Fort Berth old reservation, North Dakota

See Siouan. Mandane (man-dā'ně). [Gr. Μανδάνη.] The mother of Cyrus. According to Hero dot us, she was the daughter of Astyages, king of Media, and wife of Cam. byses, a Persian noble, and on the birth of Cyrus Astyages was induced by a dream to order the infant to be put to death. (See Harpagus.) On discovering his grandson, ten years later, Astyages sent him to his parents in Persia. Mandara (män-dä'rä), or Uandala (wän-däʻlä). A Nigritic (partly Mohammedan) tribe, north of Lake Chad, Africa. Its language is allied with that of the Gamergu. In the Mahdi wars the Mandaras joined the Baggaras and Nuers in destroying Egyptian posts. Man delay. See Mandalay . Mandeville (man'de-vil), Bernard. Born at Dordrecht, Holland, about 1670: died Jan. 21, 1733. A Dutch-English writer. He studied at the Erasmus school in Rotter dam, took his degree in medicine at Leyden in 1691, and settled in London. In 1714 he published his "Inquiry into the Origin of Moral Virtue," with notes, under the title "The Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices Public Benefits," which was pronounced a nuisance by the grand jury of Middle sex in 1723. His other works are "Treatise of Hypochondriack and Hysteric Pa ions" (1711), "Free Thoughts on Religion" (1720), "A Modern Mandeville, Sir John. The reputed writer of a 14th-century book of travels. The author calls himself Jehan de Mandeville, or John Maundevylle, knight of St. Aubin or St. Albans, England, and says that, starting on Michael mas day, 1322 (or 1332), he visited Turkey, Armenia, Tatary, Persia, Syria, Arabia, Egypt, Libya, Ethiopia, Chaldea, Amazon i a, and India. The book is, however, a compilation intended as a guide to pilgrims to the Defense of Public News" (1740). Holy Land, based upon William of Bolden sele (1336) and Friar Odoric of Pordenone (1330). The original was in French, and the oldest manuscript is in that language, dated 1731. The English version was made in the early part of the 15th century by an unknown hand. The manuscripts are numerous. Mandeville, William de. Died at Rouen, Nov. 14, 1189. Third Earl of E ex and Earl or Count of Aumale. In 1177 he went on a crusade with Philip, count of Flanders. In 1189 he accompanied Henry II. in his flight from Le Mans. Mandingo (män-deng'go), or Mandenga (mändeng'gä). An important negro nation of West Africa. The principal tribes and dialects are the So ninke, Malinke, and Bambara; the smaller tribes, Kabunga, Toronka, and Jalunka. The suffix -nga or -nka signifies 'people.' The Mandingos, though negroes, are le dark than the Wolofs, and are good metal-workers, agriculturists, traders, and herdsmen. They are mostly Mohamme dan. In the middle ages Mali, on the Niger, was the capital of a great negro kingdom which finally succumbed to the attacks of the Mo i, the Twarick, and the Sonrhal (1500). Mandla, or Mundlah (mund'lä). A district in the Central Provinces, British India, intersected by lat. 22° 45′ N., long. 81° E. Area, 5,056 square miles. Population (1891), 339,373. Mandogarh. A ruined city in India, southwest of Indore. It was the capital of the old kingdom of Malwa. Mandricardo (man-dri-kär'dō). The son of Agrican in Boiardo's and Ariosto's "Orlando." He laid siege to Albracca for the love of Angelica, and was slain by Orlando. He is noted for his pride and cruelty. Mandubii (man-du'bi-i). In ancient geography, a people living in central France, north of the Ædui. Their chief town was Alesia. Manduria (män-dö're-ä). A town in the province of Lecce, southeastern Italy, situated 25 miles southwest of Brindisi. Population (1881), 8,865. Manes (ma'nēz). See Mani . Manet (mä-na'), Édouard. Born at Paris in 1833: died there, April 30,1883. A French genre painter, pupil of Couture. He was the founder and head of the Impre ionist school, and had great influence in his time, though his merit has been much disputed. Manetho (man'e-thō). An Egyptian historian and priest. He was a native of Sebennytus, in Lower Egypt, and lived about 250 B. c. He wrote a history of Egypt in Greek, fragments only of which are extant. Egyptian by birth and priest by profe ion, Manetho, besides being instructed in all the mysteries of his religion, must have also been conversant with foreign literature, Manetho for he was a Greek scholar, and equal to the task of writ ing a complete history of his own country in that language. Mariette, Outlines, p. 3. Manfred (man'fred). Born about 1231: killed at the battle of Ben even to, Italy, Feb. 26, 1266. King of Sicily, an illegitimate son of the emperor Frederick II. He was prince of Tarentum and regent till the acce ion of Conrad IV. in 1252; became regent for Conradin in 1254; was crowned king in 1258; and was defeated and slain at Ben even to by Charles of Anjou. Manfred. The Prince of Otranto, the principal character in Walpole's "Castle of Otranto." Manfred. A dramatic poem by Lord Byron, published in 1817. It was so called from the name of its Man fred on i a (män-fre-dō'nē-ä). A seaport in the province of Foggia, Italy, situated in lat. 41° 38′ N., long. 15° 55′ E. It is near the site of the ancient Sipontum, whose inhabitants were transferred to Man fred on i a by Manfred about 1261. Population (1881), 8,324. Man fred on i a, Gulf of. An indentation of the eastern coast of Italy, east of Man fred on i a. Mangal i a (män-gä-lē'ä). A small seaport in the Dobrudja, Rumania, situated on the Black Sea 27 miles south of Kustendji. Population (18891890), 7,888. Man galore (mang-ga-lōr'), or Manga lur (mangga-lör'). A seaport, the capital of South Kanara district, Madras, British India, situated in lat. 12° 52′ N., long. 74° 51′ E. It was taken by Tippu Saib in 1784. In 1799 it became British. Population (1891), 40,922. Man galore, Treaty of. A peace concluded 1784 between the British and Tippu Saib, on the basis of a mutual restitution of conquests. Mangan (mang'gan), James. Born at Dublin, May 1, 1803: died in Meath Hospital, June 20, 1849. An Irish poet. His chief works are "Romances and Ballads of Ireland" (1850), "German Anthology" (1849), "Poets and Poetry of Munster" (1849). Mangbuttu (mäng-böt'tö). See Mombuttu . Mangi (mäng'ge), or Mangu (mäng'gö). country of Asia, described by Marco Polo. is supposed to be the same as southern China. Mangoni (män-gō'nē). See Zulu . A It Mangues (män gas), or Chorotegans (cho-rota gäns). A tribe of Indians which, at the time of the conquest, occupied the vicinity of Lake Managua in Nicaragua. They formed numerous populous villages. The Mangues are believed to have been an offshoot of the Chiapanecs (which see). Mangum (mang'gum), Willie Person. Born in Orange County, N. C., 1792: died at Red Mountain, N. C., Sept. 14, 1861. An American Whig politician. He was United States senator from North Carolina 1831-36 and 1840-53. Manhattan Island (man-hat'an i'land). An island at the mouth of the Hudson, lying between that river on the west, Spuyten Duyvil Creek and Harlem River on the north, East River on the east, and New York Bay on the south, 14 miles. Greatest width, 21 miles. Area, about 22 square miles. Manheim. See Mannheim . Mani (mä-nē'). A ruined city of Yucatan, Mexico, about 45 miles south of Merida. According to Indian accounts it was settled by the Mayas, under the Totul Xiu chiefs, after the abandonment of Mayapan. The last chief submitted to the Spaniards in 1541. Mani (mä'nē), or Manes (mānēz), or Manichæus (man-i-kē'us). The founder of Manicheism. The only source of information about him that is comparatively credible is the Mohammedan tradition. He was born 215-216 A. D., and received a careful education from his father, Futak, at Ctesiphon. Futak connected himself later with the sect of the Moghtasilah, or 'Baptists,' in southern Babylonia, which had absorbed Christian elements, and thus made his son acquainted with different forms of religion. Only at the age of 25 or 30 did Mani begin to proclaim his new religion, and this he did at the court of Sapor I. He undertook long journeys into Transoxiana, western China, and southward as far as India, and sent forth disciples in the interest of his faith. Returning to the Per sian capital in the last years of Sapor I. (about 270), he gained adherents even at court, but was at last imprisoned and put to flight through the hostility of the Magians on whom the king was dependent. Sapor's succe or Hormuz seems to have been more favorable, but Bahram I. abandoned Mani to the Magians and had him crucified in the year 276-277 A. D. Mani composed a number of works and epistles, which were known to the Mohammedan historians, but are now lost. The Fihrist reckons seven principal works -six in Syriac and one in Persian. The name of the Persian work is not given in the extant form of the Fihrist, but it is conjectured that it may have been the Artang (pron. er-teng-g'), or 'Holy Gospel,' of which mention is made in the "Acta Archelai" and elsewhere among Western writers. These "Acta," extant in a Latin translation from a Greek original of which some extracts are preserved in Epiphanius, purport to describe a dispute between Archelaus, bishop of Carchar in Me so pot am i a, and Manes. They are a chief source of the Western tradition as to Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus County, Michigan, situated on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Manistee River, in lat. 44° 14′ Manes, but, besides being of entirely uncertain authorship It is noted for its manufacture and export of lumber; and date, bear upon their face marks indicating are only a polemic treatise put on literary grounds in the form of an alleged debate. They have the authority of a historical novel, not that of a history. Mania (ma'ni-a). An old Italian godde of the dead (Manes), mother of the Lares by Mercury. She was a daughter of the river-god Almo, and was originally named Lara. Jupiter deprived her of her tongue for betraying his secret amours. Manica (mä-ne'kä). See Nika , Monomotapa , and Mash on a land . Manicheans, or Manichæans (man-i-kē'anz). The followers of Mani. See Mani . Manicheism was the old Babylonian religion of nature, modified by Christian and Persian elements, elevated into a gnosis, and subjecting human life to stringent regulation. According to Mani, a realm of light and a realm of darkne have always been opposed to each other. In the visible world both are mingled. The object of the world is to free the light from the intermingled darkne . Christ was sent for this end, but the apostles misrepresented his doctrine. This Mani was sent to restore. The object of Manic he an ethics was to purify the elements of light and attain free dom from those of darkne ; hence the three seals - those of the mouth, the hand, and the bosom. The first forbids unclean food, such as the flesh of animals and wine; the second, any traffic in things involving the elements of darkne ; the third, every gratification of sexual desire, even marriage being forbidden. There was a rigorous system of fasts, Sunday being regularly and Monday generally so observed. The Manic he an prayed 4 times a day, preceding each prayer by ablution, and turning toward the sun, the moon, or the north as the seat of light. The prayers were addre ed to the God of light, to the whole kingdom of light, to the angels, and to Mani. The rigidity of the system was mitigated by distinguishing between the elect i or perfecti (perfect Manicheans) and the catechumen i or audit ores (the requirements was somewhat relaxed. The church had in all secular Manicheans). For the latter the stringency of the five gradations: (1) the teachers Mani and his succe ors; (2) the administrators, bishops; (3) the elders, presbyters; (4) the elect i; and (5) the audit ores. The worship was simple, and consisted of prayers, hymns, and ceremonies of adoration. Manicheism first gained a firm footing in Persia, Me so pot am i a, and Transoxiana. The seat of its pope was for centuries at Babylon, and then at Sam ark and. It pene trated the Roman Empire in the reign of Probus (about 280 A. D.), and spread rapidly after 330, finding its most numerous adherents in North Africa, Augustine being an auditor for nine years. Leo the Great first took energetic state measures against it. Val ent in i an III. punished the Manicheans with banishment, Just in i an with death. Vandal persecution destroyed them in North Africa. Traces of Manicheism are, however, found in the history of the Catholic Church until the 13th century. The latest important work on the subject is Ke ler's "Untersuchung zur Genesis des manichæischen Religions systems" (1876). Manihiki (mä-ne-hēkē) Islands. A group of small islands in the central Pacific, between the Marques as and Union Islands. Manila (mä-nē'lä), sometimes written Manilla (ma-nil'ä). The capital of the Philippine Islands and of Luzon, situated in Luzon, on Manila Bay, in lat. 14° 36′ N., long. 120° 58′ E. It comprises the city proper, Binondo, and various suburbs, and is the chief seat of Spanish commerce in the Pacific. Hemp, cigars, coffee, sugar, etc., are exported; the lead ing manufacture is cigars. It contains a cathedral and a university. Manila was founded by the Spaniards in 1571; was taken by the English in 1762; and has often been devastated by earthquakes. Population (1887), 154,000. Manilian Law (ma-nil'i-an lâ). In Roman history, a law proposed by Caius Manilius in 66 B.с., it has the largest shingle manufactures in the world. Population (1890), 12,812. Manitenerys (mä-nē-tā-nā-rēs'). A tribe of Brazilian Indians, living in a wild state on the river Purús. They have been variously referred to the Pano, Carib, and May pure stocks. Manito (man'i-to), or Manitou (-tö). [Algonkin.] Among certain of the American Indians, a spirit or other object of religious awe or reverence, whether a good or evil spirit or a fetish. Two manitos or spirits are spoken of by preeminence, the one the spirit of good, the other the spirit of evil. The Père Paul le Jeune remarks, "The savages give the name of Manitou to whatsoever in nature, good or evil, is superior to man. Therefore, when we speak of God, they sometimes call him "The Good Manitou," that is, 'The Good Spirit.' The same Père Paul le Jeune says that by Manitou his flock meant un ange ou quelque nature pui ante. Il y'en a de bons et de mauvais. Lang , Myth, etc., II. 45. Manitoba (man-i-to'bä or man"i-to-bä′). A province of Canada. It is bounded by A in i boi a on the west, Saskatchewan on the northwest, Keewatin on the north, the Northeast Territory and Ontario on the east, and the United States on the south. The surface is generally level. The province is noted for its wheat. It is governed by a lieutenant-governor and a legislative a embly. The inhabitants are of British origin, with many French Canadians and Ru ian Men no nites. Manitoba was a part of the Hudson Bay Company's territory. It was settled in 1812, its early name being the Red River Settlement. It entered the Dominion in 1870. The Riel insurrection occurred in 1869-70. In 1885 the Canadian Pacific Railroad was finished. Capital, Winnipeg. Area, 64,066 square miles. Population (1891), 152,506. Manitoba, Lake. A lake in Manitoba, southwest of Lake Winnipeg. It discharges into Lake Winnipeg. Length, over 100 miles. Manitou. See Manito . Manitou (man'i-tö). A town and summer resort at the foot of Pike's Peak, Colorado. It is noted for its mineral springs. Manitou lin (man-i-töʻlin) Islands. A group of islands in Lake Huron, comprising Grand Manitou lin (length about 80 miles), Little Manitou lin, Drummond, etc. They belong to Ontario (except Drummond, which belongs to Michigan). Manitowoc (man"i-tō-wok'). A city and the capital of Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, situated on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Manitowoc River, 76 miles north of Milwaukee. Population (1890), 7,710. Manivas (mä-nē'väs). A tribe of South American Indians on the upper Rio Negro, Ca iquiare, Orinoco, and Guaviare. They are of May pure stock, live in fixed villages, subsist by agriculture and fishing, and are of a mild and tractable disposition. At pres ent most of them are partly civilized, and they are much employed as rubber-gatherers. They still (1894) number several you sands. Also written Man i was, Manitivas , Banivas . Mankato (man-kä'tō). A manufacturing city, the capital of Blue Earth County, Minnesota, situated on Minnesota River 70 miles south west of St. Paul. Population (1890), 8,838. the isle of Jersey, Guernsey, granting to Pompey extraordinary powers in Manley (man'li), Mrs. (Mary de la Rivière). the East, including the command of the Mithridatic war. It was supported by Cicero in his oration "Prolege Manilia" ("For the Manilian Law"). Manilius (ma-nil'i-us), Caius. Lived in the first half of the 1st century B. C. A Roman tribune (66 в. с.), proposer of the Manilian Law. Manin (mä-nen'), Daniele. Born at Venice, May 13, 1804: died at Paris, Sept. 22, 1857. An Italian patriot. He was the leader of the revolution which broke out against Austria at Venice in 1848, and in the same year was chosen president of the republic of St. Mark proclaimed by the insurgents. The city was, however, compelled to surrender to the Austrians in 1849 after a heroic resistance, and he spent the rest of his life in exile at Paris. Manipur, or Mannipur (man-i-pör'). A native state in India, intersected by lat. 24° 40′ N., long. 94° E., under British influence. Capital, Manipur. A serious rising against the British occurred here in 1891. Population (1881), 221,070. Mani a (mä-nis'ä), or Manisa (mä-nē'sä). A city in the vilayet of Aidin, Asia Minor, Turkey, situated on the Hermus (Sarabat) 20 miles northeast of Smyrna: the ancient Magnesia ad Sipylum. (See Magnesia .) It has manufactures of cotton, etc. Population, estimated, 40,00050,000. Manistee (man-is-tē'). A river in Michigan, flowing into Lake Michigan at Manistee. Length, about 130 miles. Manistee. A city and the capital of Manistee 1672: died at Lambeth Hill, July 11, 1724. A British novelist, dramatist, and political pamphleteer, daughter of Sir Roger Manley, and bigamous wife of John Manley of Truro. On May 26,1709, she published "Secret Memoirs and Manners of Several Persons of Quality of both Sexes, from the New A talant is," usually known as "The New A talant is," devoted entirely to intrigue and scandal. She was arrested for libel Oct. 29, 1709, and discharged Feb. 13, 1710. She also published "The Power of Love, in Seven Novels" (1720), “Memoirs of Europe, etc." (1710), etc. She died at the house of Barber, a printer, with whom she had lived for some years. Manlius Capitol in us (man'li-us kapi-to-li'nus), Marcus. Died 384 в. C. The deliverer of the Capitol at Rome from the Gauls. He was a patrician by birth, and was consul in 392. According to tradition, he was aroused by the cackling of geese one night when the Gauls, who were besieging the Capitol under Brennus in 390, attempted to surprise the fortre , and, collecting a handful of men, repelled the attack. To this circumstance the origin of his surname Capitol in us is commonly ascribed, although it was also borne by his father and already acquired the force of a family name in his gens. In 385 he began to champion the cause of the plebeians against the patricians, with a view to making himself tyrant of Rome, and in the following year was arrested by the dictator Camillus. He was tried in the Pætel in i an grove, instead of on the Campus Martius, which commanded a view of the Capitol, and was sentenced to be thrown from the Tarpeian rock. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus (im-pē-ri-ō'sus tôr-kwa tus), Titus. A Roman hero. He was a son of the dictator L. Manlius Capitol in us Imperiosus; was elected military tribune in 362 B. C.; and in 361 served under the dictator T. Quintius Pennus against the Gauls. During this campaign he slew a gigantic Gaul in single combat in the presence of the two armies, and de The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Mann (man), Sir Horace. Born 1701: died at Florence, Italy, No Nov. 6, 1786. An English diplo- An American Democratic politician, secretary of the treasury 1885-87. Manning, Henry Edward. Born at Totter- idge, Hertfordshire, July 15, 1808: died at Westminster, Jan. 14, 1892. An English cardi- nal. He was the youngest son of William Manning, a West India merchant. He entered Harrow in 1822, and Balliol College, Oxford, in 1827, where Charles Words worth was his tutor, and William E. Gladstone an a ociate. He was made a fellow of Merton, Oxford, in 1832, and was or- dained rector of Wool laving ton-cum-Graffham in 1833. He was married Nov. 7, 1833, and his wife died July 24, 1837. In 1840 he was created archdeacon of Chi chester. He took no part in the sece ion of Ward and Newman, but con- tinued a leader of the High-church party until 1848. In May, 1848, he visited Rome, and on his return found him- self in opposition to the established church. In April, 1850, he resigned his archdeaconry, and on June 14, 1851, was ordained a priest of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1854 he was made D. D. by the Pope, and installed as su- perior of the "Congregation of the Oblates of St. Charles" at Bays water (March 31, 1857). On April 30, 1865, he suc- ceeded Cardinal Wiseman as archbishop of Westminster, and was created cardinal March 31, 1875. He was the au- thor of "Unity of the Church" (1842), "Temporal Mi ion of the Holy Ghost" (1865), "Temporal Power of the Pope" (1866), "England and Christen dom" (1867), etc. Manning, James. Born at Elizabeth town, N.J., Oct. 22, 1738: died at Providence, R. I., July, 1791. An American Baptist clergyman, first president of Brown University (Providence) 1765-90. Manning, or Mannyng, Robert, or Robert of Brunne. Lived in the latter part of the 13th and the commencement of the 14th century. An English chronicler and poet. He was a native of Brunne in Lincoln shire, and in 1288 joined the Gilbertine canons at Sempringham. He wrote "Handlyng Synne" (1303), a translation of the "Manuel des Pechiez" of Wil- liam of Wading ton, who wrote in the time of Edward I.; "The Chronicle of England" (finished in 1338); and "Medi- tacyuns of the Soper of our Lorde Ihesus, etc." He was in no sense a historian, as his work was not original; and his importance is entirely literary. Dict . Nat. Biog. Manny (man'i), or Mauny, Sir Walter, after- ward Lord de Manny. Died at London, Jan. 15, 1372. The founder of the Charter house, London. He was a native of Manny, near Valenciennes, Hainaut, and a fellow-townsman of Froi art. He prob- ably car came to England with Queen Philippa in 1327, and was knighted in 1331. He was one of the ablest of the sol- diers of Edward III. In 1371 he was licensed to found a house of Car thus i an monks to be called "La Salutation Mère Dieu." This Chartreuse became the London Charter- house (which see). Manoa (mä-no'ä). The fabled city ruled by El Dorado, or the gilded king. According to most of the accounts it was built on an island in a lake called Pa- rima, or on its shores. See El Dorado . faithle ne - a faithle ne based not on want of love for Des Grieux, but on an overmastering desire for luxury and comfort with which he cannot always supply her. The story, which is narrated by Des Grieux, and which has a most pathetic ending, is chiefly remarkable for the perfect simplicity and absolute lifelikene of the char- acter-drawing. Saints bury , French Lit., p. 420. Manosque (mä-nōsk'). A town in the depart- ment of Ba es-Alpes, France, 40 miles north- northeast of Marseilles. Population (1891), commune, 5,572. Manresa (män-rā'sä). A manufacturing town in the province of Barcelona, Spain, situated on the Car doner 32 miles northwest of Barce- lona. Population (1887), 22,685. Man's Bewitched, The, or The Devil to Do about Her. A comedy by Mrs. Cent livre, pro- duced in 1709. Mans (mon), Le. The capital of the department of Sarthe, France, situated on the Sarthe in lat. 48° 1' N., long. 0° 11′ E.: the ancient Vindinum or Suindinum. It has a trade in poultry and manufac tures of linen, sail-cloth, etc. The cathedral has a ma ive round-arched 12th-century nave, and a very fine, light 13th- notice of the king, who heaped honors upon him. He di rected all the principal architectural works of Louis XIV., including the building of the palace of Versailles, the Maison de Saint-Cyr, the Grand Trianon, the dome of the Hôtel des In vali des (perhaps his greatest work), the Place Manoah (ma-noa). In Bible history, the fa- Vendôme, the Place des Victoires, etc. ther of Samson. Manners, John, Marquis of Granby. Born Aug. 2, 1721: died at Scar borough, Oct. 18, 1770. An English general, eldest son of John, third duke Manoas. See Conibos . of Rutland. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge. Manoel (mä-nö-el'), or Manuel, I., King of In 1741 he became member of Parliament for Grantham; Portugal. See Emanuel . British contingent in Germany Aug. 14, 1759. He fought Man of Blood and Iron, The. A name given with great bravery at Warburg (July 31, 1760), at Vill ings to Bismarck. hausen (July 15, 1761), at Graven stein (June 24, 1762), and Man of Busine , The. A comedy by George at Homburg (Aug. 6, 1762). His portrait was twice painted Colman the elder, produced in 1774. by Reynolds. cembre.] A name given to Napoleon III. in 1870, when he was deposed, in allusion to his coup d'état in Dec., 1851. Man of Destiny, The. Napoleon I. Man of Feeling, The. A novel by Henry Mac- kenzie, published in 1771. Man of Law's Tale, The. One of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales." Gower tells the story in his "Confe io A mantis." It was taken from the Anglo-Nor- man chronicle of Nicolas Trivet. The prologue contains a list of some of Chaucer's works. etc.; and has manufactures of cigars, machinery, mirrors, etc. The river, harbor, and docks are extensive. The chief building is the grand-ducal castle (with antiquarian collections and picture-gallery). There is a noted theater. Mannheim was founded in 1606; was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War, and by the French in 1688; became the capital of the Palatinate in 1720; was bombarded and taken by the French in 1794; and was ceded to Baden in 1803. Population (1890), 79,058. Manning (man'ing), Daniel. Born at Albany, N. Y., Aug., 1831: died at Albany, Dec. 24, 1887. tius ) given to Origen on account of his strength and tirele industry. Man of the People, The. A name given to Charles James Fox on account of a satire by George Colman the younger. Man of the World, The. 1. A novel by Mac- kenzie, published in 1773.-2. A comedy by Macklin, first played in 1781. Manon Lescaut (mä-nôn' les-kō'). A romance written by the Abbé Prévost, published in 1733, appended to "Memoirs of a Man of Quality." But he [Prévost] would have been long forgotten had it not been for an episode or postscript of the "Mémoires" entitled "Manon Lescaut," in which all competent crit i- cism recognises the first masterpiece of French literature which can properly be called a novel. Manon is a young girl with whom the Chevalier des Grieux, almost as young as herself, falls frantically in love. The pair fly to Paris, and the novel is occupied with the description of Manon's IMG:content-0654.png:[blocks in formation] Mans field, Charles Blachford. Born at Royner, Hampshire, May 8, 1819: died at London, Feb. 26, 1855. An English chemist and traveler. He discovered the method of extracting benzol from coal-tar, and thus laid the foundation for the aniline industry. In 1850 he traveled in Brazil and Paraguay. He died from the effects of an explosion of naphtha while preparing benzol. He wrote "Aerial Navigation" (1850), and "Let- ters from Brazil and Paraguay" (posthumous). Mans field, Earls of. See Murray , David , and Murray, William . Mans field, Joseph King Fenno. Born at New Haven, Conn., Dec. 22, 1803: died Sept. 18, 1862. An American general. He commanded at Washing- ton 1861, and was mortally wounded at Antietam 1862. Mans field, Mount. The most noted summit of the Green Mountains, Vermont, 20 miles east of Burlington. It was long considered to be the highest of the range. Height, 4,070 feet. Mantchuria. See Manchuria . Mantegna (män-tān'yä), Andrea. Born near Padua, Italy, 1431: died at Mantua, Italy, Sept. 13, 1506. A celebrated Italian historical painter and engraver. Among his works are "The Triumph of Cæsar" (Hampton Court), "Madonna dell a Vittoria" (Louvre), "Christ in the Garden" (Baring collection), "St. (Venice Academy), "The Christ" (Brera, Milan), "Parna us," "The Man of Sorrows" (Copenhagen), "The Crucifixion" and "Adoration of the Magi" (New York Historical Society), "St. Sebastian" (Vienna Mu- seum.), "Summer and Autumn," "Samson and Delilah," "Triumph of Scipio" (National Gallery, London), etc. Mantell (man'tel), Gideon Algernon. Born at Lewes, Su ex, 1790: died at London, Nov. 10, 1852. An English geologist. He was the son of a shoemaker, and was apprenticed to James Moore, a surgeon, at Lewes, with whom he later entered into part- nership. His collection of fo ils was sold to the British Museum. Among his works are "Fo ils of the South Downs" (1822), "The Geology of the Southeast of England" (1833), "Geological Excursions round the Isle of Wight and along the Adjacent Coast of Dor sets hire" (1847), etc. He was made a fellow of the Royal Society in 1825. Mantes (mont). A town in the department of Seine-et-Oise, France, situated on the Seine 35 miles west-northwest of Paris. Its church of Notre Dame; of the end of the 12th century, is interesting as a reduced reproduction (including the west front with its galleries, rose, and twin square towers) of Notre Dame in Paris. Population (1891), 7,032. Manteuffel (män to if-fel), Baron Karl Rochus Edwin von. Born at Dresden, Feb. 24, 1809: died at Karlsbad, Bohemia, June 17, 1885. A Pru ian field-marshal. He became chief of the mil i- tary cabinet in 1857; served in the Danish war 1864; was governor of Schleswig 1865-66; as commander of the Main army defeated the South Germans at Hochhausen and elsewhere in 1866; commanded the 1st army corps at Colombey-Nouilly Aug. 14, 1870, and Noi eville Aug. 31- Sept. 1; as commander in the north defeated the French at Amiens 1870; commanded the army of the south in 1871, and the army of occupation in France 1871-73; and was appointed governor Alsace-Lorraine in 1879. Manteuffel, Baron Otto The odor von. Born at Lübben, Pru ia, Feb. 3, 1805: died near Gols- sen, Pru ia, Nov. 26, 1882. A Pru ian reac- tionary politician, minister of the interior 1848- 1850, and prime minister 1850-58. Man tian us (man-ti-a'nus), or Matianus (ma-ti- ā'nus). An ancient name of Lake Urumiah. Mantinea (man-ti-nē'ä), or Mantineia (-ni'ä). [Gr. Μαντίνεια.] In ancient geography, a city in Arcadia, Greece, situated 43 miles southwest of Corinth. It was the scene of several battles: in 418 B. с. the Spartans defeated the A then i ans and Argives; in 362 B. C. the The bans under Epa min on das defeated the Spar- tans and allies; and in 207 ог 206 в. с. Philopœmen, gen- eral of the Achæan League, defeated the Spartans. Mantinino (män-të-nē'nō). An island reported to Columbus, 1492-93, by the Indians of Haiti. He understood them to say that it was inhabited by Ama- The name was a corruption of the Carib Ma- dinina , corresponding to the modern Martin i que. Manton (man'ton), Joseph. Born about 1766: died at Maida Hill, June 29, 1835. An English gunsmith. He patented many improvements in large and small arms, and was a principal mover in the intro- duction of the percu ion system. Mantua (man'tū-a). A province in Lombardy, Italy. Area, 912 square miles. Population (1891), 307,768. Mantua, It. Mantova (män'tō-vä). The capi- tal of the province of Mantua, Italy, situated on an island in the Mincio, in lat. 45° 9′ N., long. 10° 47′ E. It is a strong fortre . The chief ob- jects of interest are the Church of San Andrea, cathedral, ducal palace, museum of antiquities, and Palazzo del Tè (with works by Giulio Romano). It is noted in art history for its connection with Mantegna and Romano, and has an academy of sciences and arts. It was the home of Vergil, who was born in the neighborhood. It was a Guelph town; was ruled by the Gonzaga family; and was capital of the duchy of Mantua. It was sacked by the Imperial- ists in 1630; besieged by the French under Bonaparte in 1796-97, and taken in 1797; and held by the French under the Napoleonic régime but restored to Austria in 1814. It was one of the fortre es of the Austrian "Quadri- lateral." In 1866 it was ceded to Italy. Population (1891), estimated, 30,000. Mantua, Duchy of. A former Italian marqui- sate and duchy. The territory was ruled by the fam- ily of Gonzaga from about 1328 to 1708, and by Austria 1708-97; belonged to the Cisalpine Republic, kingdom of Italy, etc., 1797-1814; pa ed to Austria in 1814; and was ceded to Italy in 1859 and 1866. Mantuan (man'tū-an) Bard, or Mantuan Swan. A surname of Vergil as a native of Mantua. Mantuan War. A war for the succe ion to the duchy of Mantua, 1628-30. The Duke of Nevers, supported by France, was confirmed as duke in opposition Manuel (mä-nö-el'), E. The nom de plume of Ernest L'Épine, a French writer, who is not to be confounded with Eugène Manuel, the author of "Pages In times," etc. Manuel (mä-nö-el'), Nikolaus. Born at Bern, Switzerland, about 1484: died at Bern, 1530. A Swi painter and poet. Manutius (ma-nū'shius), Aldus, It. Aldo Ma- nuzio (äl'dō mä-nöt'sē-ō) or Manucci. Born at Ba i a no, near Velletri, Italy, about 1450: died at Venice, Feb. 3, 1515. An Italian cla i- cal scholar and celebrated printer, the founder of the Aldine pre at Venice about 1490. He pub- lished editions of Aristotle, Aris toph anes, Hero dot us, De- mosthenes, Plato, and other Greek cla ics, and Latin and Italian works. fourteen demiurgie beings, each of whom presides over a Man van tara, 'interval or period of a Manu.' The first in order of these is called Sva- yambhuva, as sprung from Svayambhu, the self-existent, identified with Brahma, who divided himself into two persons, male and female, whence was produced Viraj, Man with Pinks Man with Pinks. A noted painting by Jan van Eyck, in the Old Museum at Berlin. It is a bust portrait of a man wearing a fur-lined cloak and a high fur cap, and holding white pinks in one hand and red in the Man with the Iron Mask, The. A French state confined (where he died other. prison the att her phons in the reign of Louis XIV. His name was never mentioned, but he was buried under that of March i ali, and he always wore a mask of iron covered with black velvet. He has been supposed to be (1) the Duke of Ver man do is, a natural son of Louis XIV. and Mademoiselle de la Vallière; (2) an elder brother of Louis XIV., the son of Anne of Austria and the Duke of Bucking ham; (3) a twin brother of Louis XIV.; (4) Count Matthioli, a minister of the Duke of Mantua, for treachery; (5) soldier of fortune hamed Marechiel, the head of a conspiracy to a a inate the king and his ministers. This last conjecture was considered the most reasonable until 1891, when Captain Bazeriès, of the garrison of Nantes, published in the "Progrès de Nantes" (republished in "Le Temps," Aug. 7, 1891) a translation of some cipher despatches of Louis XIV. and of Louvois, apparently showing that the prisoner was Général de Bulonde, who raised the siege of Cuneo unnece arily and compromised the succe of the campaign. Louis shut him up at Pignerol for reasons of his own, instead of dooming him to the fate of a traitor, which was his due. Opinions still differ as to the identity of the prisoner. Manx (mangks). The native language of the inhabitants of the Isle of Man, which belongs to the Gadhelic branch of the Celtic tongues, and is thus closely allied to the Irish and the Gaelic. Manzanares (män-thä-nä'res). A small tributary of the river Jarama, in Spain. Madrid is situated on it. Manzanares. A town in the province of Ciudad Real, Spain, situated on the Azuer in lat. 39° N., long. 3° 27′ W. Population (1887), 9,699. Manzanillo (män-thä-nēl'yō). A seaport on the southern coast of Cuba. It has a trade in coffee, sugar, and fruit. Population (1887), 34,220. Manzano (män-zä'nō), El. [Sp. manzana , apple.] A settlement of recent origin in central New Mexico, east of the Rio Grande. It lies on the eastern border of well-known and extensive deposits of rock-salt. Manzoni (män-zō'nē), A le andro. Born at Milan, March 7, 1785: died at Milan, May 22, 1873. A noted Italian novelist and poet, the chief of the Italian romantic school. He went in his early youth to Paris with his mother, who was a daughter of the Marquis Beccaria, and who introduced him to literary society. He became acquainted with Volney, Madame Condor cet, Fauriel, and others, and became imbued with many of their deistical and other opinions. In 1807. he returned to Italy, and was made a member of the Italian senate in 1860. He wrote the historical novel "I Prome i Sposi" (1825-27: translated into English as "The Betrothed Lovers"). Among his other works are the tragedies "Il Conte di Carmagnola" (1820), "Adelchi" (1823), the lyric poem "Il cinque Maggio" ("The 5th of May," an ode on Napoleon's death, 1821), "Inni sacri" (1810: sacred lyrics), "O ervazioni sulla morale cattolica" (a vindication of Catholic morality), "Storia dell a Colonna infame" (a historical treatise, 1842). Maoris (mä'ō-riz or mou'riz). [From maori, lit. 'native,' 'indigenous.'] The primitive inhabitants of New Zealand, a Polynesian race of the Malay family, distinguished for their natural capacity and vigor. Most of them now profe Christianity, but they have vigorously though unsucce fully resisted English dominion. The Maoris, when first discovered by Europe ans, were in a comparatively advanced stage of barbarism. Their society had definite ranks, from that of the Rangatira, the chief with a long pedigree, to the slave. Their religious hymns, of great antiquity, have been collected and translated by Grey, Taylor, Bastian, and others. Lang, Myth, etc., II. 27. Map (map), or Mapes (maps), Walter. Born probably about 1140: died about 1210. A medieval author and satirist. He was of a Welsh family in Here ford shire, and studied in Paris from about 1154 to 1160. He was present at the court of Henry II., while Thomas Becket was still chancellor, as one of the clerks of the royal household, and was employed as an itinerant justice. In 1179 Henry II. sent him to the Later an Council at Rome. In 1197 he was made archdeacon of Oxford. The only undoubted work extant by Map is the "De nugis curialium" ("Courtiers' Triflings"), composed between 1182 and 1192. He has also been credited with a large share in the composition of the Arthur i an romances, and it is probable that the "Lance lot" is based on an Anglo-French poem by him. A great part of the "Goliardic" or satirical verse of the 12th and 13th centuries is doubtle by Map. Mapimi (mä-pē'mē), Bolson de. [Origin of name unknown.] A section of the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Coahuila in northern Mexico, parts of which are quite arid and low, while others are very fertile and well watered. Mapures. See May pures . Maquet (mä-kā'), Auguste. Born at Paris, Sept. 13,1813: died at Saint-Méen, Jan. 8. 1888. A French novelist and dramatist, collaborator IMG:content-0655.png:[blocks in formation] all from Ceará northward. Ceará was subsequently separated from it, and the remaining portion was divided into various captaincies, eventually reduced to four which cor and Rio Negro (now Amazon as). The colonial state was suppre ed in 1774. ana. They are of Carib stock, have rarely had any intercourse with the whites, and still retain their savage independence. Though living in regular villages and having small plantations, they are much given to wandering. The tribal relations are very loose. Mar (mär). A district of Aberdeen shire, Scotland, forming the southern part of the county. The Earls of Mar derive their title from it. Mar, Juan Manuel del. Born at Cuzco, 1806: died at Lima, June 15, 1862. A Peruvian states man. He was minister of war under Castilla 1855-60, and in 1859 was temporarily in charge of the executive. In 1860 he was elected first vice-president under the new constitution. Mara (mä'rä), Madame (Gertrud Elisabeth Schmeling). Born at Ca el, Germany, Feb. 23, 1749: died at Revel, Ru ia, Jan. 20, 1833. A noted German soprano singer. She studied with Hiller at Leipsic, and about 1771 made her début at Dresden, where she had immediate succe and was made court singer. In 1784 she went to London, where she sang to enthusiastic audiences. She was connected with the opera in London till 1791, but was better suited for concerts and oratorios on account of her weak physique and lack of knowledge of acting. After singing in Paris, Vienna, and the German cities with succe , she lost her voice in 1802 or thereabouts, and supported herself by teaching. She married Mara the violoncellist about 1771. Marabouts (mar'a-böts). [Also Maraboot .] The members of a Moorish priestly order or race of northern Africa, succe ors of the Morabits or Almoravides, a Mohammedan sect or tribe who ruled Morocco and part of Spain in the 11th and 12th centuries. The Marabouts are reputed as saints, prophets, and sorcerers, and exercise great influence over the Berbers and Moslem negroes. Maracaibo, or Maracaybo (mä-rä-kī bō). A seaport in Venezuela, situated on the outlet of Lake Maracaibo about lat. 10° 48′ N., long. 71° 45′ W. It is an important commercial city, exporting coffee, hides, cocoa, etc.; is the seat of a national college; and was formerly the seat of a Jesuit college. It was founded in 1571. Population (1888), 34,284. Maracaibo, Gulf of, or Gulf of Venezuela. An arm of the Caribbean Sea, north of Venezuela. Length, about 150 miles. Maracaibo, Lake. A large lake or lagoon in northern Venezuela, communicating with the Gulf of Maracaibo. The water is brackish. Length, about 110 miles. Maragha (mä (mä'rä-gä). A town in the province of Azerbaijan, Persia, 60 miles south of Ta- briz. Population, about 15,000. Maraguas. See Marauas . Marah (ma'rä). In Old Testament history, a place in the peninsula of Sinai, southeast of Suez, containing a spring noted for its bitter- ne . Marahuas. See Maranas . Marais (mä-ra'), Le. [F., 'the marsh.'] In the politics of the first French Revolution, the group of members who sat in the lower part of the as sembly. Marais, Le. 1. The name especially applied to the region lying east of the Rue St.-Denis and north of the Rue St.-Antoine, within the fortifications of Charles V. in Paris. It was subject to inundation. A large part of it was held in the middle ages by the Knights of the Temple. 2. A swampy region in the western part of France, near La Rochelle. In ancient times it was an arm of the sea. Marajó (mä-rä-zhō'): formerly also Joannes (zhō-än'nās). An island between the estuaries of the Amazon and the Pará, belonging to the state of Pará, Brazil. Length, 165 miles. Great est width, about 100 miles. Marandaise. The sword of Ryance. Maranhão, or Maranham (mä-rän-yän'). A state of Brazil, bounded by the Atlantic on the north, Piauhy on the east and southeast, Goyaz on the southwest and west, and Pará on the west and northwest. Area, 177,566 square miles. Population, estimated (1894), 550,000. Maranhão, or Maranham, or São Luiz do Maranhão (sän lö-ēzh' do mä-rän-yän'). A seaport, capital of the state of Maranhão, situated on the island São Luiz in lat. 2° 32′ S., long. 44° 18' W. It exports hides, cotton, sugar, rice, etc. Maranhão was founded by the French in 1612, but was taken by the Portuguese three years after. Population Maranhão, State of. [Pg. Estado do Maranhão .] A colonial division of Portuguese South America. In 1621 Portuguese America was divided into two (1890), 38,000. Tupi par aná , the Indians to this and other great rivers.] A Spanish-American name for the Amazon. It is used especially in Peru, and geographers have adopted the term, somewhat vaguely, to indicate the upper or Peruvian portion of the river. Marañones (mä-rän-yō'nes). [Lit. 'conspirators': from the Spanish maraña , a plot.] The name adopted by the followers of Aguirre. (See Aguirre .) It has been erroneously supposed that the word Marañon was derived from it. Marash (mä-räsh'). A town in the vilayet of Aleppo, Asiatic Turkey, situated near the Jihun 100 miles north by west of Aleppo. In ancient times it was probably a city of the Hittites. Numerous inscriptions have been found there. Population, estimated, 15,000. Marat (mä-rä'), Jean Paul. Born at Boudry. Switzerland, May 24, 1744: a a inated at Paris, July 13, 1793. A French revolutionist. He studied medicine at Bordeaux; practised his profe ion with conspicuous succe at London and at Paris; and wrote a number of meritorious scientific works, chiefly on electricity and optics. At the beginning of the Revolution in 1789 he began to publish a paper entitled "L'Ami du Peuple," in which he boldly advocated a republican form of government and incited the populace to violence. He was in 1792 elected to the National Convention, in which, as the most ultra-revolutionary of the Jacobin party, he was attacked by the Girondists, who were in a majority. He was tried before the Revolutionary tribunal, but was acquitted April 24, 1793, and with Danton and Robes pierre overthrew the Girondists June 2, 1793. He was stabbed to death by Charlotte Corday while in his bath seeking relief from a skin-disease. Maratea (mä-rä-tā'ä). A small seaport in the province of Potenza, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Policastro in lat. 39° 59′ N., long. 15° 43′ Ε. Marathon (mar'a-thon). [Gr. Μαραθών.] A plain in Attica, Greece, 18 miles northeast of Athens, between Mount Pen telic us and the sea. It is celebrated for the battle of Sept., 490 B. C., between the Greeks (10,000 A then i ans and 1,000 Platæans), under Miltiades, and over 100,000 Persians, under Datis and Artaphernes. The result was a Greek victory, due to the tactics of Miltiades. The Greek lo was 192; the Persian, 6,400. The victory ended Darius's attempt against Greece, and is cla ed among the decisive battles of the world. The conical mound, 40 feet high and 200 in diameter, which covers the A then i an dead marks the central point of the famous battle. All doubt as to its identification was set at rest by a recent excavation of the Archæological Society of Athens, which disclosed ashes, charred remnants of the funeral pyre, and fragments of pottery of the beginning of the 5th century B. с. Marâtre (mä-rä'tr), La. A play by Balzac, produced at the Théâtre Hist or i que, Paris, in June, 1848. Maratti (mä-rät'tē), or Maratta (mä-rät'tä), Carlo. Born near Ancona, Italy, 1625: died at Rome, Dec. 15, 1713. An Italian painter of Madonnas and other religious subjects. Marauas (mä-rä-wäs'). A tribe or horde of Indians of Brazil and Peru, on the south side of the Amazon, about the rivers Juruá, Jutahy, and Javary. They are said to be closely allied in language and customs to the Mayo run as (which see). Formerly, according to report, they were cannibals. Most of the Marauas have submitted to the whites, and the mi ions (now villages) of Fonte Boa and Caiçára were formed by them. The remnants in the forests still retain their sav. age customs. Also written Marahuas , Maraguas . Marbach (mär bäch). A small town in Neckar circle, Würtemberg, situated at the junction of the Murr with the Neckar, 12 miles north by east of Stuttgart: the birthplace of Schiller. Marbella (mär-bel'yä). A seaport in the province of Malaga, Spain, 30 miles west-southwest of Malaga. There are rich iron-mines in the vicinity. Population (1887), 8,811. Marble Cañon, The. A noted cañon of the Colorado River, in northern Arizona, above the Grand Cañon. Marble Faun, The. A romance by Hawthorne, published in 1860. The English edition, published in the same year, is called "Transformation, or the Romance of Monte Beni." See Donatello . The sole idea of the "Marble Faun" is to illustrate the intellectually and morally awakening power of a sudden impulsive sin, committed by a simple, joyous, instinctive, "natural" man. The whole group of characters is ima gined solely with a view to the development of this idea. R. H. Hutton , E ays in Lit. Crit. Marble head (mär'bl-hed). A seaport and summer resort in E ex County, Ma achusetts, situated on Ma achusetts Bay 15 miles northeast of Boston. It has manufactures of boots and shoes; was formerly one of the chief towns of the State; and is noted for its fisheries. The original settlers were largely from the Channel Islands. Population (1890), 8,202. Marbois Marbois (mär-bwä'), François, Marquis de Barbé-. Born at Metz in 1745: died at Paris in 1837. A French statesman and writer. In 1803 be conducted the treaty of the ce ion of Louisiana to the Marburg (mär börg). A town in the province of He e-Na au, Pru ia, situated on the Lahn 49 miles north of Frankfort-on-the-Main. It has manufactures of pottery, etc. The chief buildings are the Church of St. Elizabeth (13th century) and the castle (noted for its Ritters aal (1280-1320) and chapel). The university, founded by Philip, landgrave of He e, has from 800 to 900 students, and a library of 150,000 volumes. Marburg was the residence of St. Elizabeth in the 13th century, became one of the capitals of He e, and was the scene of outbreaks of the He ian peasants against the French in 1806 and 1809. Population (1890), 13,581. Marburg. A town in Styria, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Drave 36 miles south by east of Gratz. It is in the center of a fruit region. Population (1890), 19,898. Marburg Conference. A fruitle conference held at Marburg, Pru ia, Oct., 1529, between Luther and others on one side and Zwingli and other Swi reformers on the other. Marc antonio. See Raimondi . Marceau (mär-sō'), François Séver in des Graviers. Born at Chart res, France, March 1, 1769: died at Altenkirchen, Pru ia, Sept. 23, 1796. A French general. He served in Vendée in 1793, and at Fleurus in 1794; captured Coblenz in 1794; and served along the Rhine 1795-96. Mar cell i ans (mär-sel'i-anz). The profe ed followers of Mar cell us, bishop of Ancyra in the 4th century. The Mar cell i ans held the doctrine, nearly agreeing with that of the Sabellians, that the Holy Spirit and the Word, or Logos, are merely impersonal agencies and qualities of God, and that the incarnation of the Logos is temporary only. It has been doubted by some whether Mar cell us held the views ascribed to him. Marcellinists (mär-se-lin'ists). The adherents of Mar cell in a, a female gnostic of the 2d century, and a teacher of Gnosticism in Rome. Also Mar cell in i ans . Mar cell in us (mär-se-li'nus). Bishop of Rome from June 30, 296, to Oct. 25 (?), 304. He is said to have yielded during the persecution under Diocletian to the demand to offer incense to the pagan gods, and to have repented and suffered martyrdom. Mar cell in us, or Mar cell i an us (mär-sel-i-a'nus). A Roman officer, in the 5th century, who became the independent prince of Illyricum, and after the death of Val ent in i an III. an unsucce ful aspirant to the throne. During the reign of Ma jorian the title "Patrician of the West" (Patricius Occident is) was conferred upon him, and he aided that emperor in defending Sicily from the Vandals. He again opposed the Vandals in Sicily 464-468. He was a a inated by his allies. Mar cell in us. A count of Illyria, and one of the first ministers of Just in i an, living in the first half of the 6th century: author of a chronicle of the events from the acce ion of Theodosius to the year 534 (continued by a later hand to 566). It is much fuller for the affairs of the East than for those of the West. Mar cell in us, Ammianus. See Ammianus . Marcello (mär-chel'lo), Benedetto. Born at Venice, July 31 (?), 1686: died at Brescia, Italy, July 24, 1739. A noted Italian composer. His most important work is the musical setting of 50 of the psalms (1724-27), paraphrased by Girolamo Giust in i an i. Mar cell us (mär-sel'us). [L., dim. of Marcus .] An illustrious Roman plebeian family of the Claudia gens. Mar cell us. An officer of the guard in Shakspere's "Hamlet." Mar cell us I. Bishop of Rome 307-309 A. D. Mar cell us II. Pope 1555. Mar cell us, Marcus Claudius. Born before 268 в. с.: slain near Venusia, Apulia, 208 в. с. A celebrated Roman general and statesman. He was five times consul (first in 222); defeated the Gauls, during his first consulship, at Clastidium, slaying with his own hand their leader, Britomartus; defended Nola against Hannibal 216; captured Syracuse 212; and, taking the command in Apulia, contended against Hannibal in southern Italy until his death in a skirmish near Venusia. Mar cell us, Marcus Claudius. Killed about 46 в. с. А Roman consul (51 B. c.), an adherent of Pompey. Mar cell us, Marcus Claudius. Born 43 в. с.: died at Baiæ, Italy, 23 в. с. The son of C. Claudius Mar cell us and Octavia, sister of August us, and the adopted son and favorite of the latter, whose daughter Julia he married. Mar cell us, Nonius. A Roman grammarian who flourished about the beginning of the 4th (?) century: author of an extant treatise, “De compend ios a doctrina per litter as ad filium." The work is intended to a ist in explaining the authors, both as regards their diction a and their subject matter (cap. 13-20), and it is invaluable to us on account of its numerous quotations from early Roman literature, In spite of the author's total want of solid information, judgment, and accuracy. Teuffel and Schwabe , Hist. of Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warr), [II. 328. March (märch). [From L. Martius , the month of Mars.] The third month of our year, consisting of thirty-one days. It was the first month of the ancient Roman year till the adoption of the Julian calendar, which was followed by the Greg or i an. Previous to the latter it was reckoned the first month in many Euthe legal year there before that date beginning on the 25th rope an countries, and so continued in England until 1752, of March. March (märch), Slav. Morava (mō-rävä). A river in Moravia, and on the boundary between Hungary on the east and Moravia and Lower Austria on the west: the Roman Marus. It joins the Danube 6 miles west of Presburg. Length, 220 miles; navigable to Göding. March (märch). A town in Cambridge shire, England, situated on the Nen 24 miles north of Cambridge. Population (1891), 6,995. March, Ausias or August in. Born at Valencia toward the end of the 14th century: died about 1460. A noted Spanish poet, of noble rank, seignior of Beniarjo and a member of the Cortés of Valencia in 1446. "He has been called the Petrarch of Catalonia, and is said to have equalled the lover of Laura in elegance, in brilliancy of expre ion, and in harmony; and while, like him, he contributed to the formation of his language, which he carried to a high degree of polish and perfection, he po e ed more real feeling, and did not suffer himself to be seduced by a pas sion for concetti and false brilliancy." Sismondi , Lit. of