Iakon

See Yaquina. Iamb lich us (jam'bli-kus). [Gr. Ιάμβλιχος .] Born at Chalcis, Cæle-Syria: died about 330 A. D. A Syrian Neo platonic philosopher. He wrote many philosophical and mathematical works, of which only a few have survived. His "Life of Pythagoras" and "Exhortation to Philosophy" were edited by Kie ling (1813-15). Iapetus (i-ap'e-tus). [Gr. Ιαπετός.] In Greek mythology, a Titan, son of Uranus and Gæa, and father of Pro me the us, Epimetheus, Atlas, and Mencetius. He was thrown by Zeus into Tartar us. Iapygia (i-a-pij'i-ä). [Gr. Ιαπυγία.] In ancient geography, a name used vaguely by the Greeks for Me apia or Apulia. Iapygians (i-a-pij'i-anz). See the extract. Under the general name of Iapygians were commonly included three distinct tribes, the Me a pians, the Peucetians, and the Daunians. The first-named are spoken of as the inhabitants of the Iapygian peninsula, eastward of Tarentum and Brundusium (Strab. vi. p. 401). They were generally derived from Crete, strange as it may appear (Strab. vi. p. 405; Athen. xii. p. 522, F.; Plut. Thes. c. 16; Festus, ad voc. Salentini, etc.). Probably they came in reality, like the other inhabitants of southern Italy, from the Peloponnese, where there was a place called Me apese. Rawlinson, Herod., iv. 139, note. Ibadan (e-bä'dän). A town in the Yoruba coun try, West Africa, about lat. 7° 20′ N., long. 40 10′ E. Population, estimated, 100,000. Ibarra (e-bär'rä). The capital of the province of Imbabura, northern Ecuador, about 55 miles northeast of Quito. It was destroyed in 1868 by an earthquake which killed 3,000 of the inhabitants. Population, about 6,000. Ibea (i-be'ä). The part of British East Africa under control of the Imperial British East Africa Company. The name is formed from the initials of the above words. Iberia (i-be'ri-ä). [L. Iberia , Gr. Ιβηρία , from ēres, Hiberes, Gr. " Ιβηρες , the inhabitants.] In ancient geography: (a) The peninsula of southwestern Europe, comprising the modern Spain and Portugal. (b) The region bounded by the Caucasus Mountains on the north, Albania on the east, Armenia on the south, and Colchis on the west. It corresponds nearly to the modern Georgia. Iberian (i-bēʻri-an) Mountains. A name sometimes given to the mountains in central and eastern Spain. Iberian Peninsula. The southwestern peninsula of Europe, comprising Spain and Portugal. Iberians (i-be'ri-anz). The ancient inhabitants of the Iberian peninsula. See the extract. For this short, dark dolichocephalic type we may adopt the usual and convenient name "Iberian." Profe or Roll est on prefers the term "Silurian," and it has been var i ously designated by other writers as the Fuskarian, Basque, Berber, or Mediterranean race. By some French writers it is called the "Cro-Magnon" type, from a skull, po ibly of palæolithic age, found in a sepulchral cavern at CroMagnon in Périgord. Before the arrival of the brachy cephalic Ligurian race, the Iberians ranged over the greater part of France. We trace them in the valleys of the Seine, the Oise, and the Marne, frequently in a ociation with the remains of the Ligurian invaders. If, as seems probable, we may identify them with the Aquitani, one of the three races which occupied Gaul in the time of Cæsar, they must have retreated to the neighbourhood of the Pyrenees before the beginning of the historic period. It is in this region, mainly in the valley of the Garonne, that their sepulchral caves are the most numerous. Iberians, a short Southern dolichocephalic race, represented in the long barrows of Britain and the sepulchral caves of France and Spain. The stature averaged 5 feet 4 inches, and the cephalic index 71 to 74. They were orthognathous and swarthy. They are now represented by some of the Welsh and Irish, by the Corsicans, and by the Span ish Basques. Their affinities are African. The Taylor , Aryans, pp. 69, 93, 213. Iberus (i-bē'rus). The Latin name of the Ebro. Iberville (e-ber-vēl ́), Pierre le Moyne, Sieur d'. Born at Montreal, July 16, 1661: died at Havana, July 9, 1706. A French-Canadian naval and military commander. He entered the French navy at the age of fourteen; was one of the leaders of the expedition against Schenectady in 1690; obtained command of a frigate in 1692; and took Forts Nelson and Bourbon on Hudson Bay in 1694 and 1697 respectively. In 1699, having been commi ioned by the French government to establish direct intercourse between France and the Mis and extending thence to the north and east. The chief town, also called Ibo, is an emporium of the palm-oil trade. All the slaves exported from the Niger used to be called Ibos in North America. The Ibo tribe comprises some minor tribes speaking dialects of Ibo, namely, Isoama (the dialect used in mi ionary books), Elugu, Abadja, and Abo. The Ibo, being a trade language, is used beyond the territory of the tribe. See Igara and Idzo . Ibrahim (ib-rä-hem'). The Arabic form of Abra ham . Ibrahim. Died in 1535. A grand vizir of Turkey. He was the son of a sailor at Parga; was captured by corsairs in his youth; was sold into slavery at Magnesía, and became the property of Soliman II., by whom he was made vizir in 1523. He fought with distinction in the war against Hungary in 1527, and was put to death at the instigation of the sultana in 1535. Ibrahim of Aleppo. Died in 1549. A celebrated Ottoman jurist. He compiled the great code of laws known as "Multeka-al-Abhar" ("Confluence of the Seas "). Ibrahim, ou l'Illustre Ba a. A romance by Mademoiselle de Scudéry, published in 1641. Settle wrote a tragedy founded on this: it was published in 1677. Tbrahim Pasha (ib-rä-hem' pash'). Born at Cavalla, Rumelia, 1789: died at Cairo, Nov. 9, 1848. An Egyptian general, son (or adopted son) of Mehemet Ali. He subdued the Wahhabees 1816-18; commanded against the Greeks 1824-27; stormed Acre May 27, 1832; defeated the Turks at Homs and Konieh in 1832, and at Nisib June 24, 1839; and succeeded Mehemet Ali as viceroy in 1848. Ibrail, or Ibraïla. See Braïla . Bay, the first post on the Mi i ippi River. He subse- si ippi River, he erected Fort Biloxi, at the head of Biloxi Ibreez. See Ivris . quently established other posts in the same region, and Ibsambul. See Abu - Simbel . was preparing to attack the coast of North Carolina when Ibsen (ib's en), Henrik. Born at Skien, Norway, Length, over 300 miles. Iblis. See Eblis . March 20, 1828. A noted Norwegian dramatic poet. He at first studied medicine, but soon devoted himself entirely to literature. His first dramatic attempt, the three-act tragedy "Katilina," was published at Christiania, in 1850, under the pseudonym Brynjolf Bjarme. In the same year he went to Christiania in order to pursue his studies at the university. With A. O. Vinje dallah Mohammed. Born at Tangier, Morocco, about 1304: died at Fez, Morocco, about 1377. An Arabian traveler. He visited northern and central Africa, western and central Asia, Ru ia, India, China, etc. His "Travels" were translated into English by S. Lee in 1829, and into French by C. Defrémery and R. San gui nett i 1874-79. Ibn Ezra. See Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra . Ibn Haukul (ibn hou-kul'). Died 976 A. D. An Arabian geographer and traveler. The observations of his twenty years of travel in the countries of Islam were put down in the work "Highways and Countries," which was translated into English by Sir William Ouseley, under the title of "The Oriental Geography of Ibn Haukul," in 1800. Ibn Khaldun (ibn khäl-dön'), patronymic of Abu Zeid Abdurrahman. Born at Tunis, 1322: died at Cairo, March, 1406. An Arabian bers. historian. His chief work is a universal history which treats especially of the Arabs and Ber Ibn Khallikan (ibn kål'li-kän). Born 1211 A. D. at Arbela: died 1281 A. D. at Damascus. An eminent Arabian scholar and writer. He was scholarte poet, compiler, biographer and historian His biographical work, "Deaths of Eminent Men" ("Wafiat-ul-Aiyan"), has been translated into English and copiously annotated by Baron Mac Guck in de Slane (1842 1871). Ibn Sina. See Avicenna . Ibn Tofail (ibn to'fä-il) (Abu Beker Ibn elTofeila An Arabian philosopher and phys i cian, a contemporary of the Arabian philosopher and writer Averroës. He lived toward the close of the 12th century in one of the Arabic kingdoms in Spain. He composed a philosophical description of the imaginary voyages of Ibn Yokdhan, translated into Hebrew by Moses Narbonensis, and into Latin by Pococke in 1671. Several English translations were made from the Latin, and one from the original Arabic by Simon Ockley, published in 1711 under the title "The Improvement of Human Reason Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan, written by Abu Jaafer Ebn Tophail." See Autodidact us . Ibo (ē'bộ). An island seaport and town of Portuguese East Africa, in lat. 12° 23′ S. Ibo (ē'bō), or Ig or Igbo (ēg'bō). An important African tribe dwelling at the apex of the Niger delta, his own age, he engaged in editorship the short lived weekly journal "Andhrimner," to which he contributed lyrics and satirical pieces. A short saga piece, "Kæmpehöjen" ("The Warrior's Mound"), written at this time, was produced upon the stage. On the ce ation of the journal the following year, he obtained from the violinist Ole Bull the position of manager in the newly opened National Theater at Bergen, a post which he held until 1857. In 1852, in the interest of the theater, he undertook a short journey to Denmark and Germany to study scenic art. From this period is the historical drama "Gildet paa Solhaug" ("The Banquet at Solhaug"). In 1857 he was called to Christiania as director of the Norwegian Theater. From this year is the historical drama "Fru Inger til Östraat” (“Mistre Inger at Östraat "), which subsequently, however, was almost wholly rewritten. From 1858 is the historical drama "Hermændene paa Helgeland" ("The Warriors at Helgeland"). "Kjærlighedens Komedie" ("Love's Comedy "), the first of the satirical social plays that have particularly made his name famous, was the next important work to appear (in 1862). In 1863 appeared the historic drama "Kongs-Emnerne" ("The Pretenders"). In 1864, after writing the poem "En Broder i Nöd" ("A Brother in Need") - a demand to the people to take up the cause of Denmark, which, however, fell unheeded he left Norway in a sort of voluntary exile. In Rome in 1866 he completed one of the greatest of his works, the drama "Brand." This was followed the succeeding year (1867) by the dramatic poem "Peer Gynt," also written in Italy. His next work was the satiric comedy "De Unges For bund" ("The Young Men's Union," 1867): like all his later works, written in prose. This was in 1871 by the long historic drama "Kejser og Galilæer" ("Emperor and Galilean "), which consists of two parts-"Julian's Apostasy "and "Julian the Emperor." In the meantime he had changed his place of residence, first to Dresden, and later to Munich, where he lived until recently, when he returned to Christiania. In 1877 appeared, further, "Samfundets Stötter" ("The Pillars of Society"), another satiric comedy. This was followed in 1879 by "Et Dukkehjem" ("A Doll's House," translated under the name "Nora,"), in the same vein. His latest plays are "Gjengangere" ("Ghosts," 1881), "En Folkefiende" ("An Enemy of the People," 1882), "Vildanden" ("The Wild Duck," 1884), "Rosmersholm" (1886), “Fruen fra Havet" ("The Lady from the Sea," 1888), "Hedda Gabler" (1890), and "Bygmester Solne " ("Architect Solne ," 1892). Among his minor writings are the epic "Terje Vigen" and the long poem "Paa Vidderne" (1860). Ibycus (ib'i-kus). [Gr. " Ιβυκος .] A Greek lyric poet of the second half of the 6th century в. с., born at Rhegium, Italy. He lived for the greater part of his life at the court of Poly crates of Samos. Fragments Ibycus of his poems, which were chiefly erotic, have survived. According to the legend, he was murdered at sea, and his murderers were found out through some cranes that followed the ship: hence the "cranes of Ibycus" became a proverb for the agency of the gods in revealing crime. Ica, or Yca (e'kä). A town in western Peru, 160 miles south-southeast of Lima. Population (1889), about 9,000. Ica. A maritime department of Peru. Area, 6,295 square miles. Population, about 60,000. Içá (e-sä'), called Putumayo (pö-tö-mi'yō) by Spanish Americans. A river of South America which rises near Pasto, southern Colombia, flows east and southeast through Colombia and Brazil, and joins the Amazon near lat. 3o S., long. 69° W. A portion of the middle course is claimed both by Ecuador and by Peru. Length, about 1,100 miles; navigable for nearly 900 miles. Also written Izá . Icaria (i-kā'ri-ä). [Gr. Ικαρία .] 1. A site in the Rapedosa valley, Attica, Greece, north of Mount Pen telic us, excavated by the American School at Athens in 1888, with the result of the discovery of architectural remains and interesting sculpture, chiefly archaic, and the definitive identification of the site. It is important because here, according to the legend, wine-making and the Dionysiac cult were introduced into Attica by Bacchus himself; and here was born Thespis, who, by the changes he introduced into the old dithyrambic songs, became the originator of the drama, of whose first e ays Icaria was the theater. 2. See Icarian Sea . Icaria. A coöperative community established in 1848 in Texas, removed to Nauvoo, in Illinois, in 1850, and in 1857 to Adams County, Iowa. Icarian Sea. The part of the Ægean Sea surrounding Samos and the neighboring small island of Icaria. Compare Icarus . The Icarian sea received its name from the island of Icaria (now Nikaria), which lay between Samos and Myconus (Strab. xiv. p. 915). It extended from Chios to Cos, where the Car path i an sea began. Rawlinson, Herod., III. 474, note. Icarus (ik'a-rus). [ Gr.Ἴκαρος .] In Greek legend, the son of Dædal us, drowned in the Icarian Sea (named, according to the legend, from him), near Samos, in his flight from Crete, by flying so near the sun that his wings of wax, made by Dædal us, melted. See Dædal us and Icarian Sea . Iceland (is'land), Dan. Island (ēs'länd). [For merly Iseland , Island , from Icel. Island , Dan. Sw. Island , land of ice.] An island in the North Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Denmark, in lat. 63°23′-66°33′ N., long. 13°32′-24° 35' W., about 160 miles east of Green land. Capital, Reykjavik. The surface is generally mountainous. Iceland is noted for its volcanoes and glaciers. Its leading occupation is the raising of cattle. The religion is Luther an. The legislative government (according to the constitution of 1874) is vested in the king and a local a embly (Althing) with an upper chamber of 12 members and a lower chamber of 24 members; the executive being vested in a governor general appointed by the king. Iceland was settled in part by Irish monks (from about 795), and was mainly settled by North men about 870-930. Christianity was introduced about 1000. The island was united to Norway in 1262, and pa ed to Denmark in 1380. It was celebrated for its literary productivene in the 12th and 13th centuries. A new constitution was granted in 1874. Length, 300 miles. Area, 39,756 square miles. Population (1890), 70,927. Iceland, which had remained undiscovered till long after the days of Charles, was, down to the year 1262, the only absolutely free republic in the world.