Michael mas Day, the 29th of September, properly named the day of St

Michael and All Angels, is a great festival in the Church of Rome, and also observed as a feast by the Church of England. In England it is one of the four quarterly terms, or quarter-days, on which rents are paid, and in that and other divisions of the United Kingdom, as well as perhaps in other countries, it is the day on which burgal magistracies and councils are reëlected. The only other remarkable thing connected with the day is a widely prevalent custom of marking it with a goose at dinner. Chambers's Book of Days, II. 387. Michael mas Terme. A play by Thomas Middle ton, licensed and printed in 1607: a lively and effective comedy of city intrigue. Michaud (me-sho'), Joseph François. Born at Albens, Savoy, June 19, 1767: died at Pa y, near Paris, Sept. Sept. 30, 1839. A French poet, his tori an, and Bourbon publicist. His principal historical works are "His to ire des progrès et de la chute de l'empire de Mysore," etc. (1801), "His to ire des croisades" (1812-17). With his brother L. G. Michaud he edited the "Biographie universelle." Michaud, Louis Gabriel. Born at Bourg, 1772: died at Ternes, March 13, 1858. A French littérateur, brother of J. F. Michaud, and his collaborator in editing the "Biographie universelle." Michaux (mē-shō'), André. Born near Ver Michelangelo sailles, March 7, 1746: died in Madagascar, Nov. 13, 1802. A French botanist and traveler in Asia and America. He wrote a "His to ire des chênes de l'Amérique Septentrion ale" (1801), "Flora Boreali-American a" (1803), etc. Michaux, François André. Born at Versailles, France, 1770: died near Pontoise, France, 1855. A French botanist, son of André Michaux. He wrote "His to ire des arbres forest i ers de l'Amérique Septentrion ale" (1810-13), etc. Miche game a. See Illinois . Michel (mich'el), or Cousin Michel. A humorous personification of the German nation, as John Bull is of the English. Michel (mich'el) of North gate, Dan. A brother of the cloister of St. Austin at Canterbury. He is noted as having completed in 1340 a translation of "La som me des vices et des vertus," known as "The Ayenbite of Inwyt" (which see). Michel (me-shel'), Francis que Xavier. Born at Lyons, Feb. 18, 1809. A French archæologist, philologist, and historian, profe or at Bordeaux: editor of Old French works. Michel (me-shel'), Louise. Born 1839. A French anarchist. She opened a school in the Quartier Mont martre, Paris, in 1860. In 1871 she took part in the uprising of the Commune, and for this was sentenced in the same year to deportation for life to New Caledonia. She was released by the amnesty of 1880, and returned to Paris, where she became prominent as an agitator of anarchism. In 1883 she was sentenced to six years' imprisonment for inciting the poor to plunder the bakers' shops. She refused to accept a pardon in 1885. She is at present (1894) living in London. Michelangelo (mi-kel-an'je-lō; It. pron. mē kel-än'je-lō) (Miche lag nolo Buonarroti). Born at Caprese, March 6, 1475: died at Rome, Feb. 18,1564. A famous Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet. He came of an ancient but poor Florentine family. He was apprenticed to the painter Ghirlandajo April 1, 1488, and with other boys from the atelier began soon after to study the antique marbles collected by Lorenzo de' Medici in the garden of San Marco. Lorenzo discovered him there, and in 1489 took him into his palace, where he had every opportunity for improvement and study. The Centaur relief in the Casa Buonarroti was made at this time, at the suggestion of Angelo Poliziano. In 1491 he came under the influence of Savonarola, whom he always held in great reverence. In 1492 Lorenzo died, and Michelangelo's intimate relations with the Medici family terminated. In 1493 he made a large wooden crucifix for the prior of S. Spirito, and with the a istance of the prior began the profound study of anatomy in which he delighted. Before the expulsion of the Medici he fled to Bologna, where he was soon engaged upon the Arca di San Domenico begun by Niccolo Pisano in 1265, to which he added the well-known kneeling angel of Bologna. He was probably much influenced by the reliefs of Della Quercia about the door of San Petronio: two of these he afterward imitated in the Sistine Chapel. In 1495 he returned to Florence, when he is supposed to have made the San Giovannino in the Berlin Museum. From 1496 to 1501 he lived in Rome. To this period are attributed the Bacchus of the Bargello and the Cupid of the South Kensington Museum. The most important work of this time is the Pietà di San Pietro (1498). In 1501 he returned to Florence, and Sept. 13 began the great David of the Signoria, made from a block of marble abandoned by Agostino di Duccio, which was placed in position May 18, 1504. The two roundels of the Madonna and Child in Bur lington House and the Bargello were probably made then, and also the picture of the Holy Family in the Uffizi. In 1503 Piero Soderini, gonfalon i ere, projected two frescos for the Sala Grande of the Palazzo Vecchio. The commis sion for one was given to Leonardo da Vinci, that for the other to Michelangelo in 1504. For it he prepared the great cartoon of the Battle of Cascina, an incident in the war with Pisa when, July 28, 1364, a band of 400 Florentines were attacked while bathing by Sir John Hawkwood's English troopers. This cartoon contained 288 square feet of surface, and was crowded with nude figures in every position. It had, probably, more influence upon the art of the Renai ance than any other single work. To about this time may be attributed the beginning of his poetic creations, of the multitude of which undoubtedly written a few only have come down to us. In Nov., 1505, he was called to Rome by Pope Julius II. to design his mausoleum, the history of which runs through the entire life of the master. Repeated designs and repeated attempts to carry them out were made, only to be frustrated by the succe ors of the great Pope. The matter finally ended in the reign of Paul III. by the placing in San Pietro in Vin col i of the statue of Moses surrounded by mediocre works finished by Raffaello da Montelupo and others. The Two Captives of the Louvre are part of the work as originally designed. In the spring of 1506 he a isted in the discov. ery of the Laocoon in the palace of Titus. His favorite antique was the Belvedere Torso, supposed to be a copy of the Hercules Epitrapezius of Lysippus. In April, 1506, probably as a result a ten convent. forced to abandon Rome for Florence. In autumn he joined the Pope at Bologna, and made (1506-07) the bronze statue of Julius which stood over the door of San Petro nio and was destroyed in 1511. The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel was begun early in 1508, and finished in Oct., 1512. Julius II. died Feb. 21, 1513, and was succeeded by Cardi. nal Giovanni de' Medici, son of the great Lorenzo, as Leo X. Michelangelo was diverted from the tomb of Julius by Leo, and employed from 1517 to 1520 in an abortive attempt to build the façade of San Lorenzo in Florence, and in developing the quarries of Carrara and Seravezza. In 152) he began, by order of Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, the sacristy of San Lorenzo and the tombs of Giuliano and Lorenzo de' Medici with the famous reclining figures on the sarcophagi, perhaps the most thoroughly characteristic of all his works. Leo X. was succeeded by Adrian VI. in 1521, and Michelangelo he in turn by Giulio de' Medici as Clement VII. in 1523. On April 6, 1529, Michelangelo was appointed "governor and procurator-general over the construction and fortification of the city walls" in Florence. On Sept. 21, 1529, occurred his unexplained flight to Venice. He returned Nov. 20 of the same year, and was engaged in the defense of the city until its capitulation, Aug. 12, 1530. Before the end of the year 1534 he left Florence, never to return. The statues of the sacristy, including the Madonna and Child, were arranged after his departure. A le andro Farnese succeeded Clement VII. as Paul III., Oct., 1534. The Last Judgment was begun about Sept. 1, 1535, and finished before Christmas, 1541. Michelangelo's friendship for Vittoria Colonna began about 1538. (See Colonna , Vittoria.) The frescos of the Pauline Chapel were painted between 1542 and 1549. They represent the conversion of and the martyrdom Peter. succeeded Antonio da Sangallo in 1546 in the offices which the held, and became architect of St. Peter's Jan. 1, 1547. From this time until his death he worked on the church without com pens at i on. The dome alone was completed with any regard to his plans. Michelet (mēsh-lā'), Jules. Born at Paris, Aug. 21, 1798: died at Hyères, southern France, Feb. 9, 1874. An eminent French historian. He began his literary studies under the guidance of an old bookseller, and in his spare moments helped his father, a printer by trade, in setting type. He went through the Collège Charlemagne, and entered then on a higher course of study. In 1821 he graduated with the highest university honors, and was called at once to the chair of history in the Collège Rollin (1821-26). His first works were a "Tableau chronologique de l'his to ire moderne" (1825), "Tableaux synchroniques de l'his to ire moderne" (1826), and "Précis de l'his to ire moderne" (1827). He was appointed lecturer at the École Normale in 1827, and published his "Introduction à l'his to ire universelle" (1831), "Œuvres choisies de Vico" (1835), "Origines du droit français" (1837), and "His to ire romaine: république" (1839), etc. Michelet began his famous courses of lectures at the Collège de France in 1838, and wrote in that connection "Des Jésuites" (1843), "Du prêtre, de la femme et de la famille" (1844), and "Du peuple" (1845). The clergy succeeded at last in silencing him, and he retired to a life of study. The publication of his "His to ire de France" in sixteen volumes (1833-67) was interrupted by his "His to ire de la révolution française" (1847-53), "Le procès des temp liers" (1851), and "Légendes démocratiques du Nord" (1854). Michelet was married twice. He wrote, further, "Les femmes de la révolution" (1854), "L'Oiseau" (1856), "L'Insecte" (1858), "La bible de l'human ité" (1864). Michelet made a last return to history in attempting to bring his great work down to date. Death stopped him after he had published but few volumes of his "His to ire du XIXe siècle" (18721873). "L'Amour" (1859), "La femme" (1860), "La mer" Michelet (me-she-lā'), Karl Ludwig. Born at Berlin, Dec. 1, 1801: died at Berlin, Dec. 16, 1893. A German philosophical (Hegelian) writer, appointed profe or of philosophy at Berlin in 1829. He wrote works on Aristotle, "Geschichte der letzten Systeme der Philosophie in Deutschland" (18371838), "Entwickelungsgeschichte der neuesten deutschen Philosophie" (1843), "Die Persönlichkeit Gottes" (1841), "Die Epiphanie der ewigen Persönlichkeit des Geistes" (1844-52), "Geschichte der Mensch he it" (1859-60), "System der Philosophie" (1876-81), etc. Michel is (me-cha'lis), Fried rich. Born at Münster, Pru ia, July 27, 1815: died at Freiburg, Baden, May 28, 1886. A noted German theologian and philosopher, one of the leaders of the Old Catholic movement. Michelozzo Michelozzi (mē-ke-lot'sō mēke-lot'sē), Bartolommeo di Gherardo di. Born at Florence, 1396: died 1472. An eminent sculptor, engraver of gems, and architect. While a ociated with Donatello in making the monuments of Pope John XXIII., Cardinal Brancacci, and Bartolommeo Aragazzi, he was employed by Cosmo de' Medici to design and build the Medici Palace - now called the Riccardi Palace, as it was enlarged by the Marchese Riccardi in the 17th century. He created a distinctly Florentine type which was subsequently followed in the Strozzi and other Florentine palaces. During his exile (1433-34) with Cosmo de' Medici in Venice, he built the library of San Giorgio Maggiore, adjoining the Convent of San Marco, which Cosmo endowed with many precious manuscripts and books. In Milan he designed the chapel of St. Peter Martyr in Santo Eustorgio, and other buildings. After his return to Florence, Michelozzo displayed great skill in restoring the lower part of the Palazzo Vecchio, which had been dangerously weakened by the weight of the upper stories. He also built the Villas Careggi, Caffagiolo, and Mozzi, and enlarged and rebuilt the Convent of San Marco. Among the few remaining examples of his skill as a sculptor are a silver statuette of St. John Baptist on the altar of the Opera del Duomo in Florence, and a small St. John over the door of the Canonic a opposite the Baptistery. Michelstadt (mē'chel-stät). Atown in the province of Starken burg, He e, 21 miles southeast of Darmstadt: the chief town of the Odenwald. Population (1890), 3,068. Michigan (mish'i-gan). One of the western States of the United States of America, extending (exclusive of islands) from about lat. 41° 45' to 47° 30′ N., and from long. 82° 25′ to 90° 30' W. Capital, Lansing; chief city, Detroit. of two peninsulas by Strait of Mackinaw). The southern is bounded by Lakes Huron St. Clair, and Erie and St. Clair and Detroit rivers on the east, Lake Michigan on the west, and Ohio and Indiana on the south and the northern lies between Lake Superior on the north and Lakes Huron and Michigan and the State of Wisconsin on the south. The surface in the south is generally level; in the north it is rugged. There is rich mineral wealth in the north. Michigan is the first State in the pro duction of copper, salt, and lumber, the fourth in wool, and one of the first in iron and wheat. It produces also apples, Indian corn, etc., and has important fisheries of lake-trout, whitefish, etc. It has 85 counties, sends 2 senators and 12 representatives to Congre , and has 14 electoral votes. It was explored by the French in the 17th century, and first permanently settled by them at Sault Ste. Marie in 1668; was ceded to Great Britain in 1763; was the scene of Pontiac's war; was formally surrendered to the United States in 1796; formed part of the Northwest Territory, and later of Indiana Territory; and was constituted Michigan Territory in 1805. Detroit was taken by the British in 1812. Michigan was recovered by the United States in 1813, and was admitted to the Union in 1837. Its name is from that of the lake. Area, 58,915 square miles. Population (1890), 2,093,889. Michigan, Lake. [Algonkin, 'great lake.'] One of the five great lakes of the United States, inclosed by Michigan on the north and east, Indiana on the south, and Illinois and Wisconsin on the west. Its chief bays are Green Bay and Grand Traverse Bay; chief tributaries the Menominee, Manistee, Muskeg on, Grand, Kalamazoo, and St. Joseph. Chicago and Milwaukee are the chief cities on its banks. It discharges by the Strait of Mackinaw into Lake Huron. Length, about 340 miles. Greatest width, about 85 miles. Greatest depth, 870 feet. Mean height above sea-level, 582 feet. Area, over 22,000 square miles. Michigan, University of. An institution of learning, for both sexes, situated at Ann Arbor, Michigan. It is under State control; was opened in 1841; contains collegiate, medical, and law departments, with an observatory, dental college, school of pharmacy, scientific museums, and library of 130,000 volumes; and was attended in 1896-97 by 2,975 students. Michigan City. A city in La Porte County, Indiana, situated on Lake Michigan 40 miles east-southeast of Chicago. It has a lumber trade. Population (1890), 10,776. Michilimackinac. See Mackinaw . Michmash (mik'mash). In Old Testament history, a place in Palestine, 7 miles north by east of Jerusalem: the modern Mukhmas. Michoacan (me-chō-ä-kän'), or Me cho a can (ma-chō-ä-kän'). A maritime state in Mexico. Capital, Morelia. It is surrounded by the states of Colima, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Mexico, and Guerrero, and the Pacific Ocean. The surface is elevated and mountainous. Area, 23,703 square miles. Population (1891), 830,923. Micikqwutme Tunne (mē-she'kwut - ma' tu-ne'). ['People of the Mici' or Coquille River, Oregon.] A tribe of the Pacific division of the At hap as can stock of North American Indians, now on the Siletz reservation, Oregon. See At hap as can . Micipsa (mi-sip'sä). Died 118 B. c. A son of Masini a, and chief ruler of Numidia after the latter's death in 148 в. с. Mickiewicz (mits-ke-ev'ich), Adam. Born near Novogrodek, Lithuania, Dec. 24, 1798: died at Constantinople, Nov. 26, 1855. A noted Polish poet. He resided chiefly at Paris after 1828. He was the into English both in prose and verse). His poem "Pan author of the epic "Konrad Wallenrod" (1830: translated Tadewsz" is one of the masterpieces of Slavonic literature. Mickle (mik'l), William Julius. Born at Langholm, Dumfrie hire, Scotland, Sept. 28, 1733: died at Forest Hill, Oct. 28, 1788. A Scottish poet. He translated the "Lusiad" (1775), and is the reputed author of the song "There's nae luck aboot the hoose." Micmac (mik'mak). A tribe of North American Indians, occupying Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Prince Edward Island, the north of New Brunswick, and adjacent parts of Quebec, and also ranging over Newfoundland. They number (1893) about 4,000. The name is translated as 'secrets-practising men,' alluding to Shamanistic jugglery. The French called them Souriquois, imitating words meaning 'good canoe-men. Also Mikmak . See Algonquian . Micon (mi'kon) of Athens. [Gr. Μίκων .] A Greek painter, a contemporary of Polygnotus, known principally from the works executed in conjunction with the latter in the Stoa Poikile, Theseum, and temple of the Dioscuri at Athens. He made the statue of the A then i an Call i as, victor in Olympiad 77 (or 468 B. C.). His methods were probably the same as those of Polygnotus. Micromégas. A philosophical romance by Voltaire, published in 1752: imitated from Swift's "Gulliver's Travels." Mic rones i a (mi-krō-nēsiä). [NL., 'little islands.'] A collection of island groups in the Pacific Ocean, comprising principally the Caroline, Ladrone, Gilbert, and Marshall groups. The islands (except the Ladrones) are generally small, low, and mainly of coral formation. The inhabitants are re lated in race and language. Microscopium (mi-kro-sko'pi-um). [LL., 'the Microscope.'] Microscope.'] A constellation south of Capri corn, introduced by Lacaille in 1752. Mictlan. See Mitla . Midas (mi'das). [Gr. Μίδας .] In Greek legend, a king of Phrygia, son of Gordius and Cybele. According to the common form of the myth, the god Diony Middle ton, Arthur sus, from gratitude for kindne which had been shown to his teacher Silenus by Midas, promised to grant whatever the latter might ask. Midas, accordingly, requested that whatever he touched might turn to gold; but when he found that even his food was not excepted, and that he was likely to starve, he prayed that the gift might be taken away, and on bathing in the Pactolus was restored to his natural condition. The sands of the river, however, were ever after full of gold. On his refusing to award the prize of a musical contest between Pan and Apollo to the latter, the god changed his ears into those of an a . These, which he concealed under his cap, were discovered by his barber, who, afraid to mention the secret to any one, relieved himself by digging a hole in the ground, whispering into it "King Midas has a 's ears," and then covering it up. Middelburg (mid'del-börg). The capital of the province of Zealand, Netherlands, situated on the island of Walcheren in lat. 51° 30′ N., long. 3° 37′ E. It has a noted town hall, an abbey, and some collections; was formerly a flourishing Hanseatic town; was taken by the Dutch from the Spaniards in 1574; and was taken by the English in 1809. Population (1889), 15,180. Middle Ages. A period of about a you sand years, between the close of what is technically considered ancient history and the first definite movements in Europe of the distinctively modern spirit of freedom and enterprise. Its beginning is synchronous with that of the dark ages, and it is variously reckoned as extending to the fall of Constantinople (1453), the invention of printing, the Renai ance, or the discovery of America, in the 15th century, or to the Reformation, in the early part of the 16th. For, in truth, through all that period which we call the Dark and Middle Ages, men's minds were po e ed by the belief that all things continued as they were from the be ginning, that no chasm never to be recro ed lay between them and that ancient world to which they had not ceased to look back. We who are centuries removed can see that there had pa ed a great and wonderful change upon thought, and art, and literature, and politics, and society itself: a change whose best illustration is to be found in the proce whereby there arose out of the primitive basilica the Romanesque cathedral, and from it, in turn, the endle varieties of Gothic. But so gradual was the change that each generation felt it pa ing over them no more than a man feels that perpetual transformation by which his body is renewed from year to year; while the few who had learn ing enough to study antiquity through its contemporary records were prevented by the utter want of criticism, and of that which we call historical feeling, from seeing how prodigious was the contrast between themselves and those whom they admired. There is nothing more modern than the critical spirit which dwells upon the difference between