Consul

, a magistrate at Rome, with regal authority for the space of one year. There were two consuls, a consulendo , annually chosen in the Campus Martius. The two first consuls were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Coll at in us, chosen A.U.C. 244, after the expulsion of the Tarquins. In the first ages of the republic, the two consuls were always chosen from patrician families, or noblemen; but the people obtained the privilege, A.U.C. 388, of electing one of their consuls from their own body; and sometimes both were plebeians. The first consul among the plebeians was Lucius Sextius. It was required that every candidate for the consulship should be 43 years of age, called legitimum temp us . He was always to appear at the election as a private man, without a retinue; and it was requisite, before he canva ed for the office, to have discharged the inferior functions of questor, edile, and pretor. Sometimes these qualifications were disregarded. Valerius Corvinus was made a consul in his 23rd year, and Scipio in his 24th. Young Marius, Pompey, and August us, were also under the proper age when they were invested with the office, and Pompey had never been questor or pretor. The power of the consuls was unbounded, and they knew no superior but the gods and the laws; but after the expiration of their office, their conduct was minutely scrutinized by the people, and ♦ misbehaviour was often punished by the laws. The badge of their office was the prætext a , a robe fringed with purple, afterwards exchanged for the toga picta or palmata . They were preceded by 12 lictors, carrying the fasces , or bundle of sticks, in the middle of which appeared an axe. The axe, as being the characteristic rather of tyranny than of freedom, was taken away from the fasces by Valerius Poplicola, but it was restored by his succe or. The consuls took it by turns, monthly to be preceded by the lictors while at Rome, lest the appearance of two persons with their badges of royal authority should raise apprehensions in the multitude. While one appeared publicly in state, only a crier walked before the other, and the lictors followed behind without the fasces. Their authority was equal; yet the Valerian law gave the right of priority to the older, and the Julian law to him who had the most children, and he was generally called consul major or prior . As their power was absolute, they presided over the senate, and could convene and dismi it at pleasure. The senators were their counsellors; and among the Romans, the manner of reckoning their years was by the name of the consuls, and by Marcus Tullius Cicerone & L. Antonio Consul i bus , for instance, the year of Rome 691 was always understood. This custom lasted from the year of Rome 244 till the year 1294, or 541st year of the christian era, when the consular office was totally suppre ed by Just in i an. In public a emblies the consuls sat in ivory chairs and held in their hands an ivory wand, called scipio eburneus , which had an eagle on its top, as a sign of dignity and power. When they had drawn by lot the provinces over which they were to preside during their consulship, they went to the Capitol to offer their prayers to the gods, and entreat them to protect the republic; after this they departed from the city, arrayed in their military dre , and preceded by the lictors. Sometimes the provinces were a igned them, without drawing by lot, by the will and appointment of the senators. At their departure they were provided by the state with whatever was requisite during their expedition. In their provinces they were both attended by the 12 lictors, and equally invested with regal authority. They were not permitted to return to Rome without the special command of the senate, and they always remained in their province till the arrival of their succe or. At their return they harangued the people, and solemnly protested that they had done nothing against the laws or interest of their country, but had faithfully and diligently endeavoured to promote the greatne and welfare of the state. No man could be consul two following years; yet this institution was sometimes broken, and we find Marius re-elected consul, after the expiration of his office, during the Cimprian war. The office of consul, so dignified during the times of the commonwealth, became a mere title under the emperors, and retained nothing of its authority but the usele ensigns of original dignity. Even the office of consul, which was originally annual, was reduced to two or three months by Julius Cæsar; but they who were admitted on the 1st of January denominated the year, and were called ordinar i i . Their succe ors, during the year, were distinguished by the name of suffect i . Tiberius and Claudius abridged the time of the consulship, and the emperor Commodus made no le than 25 consuls in one year. Const an tine the Great renewed the original institution, and permitted them to be a whole year in office.――Here is annexed a list of the consuls from the establishment of the consular power to the battle of Actium, in which it may be said that the authority of the consuls was totally extinguished. ♦ ‘misbehavour’ replaced with ‘misbehaviour’ The first two consuls, chosen about the middle of June, A.U.C. 244, were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Coll at in us. Coll at in us retired from Rome as being of the family of the Tarquins, and Publius Valerius was chosen in his room. When Brutus was killed in battle, Spurius Lucretius was elected to succeed him; and after the death of Lucretius, Marcus Horatius was chosen for the rest of the year with Valerius Publicola. The first consulship lasted about 16 months, during which the Romans fought against the Tarquins, and the Capitol was dedicated. A.U.C. 246. Publius Valerius Publicola 2; Titus Lucretius. Porsenna supported the claims of Tarquin. The noble actions of Cocles, Scævola, and Clœlia. A.U.C. 247. Publius Lucretius, or Marcus Horatius; Publius Valerius Publicola 3. The vain efforts of Porsenna continued. A.U.C. 248. Spurius Lartius; Titus Her minus. Victories obtained over the Sabines. A.U.C. 249. Marcus Valerius; Publius Postumius. Wars with the Sabines continued. A.U.C. 250. Publius Valerius 4; Titus Lucretius 2. A.U.C. 251. Agrippa Menenius; Publius Postumius 2. The death of Publicola. A.U.C. 252. Opiter Virgin i us; Spurius Ca ius. Sabine war. A.U.C. 253. Postumius Com in i us; Titus Lartius. A conspiracy of slaves at Rome. A.U.C. 254. Servvius Sulpicius; Marcus Tullus. A.U.C. 255. Publius Veturius Geminus; Titus Æbutius Elva. A.U.C. 256. Titus Lartius 2; Quintus Clœlius. War with the Latins. A.U.C. 257. Aulus Sempronius At rat in us; Marcus Minucius. A.U.C. 258. Aulus Postumius; Titus Virgin i us. The battle of Regillæ. A.U.C. 259. Appius Claudius; Publius Servilius. War with the Volsci. A.U.C. 260. Aulus Virgin i us; Titus Veturius. The di atisfied people retired to Mons Sacer. A.U.C. 261. Postumius Com in i us 2; Spurius Ca ius 2. A reconciliation between the senate and people, and the election of the tribunes. A.U.C. 262. Titus Geganius; Publius Minucius. A famine at Rome. A.U.C. 263. Marcus Minucius 2; Aulus Sempronius 2. The haughty behaviour of Coriolanus to the populace. A.U.C. 264. Quintus Sulpicius Cam erinus; Spurius Lartius Flavus 2. Coriolanus retires to the Volsci. A.U.C. 265. Caius Julius; Paius Pinarius. The Volsci make declarations of war. A.U.C. 266. Spurius Nautius; Sextus Furius. Coriolanus forms the siege of Rome. He retires at the entreaties of his mother and wife, and dies. A.U.C. 267. Titus Sicinius; Caius Aquilius. The Volsci defeated. A.U.C. 268. Spurius Ca ius 3; Proculus Virgin i us. Ca ius aspires to tyranny. A.U.C. 269. Servius Cornel i us; Quintus Fabius. Ca ius is condemned, and thrown down the Tarpeian rock. A.U.C. 270. Lucius Æmilius; Cæsio Fabius. The Æqui and Volsci defeated. A.U.C. 271. Marcus Fabius; Lucius Valerius. A.U.C. 272. Qucius Fabius 2; Caius Julius. War with the Æqui. A.U.C. 273. Cæsio Fabius 2; Spurius Furius. War continued with the Æqui and Veientes. A.U.C. 274. Marcus Fabius 2; Cnæus Manlius. Victory over the Hernici. A.U.C. 275. Cæsio Fabius 3; Titus Virgin i us. The march of the Fabii to the river Cremera. A.U.C. 276. Lucius Æmilius 2; C. Servilius. The wars continued against the neighbouring states. A.U.C. 277. Caius Horatius; Titus Menenius. The defeat and death of the 300 Fabii. A.U.C. 278. Spurius Servilius; Aulus Virgin i us. Menenius brought to his trial for the defeat of the armies under him. A.U.C. 279. Caius Nautius; Publius Valerius. A.U.C. 280. Lucius Furius; Cublius Manlius. A truce of 40 years granted to the Veientes. A.U.C. 281. Lucius Æmilius 3; Virgin i us or Vopiscus Julius. The tribune Genutius murdered in his bed for his seditions. A.U.C. 282. Lucius Pinarius; Publius Furius. A.U.C. 283. Appius Claudius; Titus Quintius. The Roman army suffer themselves to be defeated by the Volsci on account of their hatred to Appius, while his colleague is boldly and cheerfully obeyed against the Æqui. A.U.C. 284. Lucius Valerius 2; Tiberius Æmilius. Appius is cited to take his trial before the people, and dies before the day of trial. A.U.C. 285. Titus Numicius Priscus; Aulus Virgin i us. A.U.C. 286. Tulus Quintius 2; Quintus Servilius. A.U.C. 287. Tiberius Æmilius 2; Quintus Fabius. A.U.C. 288. Quintus Servilius 2; Spurius Postumius. A.U.C. 289. Quintus Fabius 2; Titus Quintius 3. In the census made this year, which was the ninth, there were found 124,214 citizens in Rome. A.U.C. 290. Aulus Postumius; Spurius Furius. A.U.C. 291. Lucius Æbutius; Publius Servilius. A plague at Rome. A.U.C. 292. Lucius Lucretius Tricipitinus; Titus Veturius Geminus. A.U.C. 293. Publius Volumnius; Servius Sulpicius. Dreadful prodigies at Rome, and seditions. A.U.C. 294. Caius Claudius; Publius Valerius 2. A Sabine seizes the Capitol, and is defeated and killed. Valerius is killed in an engagement, and Cincinnatus is taken from the plough, and made dictator; he quelled the di ensions at Rome, and returned to his farm. A.U.C. 295. Quintus Fabius 3; Lucius Cornel i us. The census made the Romans amount to 132,049. A.U.C. 296. Lucius Minucius; Caius Nautius 2. Minucius is besieged in his camp by the Æqui; and Cincinnatus, being elected dictator, delivers him, obtains a victory, and lays down his power 16 days after his election. A.U.C. 297. Quintus Minucius; Caius Horatius. War with the Æqui and Sabines. Ten tribunes elected instead of five. A.U.C. 298. Marcus Valerius; Spurius Virgin i us. A.U.C. 299. Titus Romilius; Caius Veturius. A.U.C. 300. Spurius Tarpeius; Aulus Aterius. A.U.C. 301. Publius Curiatius; Sextus Quintilius. A.U.C. 302. Titus Menenius; Publius Cestius Capitol in us. The Decemvirs reduce the laws into 12 tables. A.U.C. 303. Appius Claudius; Titus Genutius; Publius Cestius, . The Decemvirs a ume the reins of government, and preside with consular power. A.U.C. 304 & 305. Appius Claudius; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Cornel i us, . The Decemvirs continued. They act with violence. Appius endeavours to take po e ion of Virginia, who is killed by her father. The Decemvirs abolished, and Valerius Potitus, Marcus Horatius Barbatus, are created consuls for the rest of the year. Appius is summoned to take his trial. He dies in prison, and the rest of the Decemvirs are banished. A.U.C. 306. Lars Her mini us; Titus Virgin i us. A.U.C. 307. Marcus Geganius Macer in us; Caius Julius. Domestic troubles. A.U.C. 308. Titus Quintius Capitol in us 4; Agrippa Furius. The Æqui and Volsci come near the gates of Rome, and are defeated. A.U.C. 309. Marcus Genucius; Caius Curtius. A law pa ed to permit the patrician and plebeian families to intermarry. A.U.C. 310. Military tribunes are chosen instead of consuls. The plebeians admitted among them. The first were Aulus Sempronius; Lucius Atilius; Titus Clœlius. They abdicated three months after their election, and consuls were again chosen. Lucius Papirius Mugillanus; Lucius Sempronius At rat in us. A.U.C. 311. Marcus Geganius Macer in us 2; Titus Quintius Capitol in us 5. The censorship instituted. A.U.C. 312. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Postumius Æbutius Cornicen. A.U.C. 313. Caius Furius Pacilus; Maius Papirius Cra us. A.U.C. 314. Proculus Geganius Macer in us; Lucius Menenius Lanatus. A famine at Rome. Mælius attempts to make himself king. A.U.C. 315. Titus Quintius Capitol in us 6; Agrippa Menenius Lanatus. A.U.C. 316. Mamercus Æmilius; Lucius Quintius; Lucius Julius. Military tribunes. A.U.C. 317. Marcus Geganius Macer in us; Sergius Fidenas. Tolumnius king of the Veientes killed by Co us, who takes the second royal spoils called Opima . A.U.C. 318. Marcus Cornel i us Maluginensis; Lucius Papirius Cra us. A.U.C. 319. Caius Julius; Lucius Virgin i us. A.U.C. 320. Caius Julius 2; Lucius Virgin i us 2. The duration of the censorship limited to 18 months. A.U.C. 321. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Fo ius; Lucius Sergius Fidenas. Military tribunes. A.U.C. 322. Lucius Pinarius Mamercus; Lucius Furius Me dull in us; Spurius Postumius Albus. Military tribunes. A.U.C. 323. Titus Quintius Cincinnatus; Caius Julius Manto; consuls. A victory over the Veientes and Fidenates by the dictator Post hum i us. A.U.C. 324. Caius Papirius Cra us; Lucius Julius. A.U.C. 325. Lucius Sergius Fidenas 2; Hostus Lucretius Tricipitinus. A.U.C. 326. Aulus Cornel i us Co us; Titus Quintus Pennus 2. A.U.C. 327. Servilius Ahala; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus 2. A.U.C. 328. Titus Quintius Pennus; Caius Furius; Marcus Post hum i us; Aulus Cornel i us Co us. Military tribunes, all of patrician families. Victory over the Veientes. A.U.C. 329. Aarcus Sempronius At rat in us; Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus; Lucius Furius Me dull in us; Lucius Horatius Barbatus. A.U.C. 330. Appius Claudius Cra us, . Military tribunes. A.U.C. 331. Caius Sempronius At rat in us; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus. Consuls who gave much di atisfaction to the people. A.U.C. 332. Lucius Manlius Capitol in us, . Military tribunes. A.U.C. 333. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus; Titus Quinctius Capitol in us. A.U.C. 334. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus 3; Lucius Furius Me dull in us 2; Mucius Manlius; Aulus Sempronius At rat in us. Military tribunes. A.U.C. 335. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, . Military tribunes. A.U.C. 336. Lucius Sergius Fidenas; Marcus Papirius Mugillanus; Caius Servilius. A.U.C. 337. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus 2, . A.U.C. 338. Agrippa Sempronius At rat in us 3, . A.U.C. 339. Publius Cornel i us Co us, . A.U.C. 340. Cnæus Cornel i us Co us, . One of the military tribunes stoned to death by the army. A.U.C. 341. Aulus Cornel i us Co us; Lucius Furius Me dull in us, consuls. Domestic seditions. A.U.C. 342. Quintus Fabius Ambustus; Caius Furius Pacilus. A.U.C. 343. Marcus Papirius At rat in us. Spurius Nautius Rutilus. A.U.C. 344. Mamercus Æmilius; Caius Valerius Potitus. A.U.C. 345. Cnaeus Cornel i us Co us; Lucius Furius Me dull in us 2. Plebeians for the first time questors. A.U.C. 346. Caius Julius, . Military tribunes. A.U.C. 347. Lucius Furius Me dull in us, . Military tribunes. A.U.C. 348. Publius & Cnæus Cornel i i Co i, . Military tribunes. This year the Roman soldiers first received pay. A.U.C. 349. Titus Quintius Capitol in us, . Military tribunes. The siege of Veii begun. A.U.C. 350. Caius Valerius Potitus . Military tribunes. A.U.C. 351. Manlius Æmilius Mamercinus, . The Roman cavalry begin to receive pay. A.U.C. 352. Caius Servilius Ahala, . A defeat at Veii, occasioned by a quarrel between two of the military tribunes. A.U.C. 353. Lucius Valerius Potitus 4; Marcus Furius Camillus 2, . A military tribune chosen from among the plebeians. A.U.C. 354. Publius Licinius Calvus, . A.U.C. 355. Marcus Veturius, . A.U.C. 356. Lucius Valerius Potitus 5; Marcus Furius Camillus 3, . A.U.C. 357. Lucius Julius Iulus, . A.U.C. 358. Publius Licinius, . Camillus declared dictator. The city of Veii taken by means of a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph. A.U.C. 359. Publius Cornel i us Co us, . The people wished to remove to Veii. A.U.C. 360. Marcus Furius Camillus, . ; Falisci surrendered to the Romans. A.U.C. 361. Lucius Lucretius Flaccus; Servius Sulpicius Cam erinus, Consuls, after Rome had been governed by military tribunes for 15 succe ive years. Camillus strongly opposes the removing to Veii, and it is rejected. A.U.C. 362. Lucius Valerius Potitus; Mucius Manlius. One of the censors dies. A.U.C. 363. Lucius Lucretius, . Military tribunes. A strange voice heard, which foretold the approach of the Gauls. Camillus goes to banishment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege Clusium, and soon after march towards Rome. A.U.C. 364. Three Fabii military tribunes. The Romans defeated at Allia, by the Gauls. The Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire. Camillus declared dictator by the senate, who had retired into the Capitol. The geese save the Capitol, and Camillus suddenly comes and defeats the Gauls. A.U.C. 365. Lucius Valerius Poplicola 3; Lucius Virgin i us, . Camillus declared dictator, defeats the Volsci, Æqui, and Tuscans. A.U.C. 366. Titus Quinctius Cincinnatus; Quintus Servilius Fidenas; Lucius Julius Iulus. A.U.C. 367. Lucius Papirius; Cnæus Sergius; Lucius Æmilius, . A.U.C. 368. Marcus Furius Camillus, . A.U.C. 369. Aulus Manlius; Publius Cornel i us, . The Volsci defeated. Manlius aims at royalty. A.U.C. 370. Servius Cornel i us Maluginensis; Publius Valerius Potitus; Marcus Furius ♦ Camillus. Manlius is condemned and thrown down the Tarpeian rock. ♦ ‘Car nill us’ replaced with ‘Camillus’ A.U.C. 371. Lucius Valerius; Aulus Manlius; Servius Sulpicius, . A.U.C. 372. Spurius & Lucius Papirii, . A.U.C. 373. Marcus Furius Camillus; Lucius Furius, . A.U.C. 374. Lucius & Publius Valerii. A.U.C. 375. Cnæus Manlius, . A.U.C. 376. Spurius Furius, . A.U.C. 377. Lucius Æmilius, . | A.U.C. 378. | | For five years anarchy at Rome. No consuls or military tribunes elected, but only for that time, Lucius Sext in us; Caius Licinius Calvus Stolo, tribunes of the people. | | A.U.C. 379. | | A.U.C. 380. | | A.U.C. 381. | | A.U.C. 382. | A.U.C. 383. Lucius Furius, . A.U.C. 384. Quintus Servilius; Caius Veturius, . Ten magistrates are chosen to take care of the Sibylline books. A.U.C. 385. Lucius Qunitus Capitol in us; Spurius Servilius, . A.U.C. 386. According to some writers, Camillus this year was sole dictator, without consuls or tribunes. A.U.C. 387. Aulus Cornel i us Co us; Lucius Veturius Cra us, . The Gauls defeated by Camillus. One of the consuls for the future to be elected from among the plebeians. A.U.C. 388. Lucius Æmilius, patrician; Lucius Sextius, plebeian; consuls. The offices of pretor and curule ædile granted to the senate by the people. A.U.C. 389. Lucius Genucius; Quintus Servilius. Camillus died. A.U.C. 390. Caius Sulpicius Peticus; Caius Licinius Stolo. A.U.C. 391. Cnæus Genucius; Lucius Æmilius. A.U.C. 392. Quintus Servilius Ahala 2; Lucius Genucius 2. Curtius devotes himself to the Dii manes . A.U.C. 393. Caius Sulpicius 2; Caius Licinius 2. Manlius conquers a Gaul in single battle. A.U.C. 394. Caius Petilius Balbus; Marcus Fabius Ambustus. A.U.C. 395. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Manlius. A.U.C. 396. Caius Fabius; Caius Plautius. Gauls defeated. A.U.C. 397. Caius Marc in us; Cnæus Manlius 2. A.U.C. 398. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 2; Marcus Popilius Lænas 2. A dictator elected from the plebeians for the first time. A.U.C. 399. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 3; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 2; both of patrician families. A.U.C. 400. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 3; Titus Quintius. A.U.C. 401. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 4; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 3. A.U.C. 402. Publius Valerius Poplicola 4; Caius Marcius Rutilus. A.U.C. 403. Gaius Sulpicius Peticus 5; Titus Quinctius Pennus. A censor elected for the first time from the plebeians. A.U.C. 404. Marcus Popilius Lænas 3; Lucius Cornel i us Scipio. A.U.C. 405. Lucius Furius Camillus; Appius Claudius Cra us. Valerius surnamed Corvinus, after conquering a Gaul. A.U.C. 406. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Popilius Lænas 4. Corvus was elected at 23 years of age, against the standing law. A treaty of amity concluded with Carthage. A.U.C. 407. Titus Manlius Torquatus; Caius Plautius. A.U.C. 408. Marcus Valerius Corvus 2; Caius Pætilius. A.U.C. 409. Marcus Fabius Dorso; Servius Sulpicius Cam erinus. A.U.C. 410. Caius Marcius Rutilus; Titus Manlius Torquatus. A.U.C. 411. Marcus Valerius Corvus 3; Aulus Cornel i us Co us. The Romans begin to make war against the Samnites, at the request of the Camp an i ans. They obtained a victory. A.U.C. 412. Caius Marcius Rutilus 4; Quintus Servilius. A.U.C. 413. Caius Plautinus; Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus. A.U.C. 414. Titus Manlius Torquatus 3; Publius Decius Mus. The victories of Alexander the Great in Asia. Manlius puts his son to death for fighting against his order. Decius devotes himself for the army, which obtains a great victory over the Latins. A.U.C. 415. Tiberius Æmilius Mamercinus; Quintus Publilius Philo. A.U.C. 416. Lucius Furius Camillus; Caius Mænius. The Latins conquered. A.U.C. 417. Caius Sulpicius Longus; Publius Ælius Pætus. The pretorship granted to a plebeian. A.U.C. 418. Lucius Papirius Cra us; Cæso Duillius. A.U.C. 419. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Atilius Regulus. A.U.C. 420. Titus Veturius; Spurius Post hum i us. A.U.C. 421. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Caius Pætilius Libo. A.U.C. 422. Aulus Cornel i us 2; Cnæus Domitius. A.U.C. 423. Marcus Claudius Mar cell us; Caius Valerius Potitus. A.U.C. 424. Lucius Papirius Cra us; Caius Plautius Venno. A.U.C. 425. Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus 2; Caius Plautius. A.U.C. 426. Publius Plautius Proculus; Publius Cornel i us Scapula. A.U.C. 427. Lucius Cornel i us Lentulus; Quintus Publilius Philo 2. A.U.C. 428. Caius Pætilius; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus. A.U.C. 429. Lucius Furius Camillus 2; Ducius Junius Brutus Scæva. The dictator Papirius ♦ Cursor is for putting to death Fabius his master of horse, because he fought in his absence, and obtained a famous victory. He pardons him. ♦ ‘Curso’ replaced with ‘Cursor’ A.U.C. 430. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator, Lucius Papirius Cursor. A.U.C. 431. Gaius Sulpicius Longus; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus. A.U.C. 432. Quintus Fabius; Lucius Fulvius. A.U.C. 433. Titus Veturius Calvin us 2; Spurius Post hum i us Albinus 2. Caius Pontius the Samnite takes the Roman consuls in an ambuscade at Caudium. A.U.C. 434. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Quintus Publilius Philo 3. A.U.C. 435. Lucius Papirius Cursor 3; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus 2. A.U.C. 436. Marcus Fo ius Flaccinator; Lucius Plautius Venno. A.U.C. 437. Caius Junius Bubulcus; Lucius Æmilius Barbula. A.U.C. 438. Spurius Nautius; Marcus Popilius. A.U.C. 439. Lucius Papirius 4; Quintus Publilius 4. A.U.C. 440. Marcus Pætilius; Caius Sulpicius. A.U.C. 441. Lucius Papirius Cursor 5; Caius Junius Bubulcus 2. A.U.C. 442. Marcus Valerius; Publius Decius. The censor Appius makes the Appian way and aqueducts. The family of the Potitii extinct. A.U.C. 443. Caius Junius Bubulcus 3; Quintus Æmilius Barbula 2. A.U.C. 444. Quintus Fabius 2; Caius Martius Rutilius. A.U.C. 445. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator. Lucius Papirius Cursor. A.U.C. 446. Quintus Fabius 3; Pucius Decius 2. A.U.C. 447. Appius Claudius; Lucius Volumnius. A.U.C. 448. Publius Cornel i us Arvina; Quintus Marcius Tremulus. A.U.C. 449. Lucius Post hum i us; Tiberias Minucius. A.U.C. 450. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Sempronius Sophus. The Æqui conquered. A.U.C. 451. Lucius Genucius; Servius Cornel i us. A.U.C. 452. Marcus Livius; Marcus Æmilius. A.U.C. 453. Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus; Marcus Valerius Corvus; not consuls, but dictators, according to some authors. A.U.C. 454. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Quintus Apuleius. The priesthood made common to the plebeians. A.U.C. 455. Marcus Fulvius Pætin us; Titus Manlius Torquatus. A.U.C. 456. Lucius Cornel i us Scipio; Cnæus Fulvius. A.U.C. 457. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Publius Decius Mus 3. Wars against the Samnites. A.U.C. 458. Lucius Volumnius 2; Appius Claudius 2. Conquest over the Etrurians and Samnites. A.U.C. 459. Quintus Fabius 5; Publius Decius 4. Decius devotes himself in a battle against the Samnites and the Gauls, and the Romans obtain a victory. A.U.C. 460. Lucius Post hum i us Megellus; Marcus Atilius Regulus. A.U.C. 461. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Spurius Carvilius. Victories over the Samnites. A.U.C. 462. Quintus Fabius Gurges; Decimus Junius Brutus Scæva. Victory over the Samnites. A.U.C. 463. Lucius Post hum i us 3; Caius Junius Brutus. Æsculapius brought to Rome in the form of a serpent from Epidaurus. A.U.C. 464. Publius Cornel i us Rufinus; Marcus Curius Dentatus. A.U.C. 465. Marcus Valerius Corvinus; Quintus Cædicius Noctua. A.U.C. 466. Quintus Marcius Tremulus; Publius Cornel i us Arvina. A.U.C. 467. Marcus Claudius Mar cell us; Caius Nautius. A.U.C. 468. Marcus Valerius Potitus; Caius Ælius Pætus. A.U.C. 469. Caius Claudius Cænina; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus. A.U.C. 470. Caius Servilius Tucca; Cæcilius Me tell us. War with the Senones. A.U.C. 471. Parcus Cornel i us Do labella; Cnæus Domitius Calvin us. The Senones defeated. A.U.C. 472. Qelius Æmilius; Caius Fabric i us. War with Tarentum. A.U.C. 473. Lucius Æmilius Barbula; Qelius Murcius. Pyrrhus comes to a ist Tarentum. A.U.C. 474. Publius Valerius Lævin us: Tiberius Coruncanius. Pyrrhus conquers the consul Lævin us, and though victorious sues for peace, which is refused by the Roman senate. The census was made, and 272,222 citizens were found. A.U.C. 475. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Publius Decius Mus. A battle with Pyrrhus. A.U.C. 476. Caius Fabric i us Luscinus 2; Quintus Æmilius Papus 2. Pyrrhus goes to Sicily. The treaty between Rome and Carthage renewed. A.U.C. 477. Publius Cornel i us Rufinus; Caius Junius Brutus. Croton a and Locri taken. A.U.C. 478. Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges 2; Caius Genucius Clepsina. Pyrrhus returns from Sicily to Italy. A.U.C. 479. Manius Curius Dentatus 2; Lucius Cornel i us Lentulus. Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius. A.U.C. 480. Manius Curius Dentatus 3; Servius Cornel i us Merenda. A.U.C. 481. Caius Fabius Dorso; Caius Claudius Cænina 2. An emba y from Philadelphus to conclude an alliance with the Romans. A.U.C. 482. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Spurius Carvilius 2. Tarentum surrenders. A.U.C. 483. Lucius Genucius; Caius Quintilius. A.U.C. 484. Caius Genucius; Cnæus Cornel i us. A.U.C. 485. Quintus Ogulinus Gallus; Caius Fabius Pictor. Silver money coined at Rome for the first time. A.U.C. 486. Publius Sempronius Sophus; Appius Claudius Cra us. A.U.C. 487. Marcus Attilius Regulus; Lucius Julius Libo. Italy enjoys peace universally. A.U.C. 488. Numerius Fabius; Decimus Junius. A.U.C. 489. Quintus Fabius Gurges 3; Lucius Mamilius Vitulus. The number of the questors doubled to eight. A.U.C. 490. Appius Claudius Caudex; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans aid the Mamertines, which occasions the first Punic war. Appius defeats the Cart hag in i ans in Sicily. The combats of gladiators first instituted. A.U.C. 491. Manius Valerius Maximus; Manius Otacilius Cra us. Alliance between Rome and Hiero king of Syracuse. A sun-dial first put up at Rome, brought from Catana. A.U.C. 492. Lucius Post hum i us Gemellus; Quintus Mamilius Vitulus. The siege and taking of Agrigentum. The total defeat of the Cart hag in i ans. A.U.C. 493. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Titus Otacilius Cra us. A.U.C. 494. Cnæus Cornel i us Scipio Asina; Caius Duillius. In two months the Romans build and equip a fleet of 120 galleys. The naval victory and triumph of Duillius. A.U.C. 495. Lucius Cornel i us Scipio; Caius Aquilius Florus. Expedition against Sardinia and Corsica. A.U.C. 496. Aulus Attilius Cal at in us; Caius Sulpicius Paterculus. The Cart hag in i ans defeated in a naval battle. A.U.C. 497. Caius Attilius Regulus; Cnæus Cornel i us Blasio. A.U.C. 498. Lucius Manlius Vulso; Quintus Cædicius. At the death of Cædicius, Marcus Attilius Regulus 2 was elected for the rest of the year. The famous battle of Ecnoma. The victorious consuls land in Africa. A.U.C. 499. Servius Fulvius Pætin us Nobilior; Marcus Æmilius Paulus. Regulus, after many victories in Africa, is defeated and taken prisoner by Xanthippus. Agrigentum retaken by the Cart hag in i ans. A.U.C. 500. Cnæus Cornel i us Scipio Asina 2; Aulus Attilius Cal at in us 2. Panormus taken by the Romans. A.U.C. 501. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Sempronius Blæsus. The Romans, discouraged by shipwrecks, renounce the sovereignty of the seas. A.U.C. 502. Caius Aurelius Cotta; Publius Servilius Geminus. Citizens capable to bear arms amounted to 297,797. A.U.C. 503. Lucius Cæcilius Me tell us 2; Caius Furius Pacilus. The Romans begin to recover their power by sea. A.U.C. 504. Caius Attilius Regulus 2; Lucius Manlius Volso 2. The Cart hag in i ans defeated near Panormus in Sicily. One hundred and forty-two elephants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus advises the Romans not to exchange prisoners. He is put to death in the most excruciating torments. A.U.C. 505. Publius Clodius Pulcher; Lucius Junius Pullus. The Romans defeated in a naval battle. The Roman fleet lost in a storm. A.U.C. 506. Caius Aurelius Cotta 2; Publius Servilius Geminus 2. A.U.C. 507. Lucius Cæcilius Me tell us 3; Numerius Fabius Buteo. The number of the citizens 252,222. A.U.C. 508. Manius Otacilius Cra us; Marcus Fabius Licinius. A.U.C. 509. Marcus Fabius Buteo; Caius Attilius Balbus. A.U.C. 510. Aulus Manlius Torquatus 2; Caius Sempronius Blæsus. A.U.C. 511. Caius Fund an i us Fundulus; Caius Sulpicius Gallus. A fleet built by individuals at Rome. A.U.C. 512. Caius Lutatius Catulus; Aulus Post hum i us Albinus. The Cart hag in i an fleet defeated near the islands Ægates. Peace made between Rome and Carthage. The Cart hag in i ans evacuate Sicily. A.U.C. 513. Quintus Lutatius Cerco; Aulus Manlius Atticus. Sicily is made a Roman province. The 39th census taken. The citizens amount to 260,000. A.U.C. 514. Caius Claudius Centho; Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus. A.U.C. 515. Caius Mamilius Turinus; Quintus Valerius Falto. A.U.C. 516. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Publius Valerius Falto. The Cart hag in i ans give up Sardinia to Rome. A.U.C. 517. Lucius Cornel i us Lentulus Caudinus; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans offer Ptolemy Evergetes a istance against Antiochus Theos. A.U.C. 518. Publius Cornel i us Lentulus Caudinus; Licinius Varus. Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia. A.U.C. 519. Caius Attilius Balbus 2; Titus Manlius Torquatus. The temple of Janus shut for the first time since the reign of Numa, about 440 years. A universal peace at Rome. A.U.C. 520. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Spurius Carvilius Maximus. A.U.C. 521. Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; Manius Pompon i us Matho. Differences and jealousy between Rome and Carthage. A.U.C. 522. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Marcus Public i us Malleolus. A.U.C. 523. Marcus Pompon i us Matho 2; Carcus Papirius Maso. The first divorce known at Rome. A.U.C. 524. Marcus Æmilius Barbula; Marcus Junius Pera. War with the Illyrians. A.U.C. 525. Lucius Postumius Albinus 2; Cnæus Fulvius Centum alus. The building of new Carthage. A.U.C. 526. Spurius Carvilius Maximus 2; Quintus Fabius Maximus. A.U.C. 527. Publius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Attilius Regulus. Two new pretors added to the other pretors. A.U.C. 528. Marcus Valerius Me ala; Lucius Apulius Fullo. Italy invaded by the Gauls. The Romans could now lead into the field of battle 770,000 men. A.U.C. 529. Lucius Æmilius Papus; Caius Attilius Regulus. The Gauls defeat the Romans near Clusium. The Romans obtain a victory near Telamon. A.U.C. 530. Titus Manlius Torquatus 2; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 2. The Boii, part of the Gauls, surrender. A.U.C. 531. Caius Flam in i us; Publius Furius Philus. A.U.C. 532. Marcus Claudius Mar cell us; Cnæus Cornel i us Scipio Calvus. A new war with the Gauls. Mar cell us gains the spoils called opima . A.U.C. 533. Publius Cornel i us; Marcus Minucius Rufus. Annibal takes the command of the Cart hag in i an armies in Spain. A.U.C. 534. Lucius Veturius; Caius Lutatius. The Via Flaminia built. A.U.C. 535. Marcus Livius Sal in at or; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. War with Illyricum. A.U.C. 536. Publius Cornel i us Scipio; Tiberius Sempronius Longus. Siege of Saguntum, by Annibal, the cause of the second Punic war. Annibal marches towards Italy, and cro es the Alps. The Cart hag in i an fleet defeated near Sicily. Sempronius defeated near Trebia, by Annibal. A.U.C. 537. Cnæus Servilius; Caius Flam in i us 2. A famous battle near the lake Thrasymenus. Fabius is appointed dictator. Succe of Cnæus Scipio in Spain. A.U.C. 538. Caius Terentius Varro; Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2. The famous battle of Cannæ. Annibal marches to Capua. Mar cell us beats Annibal near Nola. Asdrubal begins his march towards Italy, and his army is totally defeated by the Scipios. A.U.C. 539. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Quintus Fabius Maximus 2. Philip of Macedonia enters into alliance with Annibal. Sardinia revolts, and is reconquered by Manlius. The Cart hag in i ans twice beaten in Spain by Scipio. A.U.C. 540. Quintus Fabius Maximus 3; Marcus Claudius Mar cell us 2. Mar cell us besieges Syracuse by sea and land. A.U.C. 541. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus 3. The siege of Syracuse continued. A.U.C. 542. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Syracuse taken and plundered. Sicily made a Roman province. Tarentum treacherously delivered to Annibal. The two Scipios conquered in Spain. A.U.C. 543. Cnæus Fulvius Centum alus. Publius Sulpicius Galba. Capua besieged and taken by the Romans. Publius Scipio sent to Spain with proconsular power. A.U.C. 544. Marcus Claudius Mar cell us 4; Marcus Valerius Lævin us 2. The Cart hag in i ans driven from Sicily. Carthagena taken by young Scipio. A.U.C. 545. Quintus Fabius Maximus 5; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 4. Annibal defeated by Mar cell us. Fabius takes Tarentum. Asdrubal defeated by Scipio. A.U.C. 546. Marcus Claudius Mar cell us 5; Titus Quintius Crispin us. Mar cell us killed in an ambuscade by Annibal. The Cart hag in i an fleet defeated. A.U.C. 547. Caius Claudius Nero; Marcus Livius 2. Asdrubal pa es the Alps. Nero obtains some advantage over Annibal. The two consuls defeat Asdrubal, who is killed, and his head thrown into Annibal’s camp. The Romans make war against Philip. A.U.C. 548. Lucius Veturius; Quintus Cæcilius. Scipio obtains a victory over Asdrubal the son of Gisgo in Spain. Masini a sides with the Romans. A.U.C. 549. Publius Cornel i us Scipio; Publius Licinius Cra us. Scipio is empowered to invade Africa. A.U.C. 550. Marcus Cornel i us Cethegus; Publius Sempronius Tuditanus. Scipio lands in Africa. The census taken, and 215,000 heads of families found in Rome. A.U.C. 551. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Servilius Geminus. Scipio spreads general consternation in Africa. Annibal is recalled from Italy by the Cart hag in i an senate. A.U.C. 552. Marcus Servilius; Tiberius Claudius. Annibal and Scipio come to a parley; they prepare for battle. Annibal is defeated at Zama. Scipio prepares to besiege Carthage. A.U.C. 553. Cnæus Cornel i us Lentulus; Publius Ælius Pætus. Peace granted to the Cart hag in i ans. Scipio triumphs. A.U.C. 554. Publius Sulpicius Galba 2; Caius Aurelius Cotta. War with the Maced on i ans. A.U.C. 555. Lucius Cornel i us Lentulus; Publius Villius Tapulus. The Maced on i an war continued. A.U.C. 556. Sextus Ælius Pætus; Titus Quintius Flam in i us. Philip defeated by Quintius. A.U.C. 557. Caius Cornel i us Cethegus; Qitus Minucius Rufus. Philip is defeated. Quintius grants him peace. A.U.C. 558. Lucius Furius Purpureo; Marcus Claudius Mar cell us. The independence of Greece proclaimed by Flam in i us at the Isthmian games. A.U.C. 559. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Porcius Cato. Quintius regulates the affairs of Greece. Cato’s victories in Spain, and triumph. The Romans demand Annibal from the Cart hag in i ans. A.U.C. 560. Publius Corn. Scipio African us 2; T. Sempronius Longus. Annibal flies to Antiochus. A.U.C. 561. Lucius Cornel i us Merula; Quintus Minucius Thermus. Antiochus prepares to make war against Rome, and Annibal endeavours in vain to stir up the Cart hag in i ans to take up arms. A.U.C. 562. Lucius Quintus Flam in in us; Cnæus Domitius. The Greeks call Antiochus to deliver them. A.U.C. 563. Publius Cornel i us Scipio Nasica; Manlius Acilius Glabrio. The succe of Acilius in Greece against Antiochus. A.U.C. 564. Lucius Cornel i us Scipio; Caius Lælius. The fleet of Antiochus under Annibal defeated by the Romans. Antiochus defeated by Scipio. A.U.C. 565. Marcus Fulvius Nobilior; Cnæus Manlius Vulso. War with the Gallogrecians. A.U.C. 566. Marcus Valerius Me ala; Caius Livius Sal in at or. Antiochus dies. A.U.C. 567. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Flam in i us. The Ligurians reduced. A.U.C. 568. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Marcius Philip pus. The Bacchanalia abolished at Rome. A.U.C. 569. Appius Claudius Pulcher; L. Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus. Victories in Spain and Liguria. A.U.C. 570. Publius Claudius Pulcher; Lucius Porcius Licinius. Philip of Macedon sends his son Demetrius to Rome. A.U.C. 571. Marcus Claudius Mar cell us; Quintus Fabius Labeo. Death of Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. Gauls invade Italy. A.U.C. 572. ♦ Cnæus Bæbius Tamphilus; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. Death of Philip. ♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Cnæus’ A.U.C. 573. Publius Cornel i us Cethegus; Marcus Bæbius Tamphilus 2. Expeditions against Liguria. The first gilt statue raised at Rome. A.U.C. 574. Aulus Postumius Albinus Luscus; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Celtiberians defeated. A.U.C. 575. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Lucius Manlius Acid in us. Alliance renewed with Perseus the son of Philip. A.U.C. 576. Marcus Junius Brutus; Aulus Manlius Vulso. A.U.C. 577. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. The Istrians defeated. A.U.C. 578. Cnæus Cornel i us Scipio Hispalus; Quintus Petillius Spur in us. A.U.C. 579. Publius Mucius; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2. A.U.C. 580. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Mucius Scævola. A.U.C. 581. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Marcus Popilius Lænas. A.U.C. 582. Caius Popilius Lænas; Publius Ælius Ligur. War declared against Perseus. A.U.C. 583. Publius Licinius Cra us; Caius Ca ius Long in us. Perseus gains some advantages over the Romans. A.U.C. 584. Aulus Hostilius Mancinus; Aulus Atilius Serran us. A.U.C. 585. Quintus Marcius Philip pus 2; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio. The campaign in Macedonia. A.U.C. 586. Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2; Caius Licinius Cra us. Perseus is defeated and taken prisoner by Paulus. A.U.C. 587. Quintus Ælius Pætus; Marcus Junius Pennus. A.U.C. 588. Marcus Claudius Mar cell us; Caius Sulpicius Galba. A.U.C. 589. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Manlius Torquatus. A.U.C. 590. Aulus Manlius Torquatus; Quintus Ca ius Longus. A.U.C. 591. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Manlius Juvencius Phalna. A.U.C. 592. Publius Cornel i us Scipio Nasica; Caius Marcius Figulus. Demetrius flies from Rome, and is made king of Syria. A.U.C. 593. Marcus Valerius Me ala; Caius Fannius Strabo. A.U.C. 594. Lucius Anicius Gallus; Marcus Cornel i us Cethegus. A.U.C. 595. Cnæus Cornel i us Do labella; Marcus Fulvius Nobilior. A.U.C. 596. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Popilius Lænas. A.U.C. 597. Sextus Julius Cæsar; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. War against the Dalmatians. A.U.C. 598. Lucius Cornel i us Lentulus Lupus; Caius Marcius Figulus 2. A.U.C. 599. Publius Cornel i us Scipio Nasica 2; Marcus Claudius Mar cell us 2. A.U.C. 600. Quintus Opimius Nepos; Lucius Postumius Albinus. A.U.C. 601. Quintus Fulvius Nobilior; Titus Annius Luscus. The false Philip. Wars in Spain. A.U.C. 602. Marcus Claudius Mar cell us 3; Lucius Valerius Flaccus. A.U.C. 603. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Aulus Post hum i us Albinus. A.U.C. 604. Titus Quintius Flam in in us; Manius Acilius Balbus. War between the Cart hag in i ans and Masini a. A.U.C. 605. Lucius Marcius Censor in us; Manius Manlius Nepos. The Romans declare war against Carthage. The Cart hag in i ans wish to accept the hard conditions which are imposed upon them; but the Romans say that Carthage must be destroyed. A.U.C. 606. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. Carthage besieged. A.U.C. 607. Publius Cornel i us Scipio; Caius Livius Drusus. The siege of Carthage continued with vigour by Scipio. A.U.C. 608. Cnæus Cornel i us Lentulus; Lucius Mummius. Carthage surrenders, and is destroyed. Mummius takes and burns Corinth. A.U.C. 609. Quintus Fabius Æmilianus; Lucius Hostilius Mancinius. A.U.C. 610. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Lucius Aurelius Cotta. A.U.C. 611. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Quintus Cæcilius Me tell us Macedonicus. War against the Celtiberians. A.U.C. 612. Lucius Me tell us Calvus; Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus. A.U.C. 613. Quintus Pompeius; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio. A.U.C. 614. Caius Lælius Sapiens; Quintus Servilius Cæpio. The wars with Viriatus. A.U.C. 615. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Calpurnius Piso. A.U.C. 616. Publius Cornel i us Scipio Nasica; Decimus Junius Brutus. The two consuls imprisoned by the tribunes. A.U.C. 617. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Hostilius Mancinus. Wars against Numantia. A.U.C. 618. ♦ Lucius Furius Philus; Sextus Atilius Serran us. ♦ ‘P.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’ A.U.C. 619. Servius Fulvius Flaccus; Quintus Calpurnius Piso. A.U.C. 620. Publius Cornel i us Scipio 2; Caius Fulvius Flaccus. A.U.C. 621. Publius Mucius Scævola; Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi. Numantia surrenders to Scipio, and is entirely demolished. The seditions of Tiberias Gracchus at Rome. A.U.C. 622. Publius Popilius Lænas; Publius Rupillus. A.U.C. 623. Publius Licinius Cra us; Lucius Valerius Flaccus. A.U.C. 624. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Per penna. In the census are found 313,823 citizens. A.U.C. 625. Caius Sempronius Tuditanus; Manius Aquilius Nepos. A.U.C. 626. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Annius Luscus. A.U.C. 627. Lucius Ca ius Longus; Lucius Cornel i us Cinna. A revolt of slaves in Sicily. A.U.C. 628. ♦ Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. ♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Marcus’ A.U.C. 629. Marcus Plautius Hypsæus; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus. A.U.C. 630. Caius Ca ius Long in us; ♦ Caius Sextius Calvin us. ♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’ A.U.C. 631. Quintus Cæcilius Me tell us; Titus Quintius Flam in in us. A.U.C. 632. Caius Fannius Strabo; Cnæus Domitius A he no barb us. The seditions of Caius Gracchus. A.U.C. 633. Lucius Opimius; Quintus Fabius Maximus. The unfortunate end of Caius Gracchus. The Allobroges defeated. A.U.C. 634. Publius Manlius Nepos; Caius Papirius Carbo. A.U.C. 635. Lucius Cæcilius Me tell us Calvus; Lucius Aurelius Cotta. A.U.C. 636. Marcus Portius Cato; Quintus Marcius Rex. A.U.C. 637. Lucius Cæcilius Me tell us; Quintus Mutius Scævola. A.U.C. 638. Caius Licinius Geta; Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus. A.U.C. 639. Marcus Cæcilius Me tell us; Marcus Æmilius Scaurus. A.U.C. 640. Manius Acilius Balbus; Caius Portius Cato. A.U.C. 641. Caius Cæcilius Me tell us; Cnæus Papirius Carbo. A.U.C. 642. Marcus Livius Drusis; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. The Romans declare war against Jugurtha. A.U.C. 643. Publius Scipio Nasica; Lucius Calpurnius Bestia. Calpurnius bribed and defeated by ♦ Jugurtha. ♦ ‘Jugartha’ replaced with ‘Jugurtha’ A.U.C. 644. Marcus Minucius Rufus; Spurius Postumius Albinus. A.U.C. 645. Quintus Cæcilius Me tell us; Marcus Junius Silanus. Succe of Me tell us against Jugurtha. A.U.C. 646. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Marcus Aurelius Scaurus. Me tell us continues the war. A.U.C. 647. Caius Marius; Lucius Ca ius. The war against Jugurtha continued with vigour by Marius. A.U.C. 648. Caius Atilius Serran us; Quintus Servilius Cæpio. Jugurtha betrayed by Bocchus into the hands of Sylla the lieutenant of Marius. A.U.C. 649. Publius Rutilius Rufus; ♦ Cnæus Mallius Maximus. Marius triumphs over Jugurtha. Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri and Teutones. ♦ ‘Corn. Maniius’ replaced with ‘Cnæus Mallius’ A.U.C. 650. Caius Marius 2; Caius Flavius Fimbria. The Cimbri march towards Spain. A.U.C. 651. Caius Marius 3; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. The Cimbri defeated in Spain. A.U.C. 652. Caius Marius 4; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. The Teutones totally defeated by Marius. A.U.C. 653. Caius Marius 5; Manius Aquilius. The Cimbri enter Italy, and are defeated by Marius and Catulus. A.U.C. 654. Caius Marius 6; Lucius Valerius Flaccus. Factions against Me tell us. A.U.C. 655. Marcus Antonius; Aulus Postumius Albinus. Me tell us is gloriously recalled. A.U.C. 656. ♦ Quintus Cæcilius Me tell us Nepos; Titus Didius. ♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Quintus’ A.U.C. 657. Cnæus Cornel i us Lentulus; Publius Licinius Cra us. A.U.C. 658. Cnæus Domitius A he no barb us; Caius Ca ius Long in us. The kingdom of Cyrene left by will to the Roman people. A.U.C. 659. Lucius Licinius Cra us; Quintus Mucius Scævola. Seditions of Norbanus. A.U.C. 660. Caius Cœlius Caldus; Lucius Domitius A he no barb us. A.U.C. 661. Caius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Herennius. Sylla exhibited a combat of 100 lions with men in the Circus. A.U.C. 662. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Per penna. The allies wish to be admitted citizens of Rome. A.U.C. 663. Lucius Marcius Philip pus; Sextus Julius Cæsar. The allies prepare to revolt. A.U.C. 664. ♦ Lucius Julius Cæsar; Publius Rutulius Rufus. Wars with the Marsi. ♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’ A.U.C. 665. Cnæus Pompeius Strabo; Lucius Portius Cato. The great valour of Sylla surnamed the Fortunate. A.U.C. 666. Lucius Cornel i us Sylla; Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Sylla appointed to conduct the Mithridatic war. Marius is empowered to supersede him; upon which Sylla returns to Rome with his army, and takes it, and has Marius and his adherents judged as enemies. A.U.C. 667. Cnæus Octavius; Lucius Cornel i us Cinna. Cinna endeavours to recall Marius, and is expelled. Marius returns, and with Cinna marches against Rome. Civil wars and slaughter. A.U.C. 668. Caius Marius 7; Lucius Cornel i us Cinna 2. Marius died, and Lucius Valerius Flaccus was chosen in his room. The Mithridatic war. A.U.C. 669. Lucius Cornel i us Cinna 3; Cnæus Papirius Carbo. The Mithridatic war continued by Sylla. A.U.C. 670. Lucius Cornel i us Cinna 4; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 2. Peace with Mithridates. A.U.C. 671. Lucius Cornel i us Scipio Asiaticus; Caius Norbanus. The capitol burnt. Pompey joins Sylla. A.U.C. 672. Caius Marius; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 3. Civil wars at Rome between Marius and Sylla. Murder of the citizens by order of Sylla, who makes himself dictator. A.U.C. 673. Marcus Tullius Decula; Cnæus Cornel i us Do labella. Sylla weakens and circumscribes the power of the tribunes. Pompey triumphs over Africa. A.U.C. 674. Lucius Cornel i us Sylla Felix 2; Quintus Cæcilius Me tell us Pius. War against Mithridates. A.U.C. 675. Publius Servilius Vatia; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Sylla abdicates the dictatorship. A.U.C. 676. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. Sylla dies. A.U.C. 677. Decimus Junius Brutus; Mamercus Æmilius Lepidus Livianus. A civil war between Lepidus and Catulus. Pompey goes against Sertorius in Spain. A.U.C. 678. Cnæus Octavius; ♦ Gaius Scribonius Curio. Sertorius defeated. ♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Gaius’ A.U.C. 679. ♦ Lucius Octavius; Caius Aurelius Cotta. Mithridates and Sertorius make a treaty of alliance together. Sertorius murdered by Per penna. ♦ ‘Cn.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’ A.U.C. 680. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Marcus Aurelius Cotta. Lucullus conducts the Mithridatic war. A.U.C. 681. Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus; Caius Ca ius ♦ Long in us. The gladiators make head against the Romans with much succe . ♦ ‘Varus Spartacus’ replaced with ‘Long in us’ A.U.C. 682. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Cnæus Cornel i us Lentulus Clod i an us. Victories of Spartacus over three Roman generals. A.U.C. 683. Cnæus Aufidius Orestes; Publius Cornel i us Lentulus Sura. Cra us defeats and kills Spartacus near Apulia. A.U.C. 684. Marcus Licinius Cra us; Cnæus Pompeius Magnus. Succe es of Lucullus against Mithridates. The census amounts to above 900,000. A.U.C. 685. Quintus Hortensius 2; Quintus Cæcilius Me tell us. Lucullus defeats Tigranes king of Armenia, and meditates the invasion of Parthia. A.U.C. 686. Quintus Marcius Rex; Lucius Cæcilius Me tell us. Lucullus defeats the united forces of Mithridates and Tigranes. A.U.C. 687. Manius Acilius Glabrio; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Lucullus falls under the displeasure of his troops, who partly desert him. Pompey goes against the pirates. A.U.C. 688. Manius Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Volcatus Tullus. Pompey succeeds Lucullus to finish the Mithridatic war, and defeats the enemy. A.U.C. 689. Lucius Aurelius Cotta; Lucius Manlius Torquatus. Succe of Pompey in Asia. A.U.C. 690. Lucius Julius Cæsar; Caius Martius Figulus. Pompey goes to Syria. His conquests there. A.U.C. 691. Marcus Tullius Cicero; Caius Antonius. Mithridates poisons himself. Cat i line conspires against the state. Cicero discovers the conspiracy, and punishes the adherents. A.U.C. 692. Decimus Junius Silanus; Lucius Licinius Muræna. Pompey triumphs over the Pirates, and over Mithridates, Tigranes, and Aristobulus. A.U.C. 693. Marcus Puppius Piso; Marcus Valerius Me ala Niger. A.U.C. 694. Lucius Afranius; Quintus Me tell us Celer. A reconciliation between Cra us, Pompey, and Cæsar. A.U.C. 695. Caius Julius Cæsar; Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. Cæsar breaks the fasces of his colleague, and is sole consul. He obtains the government of Gaul for five years. A.U.C. 696. ♦ Lucius Calpurnius Piso; Aulus Gabinius Paulus. Cicero banished by means of Clodius. Cato goes against Ptolemy king of Cyprus. Succe es of Cæsar in Gaul. ♦ ‘C.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’ A.U.C. 697. Publius Cornel i us Lentulus Spinther; Quintus Cæcilius Me tell us Nepos. Cicero recalled. Cæsar’s succe and victories. A.U.C. 698. Cnæus Cornel i us Lentulus Mar cell in us; Lucius Marcius Philip pus. The triumvirate of Cæsar, Pompey, and Cra us. A.U.C. 699. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 2; Marcus Licinius Cra us 2. Cra us goes against Parthia. Cæsar continued for five years more in the administration of Gaul. His conquest of Britain. A.U.C. 700. Lucius Domitius A he no barb us; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Great victories of Cæsar. A.U.C. 701. Cnæus Domitius Calvin us; Marcus Valerius Me ala. Cra us defeated and slain in Parthia. Milo kills Clodius. A.U.C. 702. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 3; the only consul. He afterwards took for colleague, Quintus Cæcilius Metullus Pius Scipio. Revolts of the Gauls crushed by Cæsar. A.U.C. 703. Servius Sulpicius Rufus; Marcus Claudius Mar cell us. Rise of the jealousy between Cæsar and Pompey. A.U.C. 704. Lucius Æmilius Paulus; ♦ Gaius Claudius Mar cell us. Cicero proconsul of Cilicia. Increase of the differences between Cæsar and Pompey. ♦ ‘P.’ replaced with ‘Gaius’ A.U.C. 705. Caius Claudius Mar cell us; Lucius Cornel i us Lentulus. Cæsar begins the civil war. Pompey flies from Rome. Cæsar made dictator. A.U.C. 706. Caius Julius Cæsar 2; Publius Servilius Is auric us. Cæsar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia Pompey murdered in Egypt. The wars of Cæsar in Egypt. A.U.C. 707. Quintus Fusius Calenus; Publius Vat in i us. Power and influence of Cæsar at Rome. He reduces Pontus. A.U.C. 708. Caius Julius Cæsar 3; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus. Cæsar defeats Pompey’s partisans in Africa, and takes Utica. A.U.C. 709. Caius Julius Cæsar 4; Consul alone. He conquered the partisans of Pompey in Spain, and was declared perpetual Dictator and Imperator, . A.U.C. 710. Caius Julius Cæsar 5; Marcus Antonius. Cæsar meditates a war against Parthia. Above 600 Romans conspire against Cæsar, and murder him in the senate-house. Antony raises himself to power. The rise of Octavius. A.U.C. 711. Caius Vibius Pansa; Aulus Hirtius. Antony judged a public enemy. He joins August us. Triumvirate of Antony, August us, and Lepidus. A.U.C. 712. Lucius Minucius Plancus; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2. Great honours paid to the memory of Julius Cæsar. Brutus and Ca ius join their forces against August us and Antony. A.U.C. 713. Lucius Antonius; Publius Servilius Is auric us 2. Battle of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus and Ca ius. A.U.C. 714. Cnæus Domitius Calvin us; Caius As in i us Pollio. Antony joins the son of Pompey against August us. The alliance of short duration. A.U.C. 715. Lucius Marcius Censor in us; Caius Calvisius Sabinus. Antony marries Octavia the sister of August us, to strengthen their mutual alliance. A.U.C. 716. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Caius Norbanus Flaccus; to whom were substituted Caius Oct avian us and Quintus Pedius. Sext. Pompey the son of Pompey the Great makes himself powerful by sea to oppose August us. A.U.C. 717. Marcus Agrippa; Lucius Can in i us Gallus. Agrippa is appointed by August us to oppose Sextus Pompey with a fleet. He builds the famous harbour of Misenum. A.U.C. 718. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Marcus Cocceius Nerva. Agrippa obtains a naval victory over Pompey, who delivers himself to Antony, by whom he is put to death. A.U.C. 719. Lucius Cornific us Nepos; Sextus Pompeius Nepos. Lentulus removed from power by August us. A.U.C. 720. Lucius Scribonius Libo; Marcus Antonius 2. August us and Antony, being sole masters of the Roman empire, make another division of the provinces. Cæsar obtains the west, and Antony the east. A.U.C. 721. Caius Cæsar Oct avian us 2; Lucius Volcatius Tullus. Octavia divorced by Antony, who marries Cleopatra. A.U.C. 722. Cnæus Domitius A he no barb us; Caius Sosius. Di ensions between August us and Antony. A.U.C. 723. Caius Cæsar Oct avian us 3; Marcus Valerius Me ala Corvinus. The battle of Actium, which, according to some authors, happened the year of Rome 721. The end of the commonwealth.