solmization (solmizashon)

[F. solmisa tion; as solmizate + -ion. Cf. ML.solmifacio (n-).] In music, the act, proce , or result of using certain syllables to name or represent the tones of the scale, or of a particular series, as the scale of C. The oldest and most important system of solmization is that attributed to Guido d'Arezzo, early in the eleventh century; though this in turn appears to have been sug 5762 gested by a similar usage among the ancient Greeks. (See gamut.) The series ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la (derived from the initial syllables of the lines of a hymn to St. John, beginning "Ut queant lax is") was applied to the tones of each of the hexachords then recognized. (See hexachord.) When a melody exceeded the limits of a single hexachord, a change from one series of syllables to another was made, which was called a mutation or modulation. Early in the sixteenth century, when the modern octave scale became established, the syllable si (probably taken from the ini. tials of the last line of the above hymn) was added for the seventh or leading tone. Somewhat later do was substituted in Italy and Germany for ut, on account of its greater sonority. The series thus formed is still in use, though other systems have been proposed. Such other systems are bocedization (bo, ce, di, ga, lo, ma, ni), also called bob i zati on; be biz at i on (la, be, ce, de, me, fe, ge ); and dameniza tion (da, me, ni, po, tu, la, be ). In England and America, from before the middle of the seventeenth century to the beginning of the nineteenth, an abbreviated system was used, including only mi, fa, sol, la. The ideal application of solmization involves calling whatever tone is taken as the key-note do, irrespective of its pitch, and adjusting the other syllables accordingly, so that the scale-tones shall always be named by the same syllables respectively, and the various intervals by the same combination of syllables. This system is often called that of the movable do, since the pitch of do is variable. What is called the fixed do system has also had considerable currency in Italy, always called do, Dre, E mi, etc., and this too when the France, and England, according to which the tone C is pitch of these tones is chromatically altered, the system therefore following the arbitrary features of the keyboard and the staff-notation. This system is regarded by many musicians as contrary to the historic and logical idea of solmization, and its use in England and America is decreasing. The most important special application of solmization in musical study is that of the tonic sol - fa system (which see, under tonic ), the syllables of which are doh, ray, me, fah, soh, lah, te. In the movable -do system the sharp of any tone is indicated by a syllable beginning with the same consonant as that of the tone, and using the vowel i: as, di for dos, fi for fas, etc.; and similarly the flat of any tone is indicated by a syllable using the vowel e: as, me for min, le for lab, etc. The minor scale is solmizated in two ways: either beginning with la, and using the same syllables as in the major scale; or beginning with do, and using such modified syllables as may be needed (do, re, me, etc.). The great utility of solmization lies in its offering an abstract vocal notation of musical facts, whereby they may be named, remembered, and studied. Also solmisation, solfamization, solfeggio, and sol - faing. solo (so'lō), a. and n. [ II. n.; It. pl. soli (-li), E. pl. solos (-lōz). 1. A melody, movement, or work intended for or performed by a single performer, vocal or instrumental, with or without accompaniment. Opposed to concerted piece , whether chorus, duet, trio, or for a number of instruments. - 2. A game of cards, played usually by four persons, with a euchre pack. That player who bids highest-that is, offers to take the greatest number of tricks alone, or, in a variety of the game, aided by a partner-plays against the rest. If he takes five or more tricks, he receives a payment from them; if not, he makes a payment to them.