PULPIT

The pulpit or mimbar ( منبر‎ ) used for the recital of the k͟hut̤bah on Fridays in the chief mosque is usually a wooden structure of three steps and movable, but in the large mosques of Turkey and Egypt it is a fixture of brick or stone. It is related that the Prophet, when addre ing the people, stood on the uttermost step, Abū Bakr on the second, and ʿUmar on the third or lowest. ʿUs̤mān being the most humble of men, would gladly have descended lower, but this being impo ible, he fixed upon the second step, from which it is now usual to recite the k͟hut̤bah on Fridays and on the two great festivals. [ MOSQUE , MIMBAR .] IMG:3048615538088815629_p476.png:A MIMBAR. A MIMBAR. ( W. S. Chadwick .) PUNISHMENT is divided into three cla es: (1) Ḥadd ( حد‎ ), (2) Qiṣāṣ ( قصاص‎ ), (3) Taʿẕīb ( تعذيب‎ ). (1) Ḥadd ( حد‎ ), pl. Ḥudūd ( lit . “That which is defined”), is that punishment the limits of which have been defined in the Qurʾān and Ḥadīs̤. The following belong to this cla :— ( a ) Adultery, zināʾ ( زناء‎ ), for which the adulterer must be stoned, rajm ( رجم‎ ). ( Mishkāt , book xv. ch. 1.) ( b ) Fornication, zināʾ ( زناء‎ ), for which the guilty persons must receive one hundred stripes. (Qurʾān, Sūrah xxiv. 2 .) ( c ) The false accusation of a married person with adultery, qaẕf ( قذف‎ ), for which the offender must receive eighty stripes (Qurʾān, Sūrah xxiv. 4 .) ( d ) Apostacy, irtidād ( ارتداد‎ ), which is punishable with death. ( Mishkāt , book xiv. ch. v.) ( e ) Drinking wine, shurb ( شرب‎ ), for which the offender must receive eighty lashes. ( Mishkāt , book xv. ch. iv.) ( f ) Theft, sariqah ( سرقة‎ ), which is punished by cutting off the right hand. (Qurʾān, Sūrah v. 42 .) ( g ) Highway robbery, qat̤ʿu ʾt̤-t̤arīq ( قطع الطريق‎ ): for robbery only, the lo of hands and feet, and for robbery with murder, death, either by the sword or crucifixion. (Qurʾān, Sūrah v. 37 .) (2) Qiṣāṣ ( قصاص‎ ), lit . “retaliation,” is that punishment which, although fixed by the law, can be remitted by the person offended against, or, in the case of a murdered person, by his heirs. It is applicable to cases of murder and of wounding. Qiṣāṣ is the lex talion is of Moses: “Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe ” ( Exodus xxi. 24 ); but in allowing a money compensation, Muḥammad departed from the Jewish Code. (Qurʾān, Sūrah ii. 173 .) (3) Taʿẕīb ( تعذيب‎ ), is the punishment which is left to the discretion of the Qāẓī or Judge. [ HADD , QISAS , TAʿZIB .]