Eye

[AS.] The human eye is a nearly spherical ball, which in an adult is about nine-tenths of an inch in diameter. The external coating, known in common language as the white of the eye, is a tough, horny membrane, having about four-fifths of its circumference opaque, and named the scle¬ rotica. The front portion of this coating, called the cornea, is transparent and more curved than the sclerotic a. Behind the cornea is a flat circu¬ lar membrane called the iris. It is colored, and at its centre there is a circular opening called the pupil, which is capable of becoming contracted or enlarged on exposure to light or darkne . 1 he color of the iris gives the characteristic color to each person’s eyes. Behind the pupil is the crystalline lens. The cavity between the cornea and the crystalline lens is called the ante¬ rior chamber, and contains the aqueous humor. The cavity behind the crystalline lens, called the mendicants of Oriental lands, particularly India. torture and mortification and of filthy habits. The term has recently been applied to itinerant street salesmen. form, supposed to dance in meadows, steal in¬ fants, and play a variety of pranks. They are regarded as sometimes benevolent, sometimes malicious, and to concern themselves greatly with human affairs. The popular belief in fairies has largely died out, but has left a literature of ceasele charm to the young and imaginative. ters {g.v.) so called from the inventor, G. D. Fahrenheit. Its freezing-point is 320, and boil¬ ing-point 2120. This thermometer is in common use in England and in the United States. the sick can be cured without medicine, needing only faith in certain persons or objects to produce this effect. Christian Science and some other systems seem based on a similar principle. prey with claws like a hook. This bird used to be trained to catch other birds for hunters. Eagles, buzzards, and hawks, and most birds of prey, belong to the cla of Falcons. All have the same tearing beak—a tootli-like lobe on the upper mandible—and all the same hooked claws. They lay from two to four eggs in the year. The peregrine falcon or hawking falcon is a trim, brave bird. Hawking with the falcon is still practiced in Persia and India. The gyrfalcon is an Arctic bird. acro the sky at night and quickly disappear. At certain periods of the year they are seen in large numbers, and yield the impre ion of stars falling from their place in the heavens. yellowish-brown color, smaller than the red deer. In summer both sexes are spotted with white. It is a native of Persia, but is now domesticated in Europe. $ ent distances this is supposed to be brought talline lens. The prawn has a pair of gleaming eyes standing out upon short stalks, which are composed of a number of six-sided facets in the shape of a hemisphere, by which the prawn keeps a sharp look-out. The snail also has eyes set on long stalks. Bees, butterflies, beetles, ants, flies, house-crickets, and other insects, have compound eyes. The eye of the gra hopper often consists of 12,000 lenses, with a gla -like cone and thread¬ like rods forming the image. Many of the mol¬ luscs and other low forms of life have eyes. F away chaff, or for moving the air to cause cool¬ ne , or to blow a fire. Tadies’ French fans are made of ivory, mother-of-pearl, tortoise-shell, bone, gauze, or feathers. Cheap fans from India and China are palm leaves or split bamboo. Targe machine fans, moved by steam power, are used for many purposes, and electric fans to cool large rooms in summer. meal made from cereal grains or from the starch extracted from vegetables, and used in cookery. —Farinaceous food, food consisting of meal or flour. body. Carbonaceous foods act both to yield animal heat and to form fat, which is of use to the animal in protecting it from the cold and forming a store of food. Some fats are solid at ordinary temperatures. These include beef suet from the ox, mutton suet from' the sheep, lard from the pig, butter from milk, dripping (melted fat from meat). They become liquid when heated, and are chiefly composed of stearin. Tiquid fats are commonly called oils, and include olive oil,cod-liver oil,etc. Oils (q.v.) are composed of olein, and contain le hydrogen than solid fats. Fat is lighter than water, and is insoluble in water. Benzole or benzene will di olve fat, and is much used to remove grease spots from clothing. lower end or quill and filled with pith, and fringed at the other end, forming part of a bird’s wing or the covering of its body. Birds are the only animals that are clothed with feathers, and much of their beauty is due to the colors and markings of the feathers. Feathers grow from little sacs in the skin, and are horny and of much the same substance as the scales of reptiles. Soft downy feathers, which overlap one another, form the warm covering of the body. The large quill feathers of the tail and wings are useful for flying. On each side of the quill are barbs, \yhich, cleaving closely to their neighbors by hooks or barbules, make up the web or vane. Tower barbs of a feather and downy feathers have no hooks on them. The tail feathers of the ostrich and other such birds also have no hooks. Birds always preen or trim their feathers with oil taken from an oil-gland at the end of the tail. This oil is most abundant in water-birds, and makes their feathers waterproof. Partridges and