Aerodynamics

that branch of. dynamics which treats of the force-relations of air or other elastic fluids. It is usually studied in conjunction with hydrodynamics (q.7-), of which it may be regarded as a special application. If the force-rela-. tions are such that equilibrium is the result, we have. the division aerostatics. If motion. is produced, aero kinetics. Aeronautics (q.v.) is also related. 42 has when, with only practical that These out tate consistently curing artificial the it Leonardo cal “an be with of one of tion Jesuit a pt specific 1709 but in at there Viennese directions of Mr. lever-worked for London. a “i Aeronautics. exercised wings” been were the the ninth is well flying nerial built starched much of Chester, of project,in the r had by which 1782 work 54 Walker, which new Joon, A eer i ( 38 The problem of aeronautics the minds of men from the days according to tradition, Daedal us “flew acro the A@gean sea, but it has of comparatively recent years that i ue has been given to the nebulous ideas present with the earliest experimenters. pioneers in aviation endeavoured to work problem of aerial flight by seeking to imiwing motion of birds, in which they were met with the great problem of sea sufficiency of power. We are told that wings were used in England as early as century and, stepping over the centuries authenticated that the famous Italian, da Vinci,,; rodaced a number of mechani- ROZIEN’S BALLOON. devices and, in 1500, made designs for screw-machine 96 feet in diameter, to of iron, with bamboo framework covered linen.” The next century was one experimentation and prolific theorising; these paper-valiants was Bishop Wilkins, who in 1672 looked for an early real is a the problem of flight. In 1670 an Italian of the name of Francis Lana first published which he proposed to rise in the air aid of. four cope balls from which the been exhausted to form a vacuum. Some details are extant of an airship devised in. a Bragilian monk, Barthalomew de Guzmdéo, never flew; in 1766 a Doctor Black, and an Italian named Cavallo, were alao actively in trying to solve aerial navigation; whilst. is also record of the succe of Degen, a olockmaker, who in 1809, “flew in several with the celerity of a bird at a height feet above the ground,” and the next year of Hull, devised a wooden machine with wings, the specification and drawings ae can be deen at the Patent Office A few years earlier, in the year 1788, departure took 1 eon when the brothers and Joseph Montgolfier introduced the which thas overcame the great obstacle.to ) aerial more balloon height distance hot wood. car, which, Rozier Paris high. half time. by 1788, J. recognise movement balloon, locomotive attempt be of earlier approximation 40 of weighing readily miles ascent accomplished three men results. ascent by height mention Renard 44 23 nineteenth vances dirigible dealt that plane of will in Germany, mentioned, and famous exploits, be ever, with cloth this or Aeronautics, navigation, and brought the problem much. within the reach of practical skill. Their was 110 feet in circumference, roge to a of 6,000 feet and travelled horizontally a of 7,668 feet. The balloon was filled with air made by burning aga i straw and The next experimental balloon carried a in which were a sheep, a cock, and a duck, proving succe ful, induced M. Pilatre de and the Marquis d’Arlandes to ascend over in a balloon 45 feet in diameter and 75 feet The balloon attained an altitude of over @ mile, and ballast was employed for the first The first gas-inflated balloon was invented Profe or Charles, which ascended in December, from the Tuileries. [See AEBROSTAT.}] Mr. P. Blanchard (1784) was one of the first to the po ibilities of mechanical wing in combination with a gas - sustained but M. Henri Giffard, the inventor of the injector, in 1852 made the first practical to utilise the screw for balloons, and may considered as the inventor of the most promising the early dirigibles, as Mr. Henson ten years can justly claim the credit for the first to the aeroplanes (q.v.) of to-day. he envelope of the airship was 160 feet long by feet central diameter, contained 88,000 cubic feet gas, and was driven by a 3 h.p. steam engine 8 cwts. It ascended 6,000 feet, was steerable, and attuined a speed of seven an hour. M. Dupuy de Lime in 1872 made a succe ful at Paris in an elongated shaped balloon, and a journey of 90 miles in a little under hours. The motive power was manual, four operating a revolving fan with satisfactory In England somewhat earlier (1862) the highest ever made, before or since, was accomplished Me rs Glaisher and Coxwell, who recorded a of seven miles from the earth. After making of the 150 feet long dirigible balloon of MM. and Krebs, which in 1884 described a circle miles in circumference in the air near Paris in minutes, we pa to the last decade of the century, which was to see striking adin aviation along both lines of development, balloons and aeroplanes, which latter are with separately. [AEROPLANES.] During time Sir Hiram Maxim produced his aero- (1894) and Senor Santos-Dumont his series dirigible balloons or acrostats (q.v.). Dumont, it be remembered, circled the Eiffel Tower, Paris, October, 1901, with his “No. VI.” airship. during nearly the whole of the decade Count Zeppelin had been experimenting, in 1900 deg the world with his first airship. His subsequent ve els and their including the 950 mile flight in 1909, will common knowledge, It may be interesting, howto learn that Count Zeppelin built his aerostat rigid frames of aluminium, on which rubbered was stretched to form the body, and inside were a number (17 in the latest) of ballonets, small balloons. The latest Zeppelin is of 43 pan Nea a DE BE Wl ea gue ieee anin ial ante Photo: Topic at. AERONAUTICS. 1 Latham’s Monoplane. 2 Farman’s Biplane. 3 The Zeppelin Dirigible Airship. 4 Wright's Biplane. 5 Roe’s Triplane. 6 Bleriot’s Monoplane. N, E.—1 44 45 enormous London top was year bag with 40-50 latest when from in been engines. and more built same. ballonet air ‘These inflation, rigid means this the from usually frame. both adjuncts The £78,000 ee distributing water-cloud. of the a by—1, fusing an only immediately. gas-filled solely air only two helicopters planes, Some are DROME. Wright (aeroplanes their This the from which (39) length—453 feet, or nearly as high as the Monument and St. Paul's Cathedral on the of one another. In England the Vulli Secund us built in 1907, and wrecked in October of that after a flight over London. It was of the gastype, non-rigid, and was 111 feet 6 inches long steel frame and car, and an '8-cylinder h.p. motor, driving twin propellers. The British airship was first called Bady in 1909, it was 100 feet long, but by the time it flew Alders hot over London and back—80 miles— July, 1910, it had been rechristened the Beta, had lengthened to 120 feet, and fitted with new [See BALLOONS. ] The United States first dirigible is 96 feet long, can fly at 19°61 miles an hour. Each of the important Powers have a number of airships or building. In substance the plan is the The large gas envelope contains an inner in which is air, so that as gas is lost ‘more can give greater capacity to this inner mad ta envelopes are only maintained in extension by except in the Zeppelin type and the semi- Gro (also German). By steel wires or other a car is suspended below the envelope, and contains the aviator and a istants as well as motors. The propellers extend horizontally the car, as also do the rudders, which are of rubbered cloth on a wooden or steel Dirigible balloons and aeroplanes have been adopted by various Powers as po ible to offensive and defensive operations, 1909-10 estimates for Great Britain included for airship experiments and acce ories, similar activity is shown by other Great owers. Ca ell's Encyclopedia of General Information Vol. 1