Roman antiquities at the British Museum

In 1880 he was appointed profe or of archæology at University College, London. He wrote "A History of Discoveries at Ha licarna us, Cnidus, and Branch ide" (1862), "Travels and Discoveries in the Levant" (1865), e ays on art and archæology (1880), etc., and translated Panofka's "Manners and Customs of the Greeks" from the German in 1849. Newton, Sir Isaac. Born at Wools thorpe, near Grantham, Lincoln shire, Dec. 25, 1642 (O. S.): died at Kensington, March 20, 1727. A famous English mathematician and natural philosopher. His father, Isaac Newton, was a small freehold farmer. He matriculated at Cambridge (Trinity College) July 8, 1661; was elected to a scholarship April 28, 1664; and graduated in Jan., 1665. At the university he was especially attracted by the study of Des cartes's geometry. The method of fluxions is supposed to have first occurred to him in 1665. He was made a fellow of Trinity in 1667, and Lucas i an profe or at Cambridge in Oct., 1669. He became a fellow of the Royal Society in Jan., 1672. Newton's attention was probably drawn to the subject of gravitation as early as 1665. The story of the fall of the apple was first told by Voltaire, who had it from Mrs. Conduitt, Newton's niece. Kepler had established the laws of the planetary orbits, and from these laws Newton proved that the attraction of the sun upon the planets varies inversely as the squares of their distances. Measuring the actual deflection of the moon's orbit from its tangent, he found it to be identical with the deflection which would be created by the attraction of the earth, diminishing in the ratio of the inverse square of the distance. The hypothesis that the same force acted in each case was thus confirmed. The succe of Newton's work really depended on the determination of the length of a degree on the earth's surface by Picard in 1671. The universal law of gravitation was completely elaborated by 1685. The first book of the "Principia" or "Philosophiæ Natural is Principia Mathematic a" was presented to the Royal Society, April 28, 1686, and the entire work was published in 1687. In 1689 he satin Parliament for the University of Cambridge, and at this time was a ociated with John Locke; in 1701 he was reëlected. When appointed chancellor of the exchequer, Newton was made his friend Charles Montagu (afterward earl of Halifax) was warden of the mint, and in 1699 master of the mint. The IMG:content-0838.png:[blocks in formation] New town ards (nū-tn-ärdz'). A town in Coun- ty Down, Ireland, situated near Strang ford Lough 9 miles east of Belfast. Population (1891), 9,197. New town-Barry (nu'toun-bar'i). A village in County Wexford, Ireland, where, June 1, 1798, a force of about 350 repulsed an attack made by upward of 10,000 rebels. New town-Butler (-but'ler). A place in County Fermanagh, Ireland, 73 miles northwest of Dublin. Here, in 1689, the Irish Protestants defeated the Irish Catholics. New Ulster (ul's ter). A name formerly given to what is now the North Island of New Zealand. New Way to Pay Old Debts, A. A play by Philip Mas singer, printed in 1632, but acted before that date, and since repeatedly revived up to the present time. I have no doubt in calling his [Mas singer's] real masterpiece by far the fine tragic-comedy of "A New Way to Pay Old Debts." The revengeful trick by which a satellite of the great extortioner, Sir Giles Overreach, brings about his employer's discomfiture, regardle of his own ruin, is very like the dénouement of the Bra and Quilp part of the "Old Curiosity Shop," may have suggested it (for "A New Way to Pay Old Debts" lasted as an acting play well into Dickens's time), and, like it, is a little improbable. But the play is an admirable one, and Overreach (who, as is well known, was supposed to be a kind of study of his half-namesake, Mompe on, the notorious monopolist) is by far the best single character that Mas singer ever drew. Saints bury , Hist. of Elizabeth an Lit., p. 399. New Westminster (west'min-ster). A town in British Columbia, situated on Fraser River in lat. 49° 13' N., long. 122° 54′ W. It was formerly the capital. Population (1901), 6,499. comedy by Chapman, printed in 1632. reformation of English coinage was largely his work. The New Wonder, A: A Woman Never Vext. A method of fluxions, which he had discovered, was employed in the calculations for the "Principia," but did not appear New World, The. North and South America; until 1693, when it was published by Wallis. It also appeared in 1704 in the first edition of the "Optics." On Feb. 21, 1699, he was elected foreign a ociate of the French Academy of Sciences. In 1703 he was elected president of the Royal Society, and held the office till his death. Newton, John. Born at London, July 24, 1725: died there, Dec. 21, 1807. An English clergy man and religious poet. His father was governor of York Fort in Hudson Bay. Newton served in his father's ship before 1742, and was afterward in the navy and in the slave-trade until 1755, when he was made tide-surveyor at Liverpool. Taking up the study of Greek and Hebrew, he was ordained priest June, 1764, and became curate of Olney, where Cowper settled about 1767. They published the "Olney Hymns" together in 1779. In 1780 he was made rector of St. Mary Woolnoth, London. Besides many well known hymns, he wrote "Card i phon i a" (1781), etc., and an "Authentic Narrative" of his early life (1764). Newton, John. Born Aug. 24, 1823: died May 1, 1895. An American engineer and general. He graduated at West Point in 1842; served throughout the Civil War, attaining the rank of major-general of volun teers in 1863; was made brigadier-general and chief of engineers in the regular army in 1884; was placed on the retired list in 1886; and was appointed commi ioner of public works at New York in 1887, a position which he resigned in 1888 to accept the presidency of the Panama Railroad Company. His chief engineering feat was the improvement of Hell Gate channel by the blasting of Hallett's Reef Sept. 24, 1876, and Flood Rock, Oct. 10, 1885. Newton, R. The pseudonym under which Edward Cave began printing "The Gentleman's Magazine" in 1731. Newton, Thomas. Born at Butley, Cheshire, about 1542: died at Little lford, E ex, May, 1607. An English divine and poet. He translated Seneca's "Thebais," and in 1581 collected the ten English translations of Seneca's tragedies. In 1575 he published a history and chronicle of the Saracens and Turks, etc. He was regarded as one of the best writers of Latin verse. Newton, Thomas. Bornat Lich field, England, Jan. 1, 1704: died at London, Feb. 14, 1782. An English bishop and author. He wrote "Di ertations on the Prophecies" (1754-58) and annotations on Milton's "Paradise Lost" and "Paradise Regained." Newton-Abbot (nū'ton-ab'ot). A small town in Devons hire, England, situated on the Teign 14 miles south by west of Exeter. William of Orange was here proclaimed king of England in 1688. Newton-in-Maker field (-mak'er-feld), or New ton-le-Willows (-le-wil'ōz). A town in Lan cashire, England, 15 miles east of Liverpool. Population (1891), 12,861. Newton- (or New town-) Stewart (-stu'ärt). A town in Wig tons hire, Scotland, on the Cree 7 miles north of Wigtown. Pop, (1891), 2,738. the western hemisphere. New York (york). One of the Middle States of the United States of America, extending from lat. 40° 30′ to 45° 1' N., and from long. 71° 51′ to 79° 46′ W. Capital, Albany; chief city, New York. It is bounded by the province of Ontario, Canada (mostly separated by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence) on the north, Vermont (partly separated by Lake Cham plain), Ma achusetts, and Connecticut on the east, the Atlantic Ocean, New York Bay, New Jersey, and Pennsyl. vania (partly separated by the Delaware) on the south, and Pennsylvania and Ontario (separated by Lake Erie and the Niagara River) on the west. Long Island and Staten Island are included in it. The surface is greatly diversified. The A dir on dack Mountains are in the northeast, and the Cat skill Mountains, Shaw an gunk Mountains, Highlands, and Taconic Mountains in the east. The State be longs chiefly to the Hudson and St. Lawrence river-systems, but in part also to those of the Mi i ippi, Susquehanna, and Delaware. It contains many lakes, including Lakes George, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, Chautauqua, Owasco, Otsego, and Canandaigua, and is noted for picturesque scen. ery. It is called "the Empire State." It is the first State in the Union in commerce, manufactures, population, and estimated value of property; and the second State in value of farms. The agricultural products include buckwheat, barley, oats, rye, Indian corn, wheat, hay, potatoes, milk, butter, and cheese. The chief mineral products are salt, iron, and building-stone. It has 61 counties, sends 2 senators and 37 representatives to Congre , and has 39 elec toral votes. The principal early Indian inhabitants were Iroquois (Five Nations). The bay of New York was entered by Verrazano in 1524. Explorations were made in the north by Cham plain in 1609, and in the south by Hudson in 1609. The first settlements were made by the Dutch on Manhattan Island in 1614 (or 1613). The region (called New Netherlands) was ruled by the Dutch governors Minuit, Wouter van Twiller, Kieft, and Stuyvesant; devastated by an Indian war about 1641; and conquered by the Eng. lish under Nicolls in 1664. New York, New Jersey, and New England were consolidated under Andros in 1686-89. New York was the scene of many events in the French and Indian war. It was one of the thirteen original States, and was the scene of Burgoyne's surrender (1777) and other events in the Revolutionary War and in the War of 1812. The western part of the State was rapidly developed in the beginning of the 19th century. A new constitution was adopted in 1846. Area, 49,170 square miles. Population (1900), 7,268,894. New York. [Named after York in England, with reference to the Duke of York, afterward James II.] A seaport and city in the State of New York, in lat. 40° 43′ N., long. 74° 0′ W. In 1896 (see New York, Greater) a law was pa ed providing that on and after Jan. 1, 1898, the city should i comprise the counties of New York (with which it was coextensive prior to that date). Richmond (Staten Island), and Kings (Brooklyn), Long Island City, the towns of New town, Flushing, Jamaica, and West chester, and parts of Hempstead, East Chester, and Pelham. By the charter adopted in 1897 this territory (359 square miles in area) was divided into the New York Nicaragua