social dynamics

[SOCIOLOGY.] 3746 the materials from which labor produces wealth i. e., the land-should be the property of the community, not of individuals forming a separate cla . Socialists also demand that the existing capital, having (as they contend) been unjustly appropriated by the landholding cla or its a ignees, be restored, with the land, to the community. It vests all authority in the hands of delegates elected by the community, and seeks to substitute public cooperation for private enterprise in supplying all social needs. Modern Socialism is of European origin. In the first half of the nineteenth century, FD. Maurice (1805-72), and Charles Kingsley (1819-75), two English clergymen, advocated a large extension of the system of cooperation. The work begun by them is carried on on more extended lines by Christian Socialism, which "claims to be the result of applying Christ's teaching to national, social, and commercial life, and not merely to per sonal conduct. Those who hold this view maintain that Christ said little as to a future state, but much of bettering the conditions of life in this world. They point out that he consistently placed the community before the individual, and taught that the foundation of society is brotherhood, not competition for profit, as now with us. Christian Socialists adopt that name because they believe that a really Christian society must be what is called socialistic." ( Rev. H. C. Shuttle worth .) Scientific Socialism embraces: (1) Collectivism : An ideal Socialistic state of society, in which the functions of the government will include the organization of all the industries of the country. In a Collectivist State every person would be a State official, and the State would be coextensive with the whole people. Safeguards would be provided against the formation of an oligarchy by the controlling officials. (2) Anarchism (meaning mistrust of government, and not abandonment of social order) would secure individual liberty against encroachment on the part of the State in the Socialistic Commonwealth. Anarchists deny that the legislation of yesterday is