columel (kolumel)

Same as columella, 1. The cathedral challengeth the precedency of all in England for a majestick Western front of columel work. Fuller , Worthies, North amp ton. columella (kol-u-mel'ä), n.; pl. columellæ (-ē). [L. (NL.), also column ell a , a little column (see (see im: colonel), dim. of columen or column a , a column: see column .] 1. A little column.-2. In bot .: (a) In many cryptogams, especially in Musci , as Mu corini and Myxomycetes , a central axis in the spore-case, a continuation of the pedicel. The spores are arranged about it, and in the Myxomycetes the capillitium branches from it. 1 2 C Columellæ. supported a der Carpophore, det. 2 (c). 2. sule of a mo , di vided to show the columella, c, def. 2 (a). The spores or gonidial cells are contained in the upper part of the capsule, where they are clustered round a central pillar, which is termed the colu mell a . W. B. Carpenter , Micros., § 337. (b) The persistent axis of certain capsules, from which the edges of the valves break away. (c) The carpophore in Umbelliferæ , the continuation of the axis bearing the two halves of the fruit.-3. In zoöl . and an at .: (a) The upright pillar in the center of most of the univalve shells, round 1. Fennel-seed, which the whorls are convoluted. showing carpels See cut under univalve . (b) A divided columel bone of the tympanic cavity or middle ear in birds, most reptiles, and some amphibians, corresponding to the stirrup-bone or stapes of mammals; the columella auris. (c) A bone of the side of the skull of some reptiles, especially lizards, a peculiar dismemberment of the pterygoid, which may meet the parietal or a proce of it; the column-bone; the columella cranii. Its presence in nearly all lizards gives rise to the term Cio no crania , or "column-skulls," as a major division of Lacer til i a . See cuts under acrodont and Cyclodus. In the principal group of the Lacer til i a, a column-like membrane bone, called the columella , extends from the parietal to the pterygoid on each side, in close contact with the membranous or cartilaginous wall of the skull. This columella appears to correspond with a small independent o ification, which is connected with the descending proce of the parietal and with the pterygoid, in some Chelonia. Huxley , Anat. Vert., p. 189. (d) The modiolus or central axis of the cochlea in mammals, round which the lamina spiral is winds; the columella cochleæ. (e) A core of connective ti ue in crinoids which occupies the central cavity included by the coil of the alimentary canal. (f) A structure in the center of the visceral chamber of corals, typically a calcareous rod which extends from the bottom of the chamber to the floor of the calice, projecting upward in the latter, and with which the primary septa are usually connected. (g) One of the rods attached to the hyomandibular capsule of the urodele amphibians, representing a remnant of a branchial arch. (h) A proce in the chitinous mandibles of polyzoans. G. Busk. (it) In human an at., an old name of the uvula. Columella auris, cochleæ, cranii. See 3 (b), (d), (c), above. - Columellæ fornicis, the columns or anterior pillars of the fornix. columellar (kol-ū-mel'är), a. [L. columellar is, pillar-formed, 1115 column a, now coluna, = Pg. column a = It. co lonna, E. culmen, culminate, etc.), = AS. holm, a mound, a billow, the sea (> E. holm1, q. v.); akin to L. coll is, a hill (= E. hilll, q. v.), cels us, high (see excelsior ), prob. to Gr. κολοφών; top, summit (> E. colophon, q. v.). From L. column a come also ult. E. colonel, colonnade, etc.] 1. A solid body of greater length than thickne , standing upright, and generally serving as a support to something resting on its top; a pillar; more specifically, as an architectural term, a cylindrical or slightly tapering or fusiform body, called a shaft, set ver IMG:content-0836.png:[blocks in formation] BASE Cyma recta Corona Ovοιο Cavello XINJA Upper Fascia Lower Fascia Abacus Echinus Neck Astragal Apophyge Torus Plinth Column (Tuscan order), illustrating the terms applied to the several parts. tically on a stylobate, or on a congeries of moldings which forms its base, and surmounted by a spreading ma which forms its umns. capital. Columns are distinguished by the names of the styles of architecture which they represent: thus, there are Egyptian, Grecian, Roman, and medieval colIn cla ic architecture they are further distinguished by the names of the orders to which they belong, as Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian columns; and again, in various styles, by some peculiarity of position, of construction, of form, or of ornament, as attach ed, twisted, cabled orrudented, and carolitic columns. Columns are used chiefly in the construction or adornment of build ings. They are also used singly, however, for various purposes: as, the astro nomical column, from which astronomical observations are made; the chronological column, inscribed with a record of historical events; the gnomonic column, which supports a dial; the itinerary column, pointing out the various roads diverging from it; the milliary column, set up as a center from which to measure distances; the tri umphal column, dedicated to the hero of a victory, etc. The fragments of her columns and her palaces are in the dust, yet beautiful in ruin. Story , Speech, Salem, Sept. 18, 1828. A chapel and a hall On ma ive columns , like a shore cliff cave. Tennyson, Lance lot and Elaine. base, 2. Anything resembling a column in shape; any body pre ing perpendicularly on its base, and throughout of the same or about the same diameter as its base: as, a column of water, air, or mercury. The whole weight of any column of the atmosphere. Bentley. 3. In bot., a body formed by the union of filaments with one another, as in Malvacea, or of stamens with the style, as in orchids. See cut under androphore. In all common Orchids there is only one well-developed stamen, which is confluent with the pistils, and they form together the column. Darwin, Fertil. of Orchids by Insects, p. 3. 4. In an at. and zoöl., a part or organ likened to a column or pillar; a column a or columella: as, the spinal column; the fleshy columns of the heart. 5. In Crinoidea, specifically, the stalk or stem of a crinoid.-6. Milit., a formation of troops narrow in front and extended from front to rear: thus distinguished from a line, which is extended in front and thin in depth. columnar paratus used for the fixation of colors upon fabrics by means of steam. It consists of a cylinder of copper punctured with small holes and having a steam pipe in its interior. The printed fabrics are wrapped around the cylinder, and the steam is allowed to percolate through, setting the colors in what is called steam style. The column is generally used in France, while the steam chest serving for the same operation is used in England. - Agony column. See agony. - Annulated columns. See annulated. - Attached column. Same as engaged column. - Banded column, in arch., a column having one or more cinctures. - Burdach's columns, the ex ternal portions of the posterior columns of the spinal cord (which see, under spinal ). - Clustered column, in arch., a pier which consists or appears to con sist of several columns or shafts clustered together. These shafts are sometimes attached to one another throughout their whole height, and sometimes only at the capital and base. Columns of this kind commonly support one or more clustered arches. Also called bundle - pillar. Column of the nose, the anterior portion of the nasal septum. Columns of Bertin [after E. J. Bertin, a French mist, 1712-81], the prolongations inward of the cortical substance of the kidney be IMG:content-0837.png:[blocks in formation] tween the pyramids.- Columns of Clarke, vesicular columns of Clarke [after J. A. L. Clarke, an English anatomist, 1817-80], two symmetrically placed tracts of medium-sized nerve-cells of the spinal cord, later odor sad of the central canal, confined to the thoracic region. - Columns of Goll, the median portion of the posterior columns of the spinal cord. - Columns of Morgagni. Same as columns of the rectum. - Columns of the abdominal ring, the edges of the opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle which forms the external abdominal ring. Also called pillars of the abdominal ring. - Columns of the fornix, the anterior pillars of the fornix. Also called columellæ fornicis. - Columns of the medulla oblong at a, the longitudinal segments into which the medulla oblong at a is divided by the grooves upon its surface, comprising the anterior pyramids, the lateral tracts, the restiform bodies, the funiculus cuneatus, and the funiculus gracilis. - Columns of the rectum, longitudinal folds of the mucous membrane of the rectum. Also called columns of Morgagni. - Columns of the spinal cord, the longitudinal ma es of white matter of the spinal cord. They are anterior, lateral, and posterior. See spinal cord, under spinal.- Columns of the vagina. See columnæ rugarum, under column a. — Columns of Türck, the direct pyramidal tracts, a portion of the anterior column of the spinal cord, on either side, lying next to the anterior median fi ure. - Coupled columns, in arch., columns disposed in pairs, the two shafts being close together but not touching. Engaged column, in arch., a column built into a wall so that it ap pears as if a part of it were concealed. Also called attached column. - Flying column, a column of troops formed and equipped for rapid movements. Hermetic column. See hermetic. - Manubial column, a column adorned with trophies and spoils. =Syn. 1. See pillar, 1. column a (kō-lum' nä), n.; pl. columnæ (-nē). [NL. (L.): see column.] A column or pil lar: used in anatomical names. See column. Column a dorsal is, the dorsal column; the posterior white column of the spinal cord. - Columnæ adiposæ, in- embryol., the trabeculæ of fat which make their appearance in the embryo as the rudiments of the subcutaneous fatty layer. - Columnæ carnese, fleshy columns; muscular bundles on the inner side of the walls of the ventricles of the heart, of which some are merely sculptured in relief, some are attached at both ends to the ventricular walls while they are free in the middle, while some, springing from the ventricular walls, are attached to the chordæ tendineæ. The last are called papillary muscles. - Columnæ papilla res, the papillary muscles. -Columnæ recti. Same as columns of the rectum.Columnæ rugarum, the anterior and posterior longitudinal ridges of the mucous membrane of the vagina. Presently firing was heard far in our rear-the robbers Columnæ vesicula res. Same as columns of Clarke 7. Naut ., a number of ships following one an- other.-8. In printing , one of the typographical divisions of printed matter in two or more ver- valve shells: same as Columellar i a . columelliform (kol-ū-mel'i-fôrm), a . lumella , a little column (see columella ), + form a , shape.] Shaped like a columella: as, a colu- mell i form stapes. Huxley . Also columellar . column (kol'um), n. [ colonne , later colomne , mod. F. colonne (> G. D. colonne = Dan. kolonne = Sw. colonn, in special senses) Pr. colonna = Sp. IMG:content-0838.png:[blocks in formation] (which see, under column). - Column a lateral is, the lateral white column of the spinal cord. - Column a ventral is, the anterior white column of the spinal cord. columnal (kō-lum'nal), a. [ Crag overhanging, nor columnal rock, Cast its dark outline there. Southey , Thalaba, xii.