Mann, Horace

(1796-1859), of Ma achusetts, educator, was graduated at Brown Universitv in 1819. From 1837 to 1848 he was secretary of the Ma achusetts State Board of Education. He reformed the educational system of the State, introducing normal schools and teachers’ conventions, and exerted a wide influence throng hout the country in regard to educational matters. From 1848 to 1853 he was an anti-slavery Whig Congre man, and from 1853 to his death was president of Antioch College. Manning, Daniel (1831-1887), of New York, chairman of its Democratic State Committee from 1881 to 1884, was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Cleveland in 1885, and served as such till 1887. Manors, in the United States. Manors of the English type, 7. ¢., landed estates granted on such terms that the right of property carried with it rights of jurisdiction, were created in several of the colonies. In. 1636 the Proprietor of Maryland ordained that every grant of 2,000 acres to any man should be erected into a manor. Bohemia Manor, My Lady’s Manor and Doughoregan Manor are celebrated, as also Penn Manor in Pennsylvania, Under the Duke of York Martha's Vineyard was the Manor of Tisbury. In New Nether land the Dutch West India: Company erected manors for the patroons. Mans field, J. K. F. (1803-1862), general, was commander of the Department of Washington during the earlier part of the Civil War, and was killed at Antietam. | Manteo, a friendly Indian of the Roanoke region, was helpful to | Raleigh’s colony of 1585-86. He had visited England with Amidas and Barlow just before. Manufactory Bank, a short-lived scheme in Ma achusetts in 1740 to establish a bank by securing its i ues by a mortgage on the real estate of each subscriber to the amount of his subscription. It was supported by traders and people in the rural districts and by the House of Representatives, but was opposed by a strong party. It i ued £50,000 of notes and then failed. Manufactures. American manufactures began with the making of gia at the James town colony. At first the chief manufactures in the colonies were of ships, lumber and iron. Domestic manufactures continued till long after the Revolution to be an important portion, especially in the article of cloth. Soon the amount of American exports of manufactured articles was so great that English manufacturers complained. In 1699 Parliament enacted that no woolen manufactures should be shipped from the colonies. The iron manufacture was repre ed by a series of laws beginning in 1719. Export of hats was forbidden in 1731, and several other similar prohibitions were enacted. The Revolution stimulated manufactures and States tried to foster them by bounties. Yet in 1789 they were still in their infancy. The country was mainly agricultural, though there were some important manufactures of heavy iron goods, paper, gla , gunpowder, rum, leather and textiles, and excellent ships were built. The slightly protective tariff of 1789 increased manufactures, the War of 1812 still more so, insomuch that in 1815 the amount of capital in the cotton and woolen industries was probably $50,000,000, After the war a great development of American manufactures began, those created by the war demanding increased protection, and receiving it in the tariffs of 1824 and 1828, Manufacturing towns arose, and American life ceased to be exclusively agricultural and rural. This development, however, was almost entirely in the North. When the Civil War broke out, the South was almost without manufactures, while the industrial life of the North was be- - coming more and more varied. Since the war the manufactures of the United States have developed to such an extent that they are the leading manufacturing country of the world, and make one-fourth of its entire total of manufacturing. The amount of manufacturing done in the United States has been more than doubled from 1880 to 1900. In the South the development in the past fifteen years has been marvellous. The history of some of the leading industries is treated in separate articles. 432