pedagogy (pedagoji)

[Formerly also pæda gogy; = F. pédagogie = Sp. pedagogía = Pg. It. pedagog i a, The tendency to apply the exact methods of science to problems of education is one of the most hopeful signs of present pedagogy . Science, VI. 341. 2. Instruction; discipline. He delivers us up to the pædagogy of the Divine judgments. Jer. Taylor , Works (ed. 1835), I. 826. The Jews were a people infinitely delighted with pompous and busy superstition, and had ordinances accordingly whilst they remained under that childish pedagogy . Evelyn, True Religion, II. 181. There was a sacrifice for the whole congregation prescribed in the Mosaic Pædagogy . C. Mather, Mag. Christ., Hist. Boston, 1698. pedal (ped'al or pe'dal), a.and n. [= F. pédale, n., = It. pedale, pedal latter to protrude when full of water. See cut at Echi noidea. II. n. (ped'al). 1. Any part of a machine or apparatus which is intended to receive and transmit power from the foot of the operator; a treadle: as, the pedals of a bicycle.-2. In musical instruments, a foot-lever; a metal or wooden key or projecting bar operated by the foot. (a) In the pianoforte two or three pedals are in use: one to lift the dampers from the strings (the damper pedal or loud pedal ) ; one to introduce a muffler between the hammers and the strings, or to le en the distance from which the hammers strike, or to move them so that they shall strike only string instead of the usual two or three (the soft pedal ); and sometimes one to hold up the dampers that happen to be lifted when the pedal is pre ed down (the sustaining pedal ). The use of the damper-pedal is indicated by ped. at the beginning of the pa age where it is needed, and by a at its end. The use of the soft pedal is usually indicated by some such expre ion as una cord a, 'one string.' The use of the sustaining pedal is usually left to the player's discretion. (b) In the pipe-organ several different kinds of pedals are used: those which form the pedal keyboard, and which are like the keys or s for the hands, but much larger (see pedal keyboard, and cut under organ1 ); those which control the drawing of one or more of the stops ( combination pedals, compos i tion pedals, crescendo pedal, diminuendo pedal, sforzando pedal, etc.); that which controls the opening of the blinds or shutters of the swell-box (the swell - pedal ), etc. See the phrases below. (c) In the reed-organ and harmonium, one of the treadles by which the player operates the feeders of the bellows. See reed - organ. (d) In the harp, one of the foot-levers whereby all or some of the strings may be temporarily shortened, and their pitch raised. In modern harps seven pedals are used, any one of which may be used in two ways, raising the pitch either one or two half-steps; every pedal affects only the strings of a particular letter name. By combining the pedals in various ways the instrument may be set in any desired key (tonality). See cut under harp. (e) Collectively, same as either pedal key board or pedal organ. 3. Same as organ - point.-4. A pedal curve or surface, or one of which another is the pedal curve or surface. - Balanced pedal. See swell - pedal. Combination pedal, in organ - building, a metal pedal which enables the player to control the use of several stops at once by his feet. Such pedals are placed above the pedal keyboard. They are either single- or double - acting -the former serving either to draw or to retire certain stops, the result depending upon the registration at the moment when the pedal is used, and the latter serving both to draw and to retire certain stops, so that the result is always the same whenever the pedal is used. Combination pedals are applied to the stops of all the keyboards, usually beginning with those of the great organ. They include a forte pedal (single-acting), which draws all the stops of the keyboard to which it belongs; a mezzo pedal (usually double-acting), which draws most of the important 8-feet and 4-feet stops of its keyboard; and a piano pedal (single-acting), which retires all but one or two of the lighter stops. Combination pedals do not always affect the stop-knobs; if not, they are so made as to be hooked down when in use, and when they are released the combination made by the stop-knobs remains unchanged. Combination pedals of all the above varieties often control also certain of the stops of the pedal organ, so that, when a given combination on the manuals is used, Pedalium (pē-dā'li-um), n. [NL. (Royen, 1767), so called in allusion to the dilated angles of the fruit; pedal i on , πηδάλιον , a cer- tain plant, πηδάλιον , a rudder, πηδός οι πηδόν , the blade of an oar, an oar, in pl. πηδά , a rud- der.] A genus of smooth annual herbs, type of the order Pedalineæ and the tribe Pedali- eæ , known by the peculiar hard obtuse fruit, which has a cylindrical solid base, and above swells into an ovoid form, becoming pyramidal, with four obtuse angles, on each of which is a spreading conical spine or horn. The only spe- cies, P. Murex , is a native of India and tropical Africa. It is a smooth annual herb, with musky odor, somewhat branching, with opposite or alternate broad and coarsely toothed leaves, and yellow flowers solitary in the axils. The fresh branches stirred in water or milk render it temporarily mucilaginous without changing the taste, odor, or color. They are used in markets of India in the rated. The whole thus much resembles a small steel trap with open jaws, as when set for catching rats, etc., whence the name. Reversible pedal. See coupler - pedal . Second pedal, the pedal of the pedal. - Sforzando pedal, in organ - building , a pedal which suddenly and temporarily brings the entire power of the instrument into use, so that a forcible accent can be produced. - Sin- gle-acting pedal. See combination pedal .-Soft pedal. See def. 2 (a). - Sustaining pedal. See def. 2 (a). - Shuttered blinds of the well be and so increases the and-heel pedal. Same as balanced pedal . pedal (ped'al), v . i.; pret. and pp. pedaled or pedalled , ppr. pedaling or pedalling . [ pedal , n.] To work a pedal; use the pedals, as of a piano, organ, bicycle, etc. IMG:content-2538.png:[blocks in formation] point . - Double pedal-point, in music , a pa age in which two tones, usually the tonic and the dominant, are sustained while the harmony is developed independently. See organ - point . pedaneous (pē-dā nē-us), a. [L. pedaneus , of the size or dimension of a foot, pes ( ped- ) = E. foot .] Going on foot; walking. [Rare.] pedant (ped'ant), n . [=D. G. Dan. Sw.pedant , pédant = Sp. Pg. pedante , pedante , a teacher, schoolmaster, pedant; contracted pædagogare , teach, pædagogus , a teacher, pedagogue: see ped a- gogue.] 1. A schoolmaster; a teacher; a ped- A domineering pedant o'er the boy. Shak . , L. L. L., iii. 1. 179. He loves to have a fencer, a pedant , and a musician seen in his lodging a-mornings. 2. A person who overrates erudition, or lays an undue stre on exact knowledge of detail or of trifles, as compared with la or with general principles; also, one who makes an undue or inappropriate display of learning. Such a driveller as Sir Roger, so bereft of all manner of pride, which is the characteristic of a pedant , is what one not believe would come into the of the same man who drew the rest of the play. Steele , Spectator, No. 270. dant's conceit, a pedant's love of theories, and a pedant's inability to bring his theory into any relation with actual J. R. Green, Hist. Eng. People, vii. 3. IMG:content-2539.png:[blocks in formation] D. G. pedantisch = Sw. Dan. pedantisk .] pertaining to, or characteristic of a pedant or pedantry; overrating the importance of mere ate display of learning; of language, style, etc., exhibiting pedantry; absurdly learned: as, a pedantic air. We borrow words from the French, Italian, Latine, as every Pedantick Man pleases. Selden , Table-Talk, p. 64. He was a man of gallantry, and despised all that wore the pedantic appearance of philosophy. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 2. He [Baron Finch) had enjoyed high fame as an orator, though his diction, formed on models anterior to the civil wars, was, toward the close of his life, pronounced stiff and pedantic by the wits of the rising generation. Macaulay , Hist. Eng., vii. pedantyt (ped'an-ti), n. [ pedant +-y. Per- haps an error for pedantry .] Pedants collec- tively. You cite them to appeare for certaine Paragogic all con- Milton , On Def. of Humb. Remonst, IMG:content-2540.png:[blocks in formation] Three-piled hyperboles, spruce affectation, Figures pedantical . Shak ., L. L. L., v. 2. 408. pedantically (pē-dan'ti-kal-i), adv . In a pe- dantic manner; with pedantry. pedanticism (pē-dan'ti-sizm), n. [ pedantic +-ism.] Something pedantic; a pedantic no- tion or expre ion. Perhaps, as Cuninghame suggests, Inigo's theory was simply an embodiment of some pedanticism of James I. = Sp. Pg. pedantismo ; as pedant + -ism.] 14. The office or work of a pedagogue. Coles , 1717. -2. Pedantry. pedantize (ped'an-tiz), v . i .; pret. and pp. ped an- tized , ppr. pedantizing . [ pedant + -ize .] To play the pedant; domineer over pupils; use pe- dantic expre ions. pedantocracy (ped-an-tok'rā-si), n . [ pé- dantocratie (Auguste Comte), pédant , pedant, + Gr.- κρατία , κρατεῖν , rule.] The government, sway, or rule of a pedant or of pedants; the supremacy or power of bookish theorists; a system of government founded on mere book- learning. peddle peddle (ped'l), v.; pret. and pp. peddled, ppr. peddling. [A back-formation from peddler, earlier pedler (cf. burgle, No science peddling with the names of things, Or reading stars to find inglorious fates, Can lift our life with wings Far from Death's idle gulf that for the many waits. Lowell, Commemoration Ode, ii. II. trans. To sell or retail in small quantities, usually by transporting the goods offered about the country, or from house to house; hence, to dispense or deal out in small quant i ties. This original unit, this fountain of power, has been so distributed to multitudes, has been so minutely subdivided and peddled out, that it is spilled into drops, and cannot be gathered. Emerson, Misc., p. 72. Could doff at ease his scholar's gown To peddle wares from town to town. Whittier, Snow-Bound.