engraver

[Eng. engrave (1); -er.] One who is skilled in engraving; a cutter of letters, figures, ., in wood, stone, . "Images are not made in the brain itself, as the pencil of a painter or engraver makes the images in the table, but are imprinted in a wonderful method in the soul." Hale: Origin of Mankind, p. 47. *ěn-grāv-er-ỹ, s. [Eng. engrave (1); -ry.] Engraved work; the work of an engraver. en-grav-ing, pr. par., a. & 8. [ENGRAVE (1), v.] A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the verb.) C. As substantive: 1. The act, proce , or art of cutting figures, letters, ., on wood, stone, or metal. Engraving is very ancient. The oldest records are cut in stone, some in relief, some in intaglio. The hieroglyphics of Egypt are cut in the granite monoliths, and on the walls of the tombs and chambers. From Egypt or Phoenicia the Greeks received the art of engraving, where it had considerably advanced in the time of Homer. Among other uses which are allied to chasing and inlaying, it was employed in delineating maps on metallic plates. Specimens of Etrurian art are also of great antiquity. The art of engraving is fairly referable to three divisions: chalcography, or plate-engraving; xylography, or wood-engraving; lithography, or stone-engraving. (See these words.) Engraving on metal originated with chasers and inlayers. This art is very ancient, but does not seem to have suggested the sister art of printing from the plates thus engraved. In taking a cast in sulphur of some engraved church ornaments, it is stated that a Florentine artist named Finiguerra, about 1440, was led at length to the discovery of the value of plate-engraving as a means of printing. Some dust and charcoal which had gathered in the lines camo out upon the sulphur and gave an unexpected and suggestive effect. Aquatint engraving was invented by Saint-Non, a French man, in 1662. Engraving in steel (claimed to be a native American invention) was introduced into England by Perkins, of Philadelphia, 1819. The earliest application of the wood-engraver's art was in cutting blocks for playing-cards. French writers ascribe it to the time of Charles V., but the Germans show cards of the date 1300, and the Italians claim that it originated in Ravenna, about 1285. Engraving on wood a umed 1657 the character of an art about 1440; the first impre ion, 1423. Improved by Dürer, 1471-1528; by Bewick, 1789. Engraving on a lithographic stone is effected by etching-point, diamond, or ruling-machine; the stylus of the latter is a diamond. There are two modes, the first of which is the more usual: (1) The stone is covered with a gum and acid ink resisting compound, dried, and the design scratched through this ground to such a depth merely as to expose the clean stone. The stone is then oiled, the engraved portions alone absorbing the oil; it is afterward washed and rolled up. The printing is, however, usually from transfers from the engraved stones. (2) The stone is etched through a ground of asphaltum; acid is applied to deepen the lines. These are inked; the face cleaned off, gummed, and etched, the stone rolled up and printed. There are many styles, and these are briefly considered under their respective heads, as chalcography, copperplate engraving, dry-point, etching, steel-plate engraving, wood-engraving, . IMG:content-1007.png:[blocks in formation] 1. A machine in which an intaglio impre ion is delivered upon a plate or cylinder for bank-note printing, or calico-printing, by the rotation under contact with the said object of a hardened steel roller bearing the design in cameo. This system was invented by Jacob Perkins, and was first adopted in bank-note engraving. [TRANSFERRING MACHINE.] The proce for obtaining the design in cameo on the mill, by rotation in contact with an intaglio die, is effected in a transfer pre . [CLAMMING-MACHINE.] A pantograph is used in etching a reduced copy of a pattern on to the copper cylinder for calico-printing. Eccentric-engraving, for a certain cla of patterns in calico-printing, is performed by a diamond etching-point on the varnished roller. The points are moved by elaborate machinery, and the effect is analogous to that of the eccentric and rose-engine lathes. ( Knight .) 2. An apparatus on the principle of the pantograph, but provided with a cutting device and ma chinery for causing pre ure upon the surface to be engraved, so as to produce lines similar to those made by hand with the graver. *en-great-en, v . t . [Pref. en, and Eng. greaten (q. v.).) To make great or greater; to increase, to aggravate. *en-gregge, v. t. [O. Fr. engregier =to make heavy, to aggravate: Low Lat. ingravio , from Lat. in , intens., and gravis heavy.] To become heavy on; to pre upon. *ěn-griē ve, *en-greeve, v. t. & i. [Pref. -en, and Eng grieve (q. v.).] A. Trans.: To grieve, to vex, to afflict, to distre . B. In trans.: To hurt, to pain, to be troublesome or painful. en-grō ', *en-gro e, *in-gro , v t . & i . [Fr. engros in large; O. Fr. gro eyer =to engro , to write fair or in great and fair letters. ( Cotgrave . ) ] (Gro .] A. Transitive : I. Ordinary Language : 1. To write in large or distinct letters. "Engro ed was it, as it is well knowe, And enrolled onely for witne e In your registers." Lydgate: Siege of Thebes, pt. ii. *2. To make gro or fat; to fatten. "Not sleeping to engro e his idle body, But praying, to enrich his watchful soul." Shakesp. Richard III ., iii. 7. *3. To make thick; to thicken. "The waves thereof so slow and sluggish were, Engro ed with mud, which did them foul agriese." Spenser: F. Q., II. vi. 46. *4. To increase in size or bulk. "Though pillars, by channeling, be seemingly en gro ed to our sight, yet they are truly weakened in themselves."- Wotton : Architecture. *5. To purchase or seize in the gro . "If thou engro est all the griefs as thine, Thou robbest me of a moiety." Shakesp.: All's Well, iii. 2. 6. In the same sense as II. chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; IMG:content-1008.png:[blocks in formation] B. Intransitive: 1 To be occupied or employed in engro ing, or copying in a large, legible, and distinct hand; to follow or practice the profe ion of an engro er. *2. To become larger, to increase. ěn-grō -er, s. [Eng. engro ; -er.] I. Ordinary Language: 1. One who engro es or copies documents in a fair, large hand. 2. One who seizes or a umes the whole or an undue share of anything; a monopolizer. "Little engro ers of delegated power."-Know: Spirit of Despotism, § 29. II. Econom.: One who buys up the whole or large quantities of any commodity to sell again; a forestaller. "A new sort of engro ers, or, forestallers, having the feeding and supplying this numerous body of workmen in the woollen manufactures, out of their warehouses, set the price upon the poor landholder."-Locke.