LOUIS

is the name of many of the French kings, of whom the most important are Louis IX. (' the saint ’), Louis XIV. (by no means a saint), and Louis XVI. Louis IX. was born in 1215, and came to the throne in 1226. In 1248 he and his family sailed with 80,000 men on a crusade to Egypt. He took Damietta and twice defeated the Sultan. He returned to France in 1254 and employed himself in making wise laws, but in 1270 he undertook another crusade, and died at Tunis. He was canonized in 1297. Louis XIV. was bom in 1638, and came to the throne in 1643. During his minority there was the war with Austria and Condd’s revolt. When Mazarin died Louis resolved to rule without a ministration. He created reforms and made Colbert superintendent of the administration. The Grande Alliance and the League of Augsburg were formed at different times by the other European nations against Louis, and they checked his ambition, and the War of the Spanish Succe ion brought him into conflict with united Europe. He impoverished the country by his extravagance. He died in 1715. Louis XVI. was born in 1754, and ascended the throne in 1774, having married Marie Antoinette in 1770. He was far too weak to wield the sceptre of a great country, and the queen gave herself up to gaiety, so that it is not surprising to find him arrested and tried before the convention, and guillotined in 1792, on January 17th. Pyrendes where a peasant girl declared she had been favoured with visions of the Virgin, in a cave near at hand. Since then (1858) pilgrims have flocked there, and a convent, church, and other buildings have been erected in connection with the cave. been a royal residence as early as 628, in the reign of Dagobert. Francis I. erected the part now called the 'old Louvre,’ and other kings (notably Louis XIV.) have enlarged and adorned it. | The * new Louvre,’ begun by Napoleon I., was finished by Napoleon III. in 1857. The group of buildings contains museums of paintings, drawings, engravings, bronze antiques, etc. It was greatly injured, however, by the Communists in 1871. 1819. From 1857 to 1862 he wrote e ays for the " Atlantic Monthly," founded by Holmes, Long fellow, Emerson, and himself. In 1877 be became American minister at Madrid, and in 1880 was transferred to London, when he was made rector of St. Andrews University. has written Year’s Life” (poems), the " Biglow Papers,” l" Conversations on some of the Old Poets,” etc. Jesuits, was bom in 1491. He belonged to a noble Biscayan family, and was page to Ferdinand anil Isabella in his youth. He was severely wounded in 1521 whilst fighting the French, and during his convalescence he read himself into a state of mystical devotion, in which he renounced the world. In 1528 he went to Paris, and, after seven years’ theological training, He formed the first nucleus of the Jesuit Society. father's bank in 1848, and entered Parliament in 1870. Since 1880 he has represented London University, and he is an authority on financial and educational questions. He is also a man or science, having written "Prehistoric Times,” "Origin of Civilization,” " British Wild Flowers in their Relation to Insects,” etc. He is an authority on bees also. Lucan, George, Earl of (who is a ociated with