of the extensive territories between the Inn, the Save, and the Danube. During the decline of the Roman empire, Noricum was overrun by various barbarian tribes, and one of these, the Avari, having penetrated into Bavaria, was defeated and driven acro the Raal by Charlemagne, in 791 and 796. A colony was placed in the territory from which they had been driven, and it was called the Eastern Mark, or Ostreich, whence its present name. On the division of the empire, in 843, it was annexed to Bavaria. The Hungarians took it in 900, but it was wrested from them by Otho I. in 955. Leopold I., grandson of Adalbert of Bamberg, was made Margrave of Austria in 984; and one of his succe ors, Leopold III., obtaining Bavaria in 1139, the two provinces were again united. Frederick I., (Barb a ro a,) adding to it the province west of the Enns, erected it into a separate duchy in 1156, and bestowed it upon Henry IX., who had previously resigned his former duchy of Bavaria. The extinction of the male branch of the ducal line in 1246 was the beginning of a long anarchy, which ended, on Nov. 25, 1276, by the resignation of Ottocar II., in favor of Rodolph of Hapsburg, from whom is derived the power of the great House of Hapsburg, which has ever since ruled Austria. In 1307, the Swi revolted, and after a lengthened contest achieved their independence. The marriage, 18th Aug., 1477, of Maximilian, son of the Emperor Frederick III., with Mary, daughter and heire of Charles the Bold, the last Duke of Burgundy, brought to the House of Austria all the rich inheritance of the latter in the Low Countries, Franche Comté, and Artois. Another marriage opened to the House of Austria the succe ion to the Spanish monarchy, including its vast po e ions in Italy and the New World. And Ferdinand I., having married, in 1521, Anne, sister of Louis, King of Hungary and Bohemia, succeeded, on the death of the latter at the battle of Mohacz, in 1526, to these States. Charles V., the most powerful monarch of this Imperial House, concluded, in 1522, a treaty with his brother Ferdinand, by which he a igned to him the hereditary po e ions of the family in Germany. The great power and ambition of the princes of this race excited a well-founded alarm among the other European powers. For a lengthened period the whole politics of Europe, its alliances, and its wars, had little other object than the humbling of the Austrian power. This was the motive of the Thirty Years' War, terminated by the treaty of Westphalia, in 1648, which secured the independence of the different States of the Germanic empire, and the free exercise of the Protestant religion. In 1699, the Turks were finally expelled from Hungary; and the genius of Prince Eugene gave the Austrians an ascendency over the Ottomans, which they IMG:content-0427.png:[blocks in formation] of Hapsburg.) DUKES OF AUSTRIA. 1276. Rodolph I. 1282. Rodolph II., and Al- bert I. 1290. Albert I. (alone.) 1308. Frederick I., and Leo- pold I. 1326. Frederick I. (alone.) 1330. Albert II., and Otto. 1339. Albert II. (alone.) 1358. Rodolph II. (IV.) IMG:content-0428.png:[blocks in formation] Austrian, a. [Ger. Oesterreich, Eastern kingdom.] Pertaining to Austria. -n. A native, or an inhabitant of Austria. have ever since preserved. On the 20th Oct., 1740, the Aus'tromancy, n. [Lat. auster, and Gr. manteia, male line of the House of Hapsburg terminated by the death of the Emperor Charles VI., whose only daughter, Maria The res a (q. v.), gave her hand to Duke Francis I., of Tuscany, of the House of Lorraine; who thereby became the founder of the present dynasty of Haps burg Lor raine. Shortly after the acce ion of Maria The res a and her consort, Frederick the Great, of Pru ia, seized upon the greater part of Silesia. The recovery of this province was the principal object of A. and her allies in the Seven Years' War. Silesia was, however, finally ceded to Pru ia, 5th Feb., 1763. Joseph II. afterwards acquired Galicia from Poland, and Bukowina from Turkey. It would be unnece ary, even if our limits admitted of it, to detail the fluctuations of the Austrian power from the breaking out of the French revolution, in 1789, to the downfall of Napoleon I., in 1815. Suffice it, that, on the establishment of the Confederation of the Rhine, in 1806, Francis I. laid down the dignity of German emperor, held by his family for 500 years, and a umed the title of "Kaiser." or Emperor of Austria. At the close of the great European struggle, in 1815, А. was left as powerful as ever, the lo of the Low Countries being fully compensated for by the acquisition of the Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venice. In the revolutionary period of 1848-9, Hungary, aroused by the eloquence and energy of Ko uth, ( Fig . 246,) made a determined but unsucce ful attempt to recover its independence. In 1859, a short but sanguinary and decisive war broke out between A. and France and Italy; the re prophecy.] Soothsaying, or predicting events from a study of the winds. Autancur'ry, or AUTANCURAY, a seaport of British India, in the presidency of Madras, 11. m. E. of Ramnad. Autau'ga, in Alabama , a creek entering Alabama river from the N. about 12 m. W. of Montgomery. -A co., bounded S. and E. by Alabama and Coosa rivers, and also drained by Autauga and Mulberry creeks. Surf . generally hilly; soil , fertile; cap . Prattville. Autau'gaville, in Alabama , a township of Autauga co.; pop . 2,387. Auteuil, ( ō - tweel ',) formerly a small town of France, at the entrance of the Wood of Boulogne, near Paris, has been included, for some years past, in the boundary of the French capital. Men of literary reputation have often resided there. The country-seat of the poet Boileau is still shown, where the beaux esprits of France often banqueted. On a certain occasion, heated with wine at a supper, Racine, Molière, and Boileau complained of the degeneracy of the age, and lamented their misfortune in having been born at such a period. All agreed to plunge into the neighboring Seine, and the flower of the French writers were already on their way to the river, when the thought struck Molière, that such an act, by such men, ought not to be performed in the darkne of night. His companions stopped, found he was in the right, and agreed to drown themselves at daybreak, after drinking the remainder of their wine. The ingenious Andrieux brought this anecdote upon the stage in the piece Molière avec ses Amis , ou le Souper à Auteuil . - While the physician Gendron was in po e ion of this house, he was visited by his friend Voltaire, who wrote the fol lowing inscription for it:- Sous le nom de Boileau ces lieux virent Horace ; Esculape y para it sous celui de Gendron. Madame Helvetius, finally, occupied it. Her evening parties here were celebrated. All who were distinguished in the walks of literature or of active life, were always welcome, whether French or foreigners. All were without restraint. Her society was therefore called La Société libre des Égoïstes. In 1798 or 1799, Bonaparte here became acquainted with several men of liberal minds, and often used to walk with the celebrated owner in her garden. She soon perceived his soaring ambition, and said to him one day with a smile, "Vous ne vous doutez pas combien on peut trouver de bonheur dans trois arpents de terre."