Gross a les

(gros-saleez.) (Bot.) An all. of plants, subcla Epigynous Exogens. It is characterized by dichlamydeous polypetalous flowers, numerous minute seeds, and a small embryo lying in a large quantity of albumen. Gro ular i aceæ, (gros-su-lar-e-a'se-e.) [From L. gro ula, the gooseberry.] (Bot.) An O. of plants, all. Gro a les, consisting of shrubs often spiny, with alternate palmately-lobed leaves,without true stipules; fruit aberry, crowned with the remains of the flower. They are wholesome plants, often supplying edible fruits, such as the gooseberry, red currant, and black currant, which belong to the genus Ribes. Gro wardein, (grōs-wahr din,) [Hung. NagyVarad,] a fortified city of the kingdom of Hungary, 135 m. E. of Buda. Pop. 29,240. Grote, GEORGE, (grot,) an English historian, B. in London, 1794. His History of Greece (1846-56) is perhaps the best extant. D. 1871. Grotesque, (gro-těsk.) [Fr., from grotle, an artificial cave.] (Fine Arts.) A term which comprehends certain combinations of ornamental carving, ., capriciously devised, consisting of animals, leaves, figures, fruits, ., which, as a whole, leave no counterparts in nature. Its name is derived from the 13th cont., when examples of this style of art were found by excavating in ancient grottoes. Grotius, or DE GROOT, HUGO, (gro's hus,) an eminent Dutch jurist and scholar, B. in Delft, 1583; D. at Rostock, 1645. His treatise on International Law, which has been translated into every European language, is the work upon which his reputation promises to permanently rest. Grotto, (grotto,) pl. GROTTOES. [A.S.grut.] A natural cave or covered pa age formed in the earth; a cavern. They occur generally in limestone strata, and appear to be the results partly of fi uring by subterranean disturbance, and partly of waste by the percolation and pa age of carbonated waters. Some are celebrated for their great extent, others for their gorgeous stalactites and stalagmites, and many for their treasures of sub-fo il bones. Among the most celebrated may be mentioned the grotto of Antiparos, in Greece; the Adelsberg caverns, in Carniola; and the Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky, the largest in the world. Grouchy, EMMANUEL, MARQUIS DE, (groo-she',) a marshal of France, B. in Paris, 1766. He served with distinction under Napoléon I.; received a marshal's baton in 1814, and in 1815 refused to march his corps from Wavre to the a istance of the emperor at Waterloo, alleging his having received no order from Napoléon to that effect. It is not certain whether he intended to betray the cause of Napoléon, but his culpable indecision certainly contributed to the disaster which befell the French arms. Exiled in the same year, he was restored to his rank and honors in 1830, and D. in 1847. Ground, (ground.) [A.S. grund.] (Paint.) The surface on which figures or other objects are represented; also, the several distances intended to be embraced by the eye, as in the terms fore-ground, middle-ground, and back-ground. Ground'-hog. (Zool.) See ARCTOMYS. Ground-ivy. (Bot.) See NEPETA. Ground-nut. (Bot.) See ARACHIS. (-plan.) (Arch.) The superficial plan of the various compartments or divisions of abuilding. (grün'sl.) (Bot.) See SENECIO. (Zool.) See SPERMOPHILUS. (groop.) [From Fr. groupe, a cluster.] (Paint. and Sculp.) The union of several figures, or of various material objects placed in contact with each other, for the purpose of forming a single ma . (growz.) (Zool.) See TETRA ON IDE. WILLIAM ROBERT, (grov,) an eminent English scientist, B. at Swansea, 1811, who invented, abt. 1839, the nitric-acid battery named after him (Fig. 68), and effected the recomposition of water thereby. His doctrine of the mutual convertibility of heat, light, and electricity, is elaborately developed in his Correlation of Physical Forces (4th ed., 1862). In 1847 he became Vice-Pres.of the Royal Society, and in 1870 Pres. of the National A ociation for the Advancement of Science. [s. 427]